E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Swasahra Mahakashaya

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 3 April
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

A critical review on Swasahra Mahakashaya based on their Rasapanchaka in relation to Nighantus

Akshata.1*, Harini A.2
DOI:

1* Akshata, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

2 A Harini, Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

Respiratory disorders are one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide. A detailed literature survey of the Bhava Prakasha Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, and Kaiyadeva Nighantu has been conducted to explore the probable mode of action based on Rasa Panchaka i.e., Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and Karma of drugs of Swasahara Mahakashaya. Most of the drugs in the Swasahara Mahakashasya are Kashaya Tikta Rasa, Ushna, Laghu Guna and has Kapa-Vata Hara property and Swasa- Kasahara Karma also which will hamper the pathology of Swasaroga. Along with this, functions of the drugs mentioned in these classics in the light of modern perspectives are also discussed critically.

Keywords: Swasahara Karma, Rasapanchaka, Bhavpraksha Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Kaiyadeva Nighantu, Respiratory Disorders

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Akshata, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		Akshata, A Harini, A critical review on Swasahra Mahakashaya based on their Rasapanchaka in relation to Nighantus. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(3):68-74.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1800

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-03-07 2022-03-08 2022-03-15 2022-03-22 2022-03-29
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 18%

© 2022by Akshata, A Hariniand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Akshata et al: Swasahra Mahakashaya based Rasapanchaka relation to Nighantus

Introduction

Respiratory diseases are leading causes of death and disability in the world.

Although respiratory impairment causes disability and death in all regions of the world and in all social classes, poverty, crowding, environmental   exposures and generally poor living conditions increase vulnerability to this large group of disorders.[1]

Once disease occurs, the goal is to lessen its effects and cure it if possible. Reducing its effects is best accomplished by detection, prompt diagnosis and early effective treatment.

According to Ayurveda, Swasa is a disorder primarily affecting Pranavaha Srotas while other Srotases are also vitiated.

In this condition Vayu gets vitiated from its normalcy due to obstruction made by Kapha. This vitiation leads to severe episodes of breathlessness.

Materials and Methods

This study endeavors critical review on Swasahara Mahakashaya as mentioned in Charaka Samhita in relation to Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Dhanwantari Nighantu, and Kaiyadeva Nighantu based on their Rasapanchaka i.e. Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka, Karma; along with their phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties.

Properties of Swashara mahakashaya dravya has been discussed and analyzed from Ayurvedic and modern pharmacological perspectives using Ayurvedic treatises as well as various journals and monographs.

Books and other online materials were also considered.

Methodology

The study was done by in depth literature survey through various Nighantus like Bhavapraksha Nighantu, Dhavantari Nighantu, Kaiyadev Nighantu and various journals, articles.

Review mainly focused on the pharmacological properties of each drug in Ayurveda and modern as well.


Review of Literature

List of Swasahara Mahakashaya[3]

SN Name Botanical Name English Name
1. Shati Hedychium spicatum Spiked ginger lily
2. Pushkaramula Inula racemosa Elicampane
3. Amlavetasa Garcinia pedunculata Common sorel
4. Ela Elettaria cardamomum Cardamom
5. Hingu Ferula narthex Asafoetida, Devil’s dung
6. Agaru Aquillaria agallocha Eagle wood
7. Surasa Ocimum sanctum Holy basil
8. Tamalaki Phyllanthus amarus Stone breaker
9. Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata Leptadenia
10. Canda Angelica glauca Angelica

Properties of Swasahara Mahakashaya as per Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

SN Name Varga Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Karma
1. Shati[4] Karpuradi Kashaya, Tikta Laghu, Tikshna  Anushna Katu Grahi, Kasahara, Swsahara
2. Pushkaramula   Katu, Tikta   Ushna Katu Vata Kaphahara, Swasahara, Kasaharashotha Hara, Parsvashula Hara
3. Amlavetasa Amradi Phala Varga Amla Guru, Ushna, Ruksha - - Vatahara, Kapha Pittakara, Agni Deepaka
4. Ela Karpuradi Katu Laghu, Shita - - Vatahara, Kasahara, Swasahara, Mutrakruchrahara
5. Hingu Haritakyadi   Ushna - - Vatahara, Pittakara, Shulahara, Krumigna
6. Agaru Karpuradi Katu, Tikta, Laghu Ushna - - Vatahara, Kaphahara, Pittakara
7. Surasa Pushpa Varga Katu, Tikta Ushna - - Vatahara, Kaphahara, Pittakara, Agni Deepena
8. Tamalaki Guduchyadi Varga Tikta, Kashaya, Madhura - Shita - Kasahara, Swasahara, Mutarjanana, Kandughna, Sramsana, Dahaprashamana, Shothahara, Vranaropana
9. Jivanti Guduchyadi Madhura Laghu, Shita, Snigdha Shita   Tridoshashamaka, Rasayana
10. Canda Karpuradi Tikta, Katu, Madhura Laghu, Tikshna Shita Katu Vatahara, Kaphahara

