E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Madatyaya

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 1 Jan-Feb
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

A review article on causative factors of Madatyaya (Alcohol Used Disorders) in Ayurveda

Unnikrishnan P.1*, Hassan G P.2, Patil S.3
DOI:

1* PM Unnikrishnan, Assistant professor, Department of Kayachikitsa, JSS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

2 Pooja Hassan G, Assistant professor, Department of Swasthavritta, JSS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

3 Sankanagoud Patil, Associate professor, Department of Swasthavritta, JSS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

Alcohol used disorders are one among the leading epidemiological health issues in India. In Ayurveda it can be correlated to Madatyaya where Alcohol consumption, its benefits, bad effects and diseases caused due to rule-less use of alcohol, its types, symptoms and management is explained in detail. Understanding the Nidana (causative factors) will give the hint to the patho-physiology, severity and prognosis of the disease. Thus, planning the treatment considering all these factors would surely provide a better result. Around forty Causative factors can be seen according to different Acharyas (Authors of text books of Ayurveda) and it can be divided into six categories. Among the causative factors, Madyapana (consumption of Alcohol) is the prime reason behind the manifestation of Madatyaya. Compiling and analysis on the causative factors explained in various text books of Ayurveda is done in this article.

Keywords: A Madatyaya, Madyapana, Alcohol used disorder, Nidana

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
PM Unnikrishnan, Assistant professor, Department of Kayachikitsa, JSS Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		PM Unnikrishnan, Pooja Hassan G, Sankanagoud Patil, A review article on causative factors of Madatyaya (Alcohol Used Disorders) in Ayurveda. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(1):233-239.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1701

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-01-20 2022-01-22 2022-01-29 2022-02-05 2022-02-12
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 19%

© 2022by PM Unnikrishnan, Pooja Hassan G, Sankanagoud Patiland Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Unnikrishnan P. et al: A review article on causative factors of Madatyaya

Introduction

Alcohol used disorders are one among the leading epidemiological health issues in India. In Ayurveda it can be correlated to Madatyaya where Alcohol consumption, its benefits, bad effects and diseases caused due to rule-less use of alcohol, its types, symptoms and management is explained in detail.[1] There are effective treatments explained for Madatyaya which are very much practical and can be used to treat other psycho active drug used disorders too.  Before looking on to treatments it’s important to understand the disease with its specific causative and risk factors. Ayurveda stresses on Nidana [causative factors] as Nidana Parivarjana [avoiding the causative factors] is one among the various treatment modalities.[2] There is separate chapter dedicated for Madatyaya and its Chikitsa (management) all the classical text books of Ayurveda. Here is an attempt made to compile the different causes as per different authors explained in various classical text books for its better understanding.

Discussion

Around 40 Causative factors can be seen according to different Acharyas (Authors of text books of Ayurveda).[16-28]

These causative factors can be briefed in following 6 categories

1. Madyapanajanya (Related to Alcohol consumption)

2. Madya (Nature of alcohol)

3. Prakruti (Physical Constitution)

4.Satva (Mental Status)

5. Ahara (food):

6. Shareerika Avastha (Physical conditions) and Vihara (Physical activities)

7. Madatayaya Nidana (causative factors for alcohol used disordes)

C.S - Charaka Samhita, S.S - Susruta Samhita, A.H - Astanga Hridaya, A.S - Astanga Sangraha, B.P - Bhava Prakasha, Ka.S - Kasyapa Samhita, Ch.D - Chakradutta, Be.S - Bhela Samhita, G.N - Gada Nigraha, M.N - Madhava Nidana, Y.R - Yoga ratnakara, V.S - Vangasena Samhita, H.S - Harita Samhita.

