E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Water

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 3 April
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Water in Veda and Upveda

Singh P.1*, Singh V.2, Tiwari R.3, Bhutiani R.4
DOI:

1* Pooja Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Agadtantra, Ankerite Ayurvedic Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2 Vasu Singh, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Samhita and Siddhanta, State Ayurvedic College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

3 R C Tiwari, HOD and Professor, Department of Agadtantra, Rishikul Campus, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.

4 Rakesh Bhutiani, Assistant Professor, Environmental. Science, Gurkul Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.

Ayurveda is science of life, it emphasize that whatever is present in the universe or macrocosm is also present in the individual body or microcosm. Macrocosm is composed of five elements called Panchmahabhutas viz. Akash (Ether), Vayu (Air), Agni, (Fire), Aap (water), and Prithvi (Earth). Here, water is the most abundant and essential element of ecosystem. Human's body is composed mainly of water, which is about 70% of it. According to available data, Earth is the only planet with 70% of water, but only a small amount is fresh water. It is a wonderful saying “Jala hi Jeevana hai”. Water has special value in our traditions also it worshiped as Mata Ganga, Yamuna and by many more names. There is a beautiful description of water in Vedas and Upavedas. Since water is the elixir and source of life, as well as essential to human civilization, human life, and to our economy and agriculture, water and its conservation have had an inevitably central place in Indian culture and ethos. In this article we will discuss about the importance and type of water in our Vedas and Upvedas.

Keywords: Darshnik Jagat, Panchmahabhootas, Veda, Upveda, Ganga, Yamuna

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Pooja Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Agadtantra, Ankerite Ayurvedic Medical College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Pooja Singh, Vasu Singh, R C Tiwari, Rakesh Bhutiani, Water in Veda and Upveda. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(3):113-120.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1729

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-03-05 2022-03-07 2022-03-14 2022-03-21 2022-03-28
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 19%

© 2022by Pooja Singh, Vasu Singh, R C Tiwari, Rakesh Bhutianiand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Life is impossible without water. Water has played an important role, not only in the history of countries, but also in mythology, art and religion. In many religions, water is considered as a means to cleanse the soul. India is a country having various lands from and rivers. Water has special value in our traditions also it worshiped as Mata Ganga, Yamuna and by many more names. There is a beautiful description of water in Vedas and Upavedas. There are 14 major rivers in India, Ganga, Yamuna and many more worshiped as Mother.

Water Review

Nirukti[1]

Jalti Jivyati Lokan Jalti Achhadti Bhumyadinitiva

In Devanagari lipi ‘क’ means Jala.[2]

Definition[3]

Jala is a clear, colourless, odourless liquid, obtained from natural sources such as rain, river and lakes and rendered fit for human consumption.

Synonyms

Paniya, Nira, Udaka, Salila, Toya, Ambu, Daka, Ambha, Meghapushpa, Salira, Apa, Vari, Paya, Kilala, Bhuvana, Kabandha, Pushkara, Patha, Varunam, Varshambu.

Regional Language Names

Ass. : Pani, Ben. : Jal, Eng.: Water, Guj. : Paani, Hin. : Jala, Paani, Kan.: Munik, Mal. : Vellam,  Mar. : Paani,  Ori. : Paani, Pun. : Paani, Tam. : Tannir, Tel.: Neeru, Neellu, Urd. : Pani.

Properties and Action

Rasa: Madhura

Guna: Laghu

Vīrya: Sheeta

Vipāka: Madhura

Karma: Āhaladana, Alasyahara, Balya, Buddhiprada, Dīpana, Hrdya, Hritvalakara, Kaphahara, Klamahara, Medohara, Nidrahara, Pacana, Pathya, Pittasamaka, Rucya, Santarpana,, Saumya, Śramhara, Tarpana, Vātahara, Visahara, Vrishya.

Therapeutic Uses

Ajirna (Dyspepsia), Bhrānti (Mental confusion), Chardi (Emesis), Dāha (Burning sensation), Krodha (Anger), Moha (Delusion), Mukhashosa (Dryness of mouth), Mūrchā (Syncope), Shosa (Cachexia), Tandrā (Drowsiness), Trishna (Thirst), Vibandha (Constipation), Vishavikāra (Disoreders due to poison)

Dose

Quantum sufficit.

Vedic Period

Vedas described the importance of water, some of the Richas with English translation are given below which highlights the importance of water.