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Properties of Swasahara Mahakashaya as per Dhanwantari Nighantu 

SN Name Varga Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Karma
1. Shati[5] Guduchyadi Tikta Tikshna,Ushna Ushna - Kasahara,Kaphahara,Vaktrashodhana,Sannipatajajwara
2. Pushkaramula Guduchyadi Tikta,Katu Ushna Ushna - Kaphavatahara,Swasa,Kasahara,Hikka Shopha,Adhmana
3. Amlavetasa[7] Satapuspadi Kashaya,Katu Ruksha,Ushna Ushna Katu Kaphavatahara,Arshas,Gulma
4. Ela Satapuspadi Madhura - Shita - Swasahara,Kasahara,Hrudya,Rochana
5. Hingu Satpushpadi Katu Ushna - - Vatakapahahara,Krimihara,Gulmahara,Shulahara,Bandhahara
6. Agaru[8] Candanadi Katu,Tikta - Ushna - Vatakaphahara
7. Surasa[9] Karaviradi Tikta,Katu Laghu,Ushna,Ruksha - - Kaphahara
8. Tamalaki Chandanadi Madhura,Tikta - Shita - Pithahara,Kaphahara,Dahahara
9. Jivanti Guduchyadi  Madhura,Shita - Shita - Tridoshahara 
10. Canda Candanadi Tikta - Ati Shita - Kushtahara,Kanduhara,Vranaropana,Kshatahara

Properties of Swasahara Mahakashaya as per Kaiyadeva Nighantu

SN Name Varga Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Karma
1. Shati[10] Oshadhi Tikta,Katu,Kashaya Tikshna,Eshat Ushna - - Tridoshahara,Kasahara,Swasahara Shulahara,Jwarahara,Hidhmahara
2. Pushkaramula Oshadhi Katu,Tikta - Ushna - Kaphavatashamaka,Kasahara,Swahahara,Hikkahar,Aruchihara,Jwarahara,Parshwapidahara
3. Amlavetasa Oshadi Amla,Lavana Tikshna,Snigdha Ushna - Vatakaphahara,Agnideepaka,Shulahara,Vishtambahara,Shulahara,Anahahara
4. Ela Oshadi Madhura Guru Ushna Madhura Vatashamaka,
5. Hingu Oshasi Katu,Tikta Laghu Ushna Katuvipaka Vatakaphara,Kasahara,Swasahara,Dipana,Pachana,Anahahara,Shulahara,Agnimadhyahra,Hrudrogahara,Krimihara,Gulmahara
6. Agaru Oshdhi Katu,Tikta Tikshna Ushna - Vatakaphahara,Pittavardhaka
7. Surasa Oshadhi Katu,Kashya,Tikta Tikshna,Ruksha Ushna Katu Kasahar,Swasahara,Vatakaphahara,Krimihara,Daurgandhyahara,Parshvapidahara,Kushtahara,Vishhara,Mutrakruchrahara,Ashmarihra
8. Tamalaki Oshadhi Tikta,Kashaya,Madhura Laghu Shita - Kasahara,Swsahara,Dahahar,Kushtahara,Vishahara, Pittahara,Raktavikarahara,Khatahar,Kshayahara
9. Jivanti  Oshadhi Madhura Susnigha,Laghu Shita - Tridoshahara,Balakaraak,Grahiayurvardhaka,Rasayana
10. Canda  Oshadhi Madhura,Tikta,Katu Laghu,Tikshna Shita Katu Kushtahara,Kanduhara,Hrudya

Phytochemical composition and Pharmacological properties of Swasahara Mahakashaya

SN Name Phytochemical Composition Pharmacological Properties
1. Shati Volatile oil, starch Anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, anti- bacterial, anti-fungal, antimicrobial.
2. Pushkaramula[11] D-mannitol, alpha-ionine, beta-ionine, Inulin and telekin Antihistaminic, Antiasthamatic, Antiinflammatory, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antiasthmatic, Antifungal.
3. Amlavetasa Garcinol, cambogin, Peduncalol, Citric acid, Mallic acid and Xanthones.  
4. Ela Volatile oil contains cineole, Terpinyl acetae, Terpineol, Borneoal, Terpinene, camphene, P- cymene, Geraneol. Seeds contain fixed oil, starch and proteins. Antioxidant activity, enhaces fibrinolysis (blood presuure lowering, fibrinolysis enhancing and antioxidant activities of Cardamom) Stimulant, Diuretic
5. Hingu[12] Resin, gum and volatile oil. Resin contains asaresinotanol. Oil contains butyl propanyl disulphide, disulphides, trisulphides, pipene and terpenes. Anti-inflammatory, Antispasmodic, Antibacterial.
6. Agaru[13] Heart wood contains Liriodenine, Agarol, Agarospirol, Alpha and Beta agarofuran, Agarospirol Antimicrobial, Anti- oxidant Anticancerous
7. Surasa Leaves contain Cardinene, Camphere, Carvacrol, Caryophyllene, Cineole, Decyladehyde, Eugenaol, humelene, Limonene, methychavicol, Alpha and Beta – Carotene, Apigenin, Oreantin and Ursolic acid. Antiasthamatic, Anti- inflammatory, immunostimulant, antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antiviral, antipyretic, Antifungal.