Table 1: Showing Nidana of Madatyaya according to different Textbook

SN Nidanas C.S[3] S.S  [4] A.H [5] A.S [6] B.P  [7] Ka.S [8] Ch.D [9] Be.S [10] G.N [11] M.N [12] Y.R [13] V.S [14] H.S [15]
1. Ati Madyapana + + + + + + + + + + + + +
2. Rooksha Annapanani +       +                
3. Alpa Ashana +       +                
4. Pramitashi +       +                
5. Rooksha Parinata Madya +       +                
6. Stri Karshita +       +                
7. Shoka Karshita + +     +       + + + +  
8. Bhaya Karshita + +     +       + + + +  
9. Bhaara Karshita + +     +       + + + +  
10. Adhva Karshita + +     +       + + + +  
11. Tikshna, Ushna, Amla Madya +   + + +                
12. Amla Bhoji + +     +         + + +  
13. Ushna Bhoji +       +                
14. Tikshna Bhoji +       +                
15. Krodhini + + + + +       + + + +  
16. Agni Priya +       +       +        
17. Aatapa Priya +       +                
18. Taruna, Madhura,Goudika Or Paishtika Madya +       + +              
19. Madhura Ashini +       +                
20. Snigdha Ashini +       +                
21. Guru Ashini +       +                
22. Avyayami +       +                
23. Diva Swapni +       +                
24. Shayya Aasana Sukhi +       +                
25. Ajirna Madya Paana   + + + + +     + + + + +
26. Abala   + + + +       + + + + +
27. Vega Avarodha   +     +       + + + +  
28. Ekanta Madyapana   +     +       + + + +  
29. Nitya  Madyapana     + + + +   + +        
30. Avidhi Madyapana         +                
31. Nirbhukta Madyapana     + + + +     +       +
32. Laghu Satva     + +   +              
33. Sahasa Viccheda           +              
34. Pipasita   +     +       + + + + +
35. Bubhukshita   +     +       + + + + +
36. Vyayama Karshita   +     +       + + + +  
37. Ushnabitapta   +               + + +  
38. Vata Pitta Prakrti +   + +                  
39. Mandagni     + +                  
40. Excess Vaya     + +                  

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1. Madyapanajanya (Related to Alcohol consumption)

Drinking alcohol is the main reason behind Madatyaya because if a person does not drink alcohol then there is no chance of the disease related to alcohol.

Various drinking pattern which may lead to Madatyaya are,

a. Ati Madyapana (Excessive consumption): All Acharyas (Authors of text books of Ayurveda) consider this as the main causative factor for Madatyaya. Excessive alcohol consumption is the prime cause for the disease as it leads to intoxication immediately and withdrawal or dependence in later stages.

b. Nitya Madypana (Daily consumption): Daily or regular consumption of alcohol definitely lead to withdrawal and dependence.

c. Ekantha Madyapana (Consuming alone): Consuming alcohol alone is also a causative factor as it may lead to uncontrolled drinking.

d. Avidhi Madyapana (Inappropriate Consumption): Consuming alcohol improperly without considering the Maatra (quantity), Bala (strength) and Vidhi (right way of consumption) would definitely lead to Madatyaya.

e. Sahasa Vicheda (Sudden stoppage of consumption): Addiction to alcohol for several years followed by sudden stoppage of alcohol may lead to withdrawal symptoms[29] and various other complications which is also part of Madatyaya.

f. Ajeerna Madyapana (Consuming alcohol during indigestion): Consumption of alcohol during indigestion may lead to Dosha Prakopa (Vitiation of Tridosha) hence, can be a prime cause for Madatyaya.

g. Nirbukta Madyapana (Consuming alcohol in empty stomach): This will lead to fast absorption and affects the brain quickly.[30] Also if this continues to be a habit it may affect the nutritional status of the body.

2. Madya (Nature of Alcohol)

Property of alcohol a person consumes is also an important causative factor for Madatyaya. Though Ayurveda does not recommend taking Madya (Alcohol), still for those who want to have it as

a part of pleasure, specific Madya based on the Prakruti (Natural constitution of the person), quantity and right way of consuming alcohol to avoid adverse effects are well explained. When this is not considered it will surely lead to Madatyaya.

a. Ruksha Parinatha Madya: Alcohol stored for long time which causes removal of unctuousness in the body leading to increase in Vata Dosha and thus producing Madatyaya with symptoms dominated to Vata.

b. Tikshna, Ushna, Amla Madya: Consuming Alcohol with Tikshna Guna (Penetrating), Ushna Veerya (hot in potency) and Amla Rasayukta (Dominated with sour taste) in excess will lead to increase in Pitta Dosha and thus producing Madatyaya with symptoms dominated to Pitta.

c. Taruna, Madhura, Goudika, Paishtika Madya: Consuming Alcohol in excess that is prepared fresh, Sweet in taste, prepared with jaggery or fine flour will lead to Kapha Dosha vitiation and produce Madatyaya with symptoms dominated to Kapha.

Alcohol and Drinking patterns are the main causative factors for the disease Madatyaya. Along with that Prakruti (Natural Constitution) of the individual, Satva (Psyche), Ahara (Food habits), Shareerikabhava (Physical activities and Physical conditions) factors also contribute for the manifestation of Madatyaya. Below its discussed in brief

3. Prakruti (Physical Constitution)

People with Vata-Pitta Prakruti are more prone to suffer with Madatyaya. Such people get affected easily even with little amount of Madya and progress in to complications.