Regveda[4]

  • We can get healthy body by drinking pure water and taking bath in it. (Regveda 10/01/04)
  • Purwater cleans our body like mother. It makes us sacred with particles of energy present in it. It drains all pollutes and makes the man pious and energetic. (Regveda 10/17/10)
  • Pure water is like nectar and has medicinal properties. (Regveda 1/23/11)
  • Bathing in pure water and drinking it drains the impurities of the body. (Regveda 1/23/22)
  • Using pure water a man become healthy. (Regveda 1/23/23)

Yajurveda[5]

  • By the help of scientific methods and natural methods passing sunrays through water purifies it. Kusha (grass) also purifies the water. (Yajurveda 1/12)
  • Pure water contains energy, nectar, vigor and digestive power. (Yajurveda 2/34)
  • Pure water enhances the digestive power when it reaches the stomach. It is divine, nectarous, tasty, disease prevention and curer, body purifier and life promoter. (Yajurveda 4/12)
  • There are different type of water according to the soil which harvesting the grains and all human being. (Yajurveda 10/1)
  • According to Yajurveda water is the elixir of life, it is source of energy. It governs the evolution and function of the universe on the earth. (Yajurveda 11/50)

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  • Water is the source of health, happiness, energy and piety and is life giving as mother. (Yajurveda 11/51)

Atharvaveda[6]

There is some Richas mention the following types of pure water:

  • Water from Himalayas
  • Spring water
  • Perennial water
  • Rain water
  • Desert water
  • Hygroscopic water
  • Underground water
  • Pitcher water (Atharveda 19/2/1-2).

Concept of Jala In Darshana[7]

In Darshnik Jagat

“Yatpinde Tad Brahmande, Yadbrahmande Tatpinde”.

Pind Brahm and Nyaya

Macrocosm is composed of five elements called Panchmahabhutas.Viz. Akasha (Ether), Vayu (Air), Agni, (Fire), Aap (water), Prithvi (Earth).

In the serial of the evaluation and development of the Universe, Jala Mahabhoota is generated from Agni Mahabhoota.

Qualities of Jala Mahabhoot 

According to Prasastapada Bhasya Fourteen attributes are available in Jala Mahabhoot.

Table 1: Attribute (Guna) of water

1. Rupa - Abhāswar Sukla 8. Samyoga
2. Rasa 9. Vibhaga
3. Sneha 10. Paratva
4. Sparsha 11. Aparatva
5. Sankhya 12. Gurutva
6. Parimana 13. Dravatva
7. Prathakatva 14. Samskara

Division of Jala Mahaboota

Jala has got two type

1. Nitya (Parmanu Rupa) Jala Mahabhoot (eternal). It is that which is existent and uncaused. It remains as Parmanu Rupa (in the atomic stage).

2. Anitya (Karya Rupa) Jala Mahabhoota (non eternal). It is the substance which can be accounted only as the negation of eternal. The Anitya or product substance Jala Mahaboota is again of three types:

a. Sharir Sangyaka Jala

b. Indriya Sangyaka Jala

c. Visaya Sangyaka Jala

State of Jala

1. Ambha – The water available at the above sphere of the Sun.

2. Marichi – The water present between the earth and the Sun.

3. Mara – The water available on the earth, such as river, sea, ponds etc.

4. Ap - The water available below the earth.

Samhita Period

1. Charak Samhita (1000 B.C – 4th AD)

Acharya Charaka differentiate Jala wholesome and unwholesome as Antrikshamudkanaam and Varshanaadeyamudkanaam respectively.[8]

Acharya also emphasised Jala as best among the assuring one.


SN Divya Jala[9] Bhaum Jala[10]
1. Yendra Vaapi
2.  Kaar Koop
3. Him Tadak
4. - Utsa
5. - Sar
6. - Prasravan

Pathya- Apathya river water[10]

Table 3: Pathya and Apathya Jala

Pathya (wholesome river water) Apathya (Unwholesome river water)
Rivers waters originates from Himalaya Sahya Poorvasamudraga
River water originates from Malaya Pariyatra
River water which is flowing toward west Vindhya
- Sahya

In Viman Sthana Acharya Charak described Janpadodvansha in which Dushita Jala is important cause of epidemic diseases.