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8. Tamalaki[14] Phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, niphyllin, phyllinirium, phyllantheol and phylleteralin Antiviral, Antifungal, Anticancer, hepatoprotective.
9. Jivanti Hentriacontanol, Alpha- amyrin, Stigmasterol, Beta- Sisterol, Flavanoid, Diosmetin and Luteolin. Vasodilator, antimicrobial, antibacterial, respiratory stimulant and depressant.
10. Canda Volatile oil, valeric acid, angelic acid, lactones, sesquiterpenes, cadinene, umbelliprenin. Terpene alcohol and angelisine resin. Antimicrobial

Discussion

According to Ayurveda, Swasa Roga is primarily affecting the Pranavahasrotas. Kapha and Vata are mainly vitiated. In the management of Swasa, Acharya mentioned that the main aim is to remove the obstruction made by Kapha and normalize the function of Vayu. Most of the drugs in Swasahara Mahakashaya are having dominance of Katu, Tikta and Kashaya Rasa, Laghu, Ruksha and Tikshna Guna, Ushna Virya, Katu Vipaka and Kapha-Vatahara properties. Katu Rasa, Laghu, Ruksha Guna, Ushna Virya, Katu Vipaka properties of these drugs will remove the obstruction in Pranavaha Srotas made by vitiated Kapha, leading to Samprapti Vighatana. Owing to Swasa-Kasahara actions of the drugs will effectively works on the Swasa Samprapthi Vighatana.

Conclusion

After analyzing the properties of each Dravya of Swasahara Mahakashaya, it can be concluded that the most of the Swasahara Mahakashya Dravyas are having Tikta Katu Rasa, Tikshna Ushna Guna, Ushna Virya and all them are indicated in Swasa- Kasa. Hence Swasahara Mahakashaya Dravyas help in Samprapti Vighatan in Swasa Roga.

Reference

1. Forum of International Respiratory Socities. The global Impact of Respiratory Disease- Second Edition. Sheffiels, European Respiratory Society, 2017.

2. Chunekar K.C., Bhava praksha Nighantu (10th ed., vol.1). (1995) Chaukambha Bharati Academy, pp 217

3. Shastry kashinath, Pandey Gangasahaya. Charak Samhita, Vol I, (Sutra SthanaCh4/15). Varanasi: Chaukamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2004.p.62

4. Chunekar K.C., Bhava praksha Nighantu (10th ed., vol.1). (1995) Chaukambha Bharati Academy, pp.257, pp.84 pp.599,

5. Chunekar K.C., Bhava praksha Nighantu (10th ed., vol.1). (1995) Chaukambha Bharati Academy, pp.257,222, pp.40, pp.506, pp.254

6. Sharma PV, Dhanwantari Nighantu (Guduchyadi Varga). Varanasi Chaukamba Orientalia;2002. p.23

7. Sharma PV, Dhanwantari Nighantu (Shatpushpadi varga). Varanasi, Chaukamba Orientalia;2002. p.76

8. Sharma PV, Dhanwantari Nighantu (Chandanadi varga). Varanasi, Chaukamba Orientalia;2002. p.112

9. Sharma PV, Dhanwantari Nighantu (Karaviradi varga). Varanasi, Chaukamba Orientalia;2002. p.142

10. Sharma PV, Sharma GP, Kaiyadeva Nighantu (Oshadi varga). Varanasi; Chaukamba Orientalia; pp.258, pp.244, pp.61, pp.91, pp.224, pp.235, pp.633, pp.49, pp.22, pp.257

11. Gupta A K, Sharma M. Reviews on Indian medicinal plants.1st edition. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research; 2008: p. 682

12. Gupta A K, Sharma M. Reviews on Indian medicinal plants.1st edition. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research; 2008: p.1, p827

13. Gupta A K, Sharma M. Reviews on Indian medicinal plants.1st edition. New Delhi: Indian Council of Medical Research; 2008, p.93, p.281


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