4. Satva (Mental Status)

Mind or mental status of a person is also important for manifestation of Madatyaya

a. Laghu Satva (weak minded)

People with less control over their mind may get affected easily due to Alcohol consumption and get in to disease Madatyaya.

b. Shoka Karshitha (afflicted from Grief)

c. Bhaya Karshita (afflicted from Fear)

d. Krodhi (afflicted by Anger)


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Researches states that mood of a person has influence on their alcohol consumption. In negative emotions people are more prone to consume alcohol.[31] Such individuals on consuming Alcohol in excess are more prone to suffer from the disease Madatyaya.

5. Ahara (food)

Quality of food a person consumes can also be an important factor for facilitating the disease Madatyaya.

a. Ruksha Annapana (foods devoid of unctuousness)

b. Alpa Ashana (Eating less quantity of food)

c. Pramitashana (Habit of eating any one taste dominated food only)

These Ahara (foods) increases Vata Dosha and thus Vata predominant Madatyaya.

d. Amla Bhoji (Excessive consumption of Sour taste foods)

e. Ushna Bhoji (eating more of hot potency foods)

f. Teekshna Bhoji (Consumption of foods with penetrating quality)

If an Alcoholic person consumes above said foods, it can lead to vitiation of Pitta Dosha which further accelerates Pitta predominant Madatyaya.

g. Madhuraashini (Excessive consumption of sugars and carbohydrates)

h. Snigdha Ashini (Consumption of oily foods in excess)

i. Guru Ashini (Consumption of foods which are heavy to digest)

Above said foods will vitiate Kapha Dosha and may lead to Kapha predominant Madatyaya.

Also, having no food during or after consumption of alcohol will definitely affect the nutritional status of person. Similarly spicy foods may lead to gastric irritation and heavy, oily foods will put extra burden on liver along with alcohol which will lead to various complications in Alcoholic person. 

6. Shareerika Avastha (Physical conditions) and Vihara (Physical activities)

Certain physical conditions are important in the manifestation of Madatyaya

a. Pipasitha (excessive thirst)

b. Bubhukshita (excessive Hungry)

In above conditions Alcohol affects the brain quickly and in later stages such people will end up in complications.[32]

c. Mandagni (Reduced digestion)

People with reduced digestive power where food itself is not digested well, consuming Alcohol above that would worsen the condition by vitiating all the Tridoshas.

d. Vaya (Age): Age is also a factor in the manifestation of Madatyaya. An individual consuming Alcohol in old age may easily get in to the disease Madatyaya. This could be probably due to worsening of the condition where already physiologically brain functions are slow.[33]

e. Stri Karshita (exhausted due to sex)

f. Bhara Karshita (exhausted due to carrying heavy weight)

g. Adwa Karshita (Exhausted due to excessive walking)

h. Vyayama Karshita (exhausted due to over exercising]

These four activities cause excessive physical strain and can lead to vitiation of Vata Dosha. Such people consuming alcohol will be greatly affected.

i. Ushnabhitapta (Heat exhaustion)

j. Atapa Priya (like to expose to sun)

k. Agni Priya (like to expose to fire)

Consuming Alcohol in the above said conditions, leads to Pitta predominant Madatyaya.

l. Avyayami (lack of exercise)

m. Divaswapni (day sleeping)

n. Shayya Asana Sukhi (being lazy with long hours of comfortable sleeping and sitting)

Consuming Alcohol in the above said conditions, leads to Kapha predominant Madatyaya.

o. Abala (Physically weak)

Physical weakness includes weak nutritional status and lack of immunity. Such people on consuming alcohol in excess will end up in Madatyaya easily.


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p. Vega Avarodha (Suppressing the natural urges): Suppressing the natural urges like Micturition, defecation etc are considered to be physically weak due to increase in Vata Dosha. So, they are easily prone to suffer with Madatyaya on excessive Alcohol consumption.

Conclusion

Among the above said causative factors, Madyapana (consumption of Alcohol) is the prime reason behind the manifestation of Madatyaya. If a person maintains abstinence from madya then rest of the causative factors cannot manifest the disease Madatyaya. So, understanding the causative factors like drinking patterns, physical and mental constitution, food habits and lifestyle practices will give the hint to the pathophysiology, severity and prognosis of the disease. Thus, planning the treatment considering all these factors would surely provide a better result.

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