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2. Harita Samhita (600-1000 B.C)[11]

In this Samhita Acharya described Jala under Pani Varga. According to Acharya there are 4 type of Jala

1. Papodaka

2. Rogodaka

3. Anshudaka

4. Aarogyodaka

3. Sushruta Samhita  (1000 B.C – 5th Century A.D)

Table 4: Type of Jala in Sushrut Samhita

Antriksha Jala - 4 Type[12] Bhaum Jala - 7 Type[13]
Dhara Kaup
Kara Nadeya
Taushara Sarasa
Haima Tadaka
- Prasarvana
- Audbhida
- Chauntya

Table 5: Vyapannajala Lakshana (Polluted water characteristics)[14]

Dosha Lakshana
1. Sparsa Dosha Tikshna, Sparshata, Picchilta, Ushnata, Dantgrahita
2. Rupa Dosha Vividhavarnata
3. Rasa Dosha Vyaktarasata
4. Gandha Dosha Anistagandhata
5. Virya Dosha Trishna, Gaurav, Shool, Kaphaprashek
6. Vipaka Chirad Patchayati, Vistambha

Peya Jala Guna (Potable water)[15]

Water which has no smell, no prominent taste, quenches thirst, clean, cold, light and pleasing to the mind is said to be best in qualities (suitable for drinking).

Pathya-Apathya river water[16]

Table 6: Pathya and Apathya Water

Pathya (wholesome river water) Apathya (Unwholesome river water)
River which flow westward Sahya
Pariyatra Vindhya
- Mahendra
- Himvat

In Sushruta Samhita Vishajusht Dushit Jala Lakshana and its Shodhaka drugs and method of purification are described in Kalpasthana.[17]

Poisoned water will be slimy, possesses strong odour and forth, has line on their surface; frog and fish living in such water die of intoxication; birds living in marshy places fly around intoxicated; men, horse and elephants which immerse in this water will develop vomiting, delusion, fever, burning sensation and swelling. The Doshas which get aggravated in these animals should be eliminated and attempts should be made to purify the contaminated water.

Dhava, Ashvakarna, Asana, Paribhadra, Paatala, Siddhaka, Moksaka, Rajadruma and Somvalka ash from the burning of these should be spread over lakes, reservoirs and a small amount put in the pot containing drinking water to be used when necessary.

4. Astang Samgraha (6th Cent A.D)

Acharya described Jala under Drava-Dravya Vigyaniya chapter. He described properties of water and Hydrolic cycle.[18]

Type of water[19]

There are two type of water mentioned -

1) Gang

2) Samudra.

Bhauma Jala are of eight type - Kupa, Sarasa, Tadaka, Caunda, Prasrvana, Audbhida, Vapi, Nadi.[20]

Table 7: Pathya-Apathya River water.

 Pathya (Wholesome)[21] Apathya (Unwholesome)[22]
Rivers which flows into the western sea. Prachya
Himalaya Avanti
Malaya Aparanta
Paariyatra Mahendra
- Sahya
- Vindhya

Dushit Jala Lakshana and Karana mentioned and Jala Shodhana method described gracefully.

5. Astanga Hridaya (7th Century A.D)

Laghu Vagbhatt described Jala under Drava-Dravya Vigyaniya chapter.

Type of water –

1) Gang [23]

2) Samudra[24]

Apey Jala Lakshan described by Acharya.


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Table 8: Pathya-Apathya river water[25,26]

Pathya (Wholesome) Apathya (Unwholesome)
Rivers which flows into the western sea. Prachya
Himalaya Avanti
Malaya Aparanta
Paariyatra Mahendra
- Sahya
- Vindhya

Nighantu Period

Table 9: Water and its properties according to different Nighantus.

Nighantu Varga Paryaya Guna Karma
Dhanvantri Nighantu Suvarnadi Paaniy, Ap, Keelal, Neer, क, Salil. Jala, Amrit, Varun, Toya, Vaari, Ambhas, Ambu, Udak, Payas.[27] Ruchikaraka, Deepan-pachana, laghu, Shrm, trishna, Vaat-Kaph nashaka.[28]
Kaideva Nighantu Dravya Varga Kamal, Salil, Path, Neer, क, Bhuvan, Van, Paaniya, Ap, Keela, Ambh, Arna, Jeevana, Amrita, Savarg, Padmsadan, Sarvatomukh, Toya, Ksheer, Shiva, Neer, Vaar, Vaari, Ambu, Udak, Dak, Meghapushp, Ghanrasa, Kabandha, Pushkar, Pay.[29] Sheetal, Ruchikar, Pavitra, Avyaktarasa, Laghu, Asyandi, Vishad, Hridya, Kinchit-ruksham.[30]  
Bhavaprakash Nighantu Vaari  Varga Paneeya, Salil, Neer, Keelal, Jala, Ambu, Ap, Vaar, Vaari, क, Toya, Pay, Path, Udaka, Jeevan, Van, Ambha, Arna, Amrit, Ghanrasa.[31] -
Raj Nighantu Paneeya Varga Paneeya, Jeevan, Vana-amrita, Pushkrambha, Paath, Ambu, Shamber pey, Salil, Udaka, Ap, क, Varunaka, Bandha, Jala, Neer, Keelal, Vaari, Kamal, Visha, Arnas, Bhuvan, Dahan, Aarati, Vaar, toya, Sarvatomukha, Ksheer, Ghanarasa, Nimng, Meghaprasav, Rasa.[32] Madur, Him, Ruchidm, Trishnavishoshaphm, Mohabhram apkarak, Bhukta-anna Pakti Param, Nidra-alasya nirasan, vishaharm, dheebalaviryatustijanan,pushti pradam[33]
Shaligram Nighantu Vaari  Varga Paneey,Salil, Neer, Keelal, Jala, ambu, Ap, Vaar, Vaari, Toya, payas, Udaka, Jeevaka, Van, Ambhas, Amrit, Ghanras[34] -
Priya Nighantu Drava varga - Jeevan, Balkaraka, Malnisarak, Triptikr[35]

Table 10: According to Nighantus wholesome and unwholesome water.

Nighantu Type of Water Wholesome-Unwholesome Water
Dhnvantri Nighantu[36] Naadeya, Saras, Tadaak, Vaapi, Prasravana, Oudbhida, Kedar, Paalval, Samudra.   Wholesome (Pathyatam): Himatvaprabhva, Malayaprabhva, Paschimabhimukha Unwholesome (Apathyatam):  Pariyaatra, Vidhya, Shya
Kaideva Nighantu[37] 1)Divya Jala and 2)Bhaum Jala Divya Jala further four types – 1) Dhaar 2) Kaar 3) Tushar 4)Hem Bhaum Jala are of eight type – 1. Nadeya 2.Tadag 3. Sarsam, 4. Kaupyam 5. Vapya, 6. Chauntya, 7. Prasravan 8. Oudbhid Wholesome (Pathytam) – Himvatpaad Nisrta Unwholesome (Apathyatam) – Malaya, Sahy, Vindhya, Prachyavantya, Mahendraprabhva.
Bhavaprakash Nighantu [38] 1) Divya  and 2)Bhaum Divya Jala further four types – 1) Dhaarj 2) Karkabhav 3) Tushar 4)Hem Bhaum Jala are of seven type- 1.Odbhid 2. Prasrvana 3. Sarasa 4. Tadaga 5. Vaapy 6. Koop 7. Chaunchya Wholesome (Pathytam) – Himvatpaad Nisrta Unwholesome (Apathyatam) - Sahy.  
Raj Nighantu[39] 1)Antriksha Jala and 2)Bhaum Jala Antriksha  Jala further four types – 1) Dhaar 2) Kaar 3) Tushar 4)Hem Bhaum Jala are of seven type- 1.Talab 2. Prasravana 3. Tadaga 4. Vaapi 5. Koop 6. Oudbhid 7. Kedar -
Shaligram Nighantu [40]   1)Divya Jala and 2)Bhaum Jala Divya Jala further four types – 1) Dhaar 2) Kaar 3) Tushar 4)Hem Bhaum Jala are of eight type – 1. Nadeya 2.Tadag 3. Sarsam, 4. Kaupyam 5. Vapya, 6. Chauntya, 7. Prasravan 8. Oudbhid -
Priy Nighantu - -

Discussion

Water is the elixir and energy source of life. As a key resource for human civilization, for human life, for our economy and agriculture, for every aspect of our existence, water and its conservation have inevitably had a central place in the Bhartiya culture. Water and water excess are key not just to country economic development but to socio-economic equity and gender justice.


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So this review article shows the importance and glory of water from ancient time.

Conclusion

The recognition of water is important as shown “By means of water God gives life to everything” (Islam:Quran 21:30). Water and water access are key not just to country’s economic development but to socio-economic equity and gender justice. To put in a brief perspective, it can be said that water has an important role in the quality of our life. The theme for World Water Day 2019 is Leaving no one behind which is the central promise of the 2030 Agenda for sustainable Development: as sustainable development and progress everyone must benefit. Thus, the importance of water needs not to be over emphasized.

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