E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Anti-pyretic

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 4 May
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic), Shwasahara (anti-asthmatic) and Kasahara (anti-tussive) properties for the management of COVID 19 : A Review

Rita.1*
DOI:

1* Rita, Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gangaputra Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Kandela, Jind, Haryana, India.

Aim: To find out effective plants from Bhavaprakasha Nighantu in the management of COVID 19 and their analysis on the basis of pharmacodynamics attributes and reported pharmacological activities. Background: COVID 19 is declared as a pandemic by W.H.O. which is affecting 216 countries. The graph of confirmed cases and deaths is rising day by day. Due to lack of definitive treatment, anti-virals are choice of drug along with other antimicrobial and supportive treatment. High grade fever, sore throat and difficulty in breathing are cardinal signs of its early stage. In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu various plants has been mentioned which are having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic), Shwasahara (anti-asthmatic) and Kasahara (anti-tussive) properties. A complete review of these plants with pharmacodynamic attributes (Rasa, Veerya, Vipaka) has been done form Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. The plants were further reviewed from PubMed for anti-viral, anti-pyretic, anti-tussive/anti-asthmatic and immunomodulatory activities to make it more scientific. Results: 22 plants were found which are having all these properties. Kutki [Picrorhiza kurroa Royale ex. Benth], Kiratatikta [Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch. Ham.ex C.B.Clarke] and Guduchi [Tinospora sinensis (Lour) Merr.] etc. were found to be having immunomodulatory action. Kiratatikta, Guduchi, and Pippali [Piper longum L.] etc. were found having anti-pyretic activity. Kutki, Kiratatikta and Katphala [Myrica esculenta Buch. Ham. ex D. Don] etc. were found having beneficial for respiratory illnesses. Kutki, Kiratatikta, Haritaki, Aamalaki and Sariva [Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult] etc. were found having antiviral activities. Conclusion: 22 plants found to be effective in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and they are also reported having pharmacological activities which are beneficial in COVID 19. Clinical Significance: Among these plants many are easily available and also in day-to-day practice. Thus, these plants and their combinations can be used in early stage of COVID 19 and also in later stages with minimised dose and drug interactions.

Keywords: Anti-pyretic, Anti-tussive/Anti-asthmatic, Anti-viral, COVID 19, Immunomodulatory, Jwarahara, Kasahara, Shwasahara

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Rita, Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Gangaputra Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Kandela, Jind, Haryana, India.
Email: 		Rita, Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic), Shwasahara (anti-asthmatic) and Kasahara (anti-tussive) properties for the management of COVID 19 : A Review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(4):27-39.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1836

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-04-04 2022-04-06 2022-04-13 2022-04-20 2022-04-27
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 16%

© 2022by Ritaand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)27
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)

Introduction

COVID 19 is an acute respiratory syndrome caused by novel Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[1] According to World Health Organization (WHO) there are 2,30,57,288 confirmed cases in 216 countries with 8,00,906 deaths till August 2021.[2] Though it is reduced now and COVID is in control but it is going to be persist in community as cold and flu or waves are coming after a period of time. The virus has 2-14 days incubation period and patients may remain asymptomatic and can transmitted through human beings.[3] Further, fever and dry cough are the earliest, dominant and most common symptoms appear in SARS Cov 2 infected patients. COVID 19 infected patients having mild symptoms needs only supportive treatments at its early stage.[4] In early stage of COVID 19 controlling measures like social distancing, hand washing and use of masks can contribute very much. In supportive/symptomatic treatment antipyretic and analgesic drugs like paracetamol (acetaminophen) are drug of choice in the conventional system of medicine. But some concerns have been presented by French officials with the use of NSAIDs in patients with severe lung infections, such as those seen with COVID 19. Non-aspirin NSAIDs has been associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk; thus, the use of these drugs in patients with cardiovascular disease and COVID 19 should be evaluated on the basis of risk versus benefit.[5] Thus, there are certain limitations in the choice of drug and the definitive anti-viral drug or vaccine is not available for the treatment of COVID 19.

In this scenario, Ayurveda, the traditional system of medicine can contribute in the treatment as well as prevention of COVID 19 as a stand-alone therapy and a supportive therapy. In Ayurveda, various single herbs have been described in Nighantus, the wealth of herbs/plants. In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu and other Nighantus, Jwarahara (anti-pyretic), Shwasahara (anti-asthmatic) and Kasahara (anti-tussive) herbs/plants are described, which can make useful contribution in the symptomatic management of COVID 19. To avoid the risk of drug interaction and multiple drug use for early symptomatic/supportive treatment in COVID 19 infection, single drugs which are having anti-pyretic and anti-asthmatic/anti-tussive effects can be used.

Keeping this fact in mind,

a complete review of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu was done to find out the herbs/plants which are having all these properties with their pharmacodynamics attributes (Rasa, Veerya, Vipaka). These plants are also reviewed for their pharmacological activities i.e., anti-viral, anti-pyretic, anti-tussive/anti-asthmatic and immunomodulatory activities from PubMed database for their rational use in COVID 19. Hence, this work will give a comprehensive knowledge of different medicinal plants described in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu that can be used for the prophylactic and therapeutic intervention in the ongoing pandemic COVID 19. Modern pharmacological studies provided more evidence for substantiating the effects of these plants.

Review Results

A total of 22 plants were found having Jwarahara, Shwasahara and Kasahara properties. All these are placed in Table 1 with their pharmacodynamics attributes. Among them maximum eight plants were having Tikta Rasa followed by five Katu Rasa, five Madhura Rasa, three Kashaya Rasa and one Amla Rasa plants. In Veerya aspect maximum of 12 plants were found having Ushna Veerya, nine having Sheeta and one having Anushna Veerya. In Vipaka aspect majority of plants (14) were found having Katu Vipaka, seven having Madhura and one having Amla Vipaka. (Table 1) 

Table 1: Herb/plant of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara, Shwasahara and Kashara properties with their pharmacodynamics attributes.

Drug Name Rasa Veerya Vipaka Reference
Haritaki [Terminalia chebula Retz.] Kashaya dominant, five Rasa except Lavana Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 19, Pg. 5
Aamalaki [Phyllanthus emblica L.] Amla dominant, five Rasa except Lavana Sheeta Amla B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 39-40, Pg. 10
Pippali [Piper longum L.] Katu Anushna Madhura B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 54, Pg. 15
Vanshlochana [Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. shoot] Madhura, Kashaya Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 117, Pg. 56
Kutki [Picrorhiza kurroa Royale ex. Benth] Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 151-52, Pg. 67

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)28
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)
Kiratatikta [Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch. Ham.ex C.B.Clarke] Tikta Sheeta Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 154-55, Pg. 70
Rasna [Pluchea lanceolate (DC.) C.B. Clarke] Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 163-64, Pg. 76
Karkatshringi [Pistacia chinensis subsp. Integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. F.] Kashaya, Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 179, Pg. 95
Katphala [Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don] Kashaya, Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 181, Pg. 97
Bharangi [Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon.] Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 183, Pg. 98
Bakuchi [Psoralea corylifolia L.] Madhura, Tikta Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 207-09, Pg. 119
Rasona [Allium sativum L.] Katu, Madhura Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Verse 221-23, Pg. 127
Guduchi [Tinospora sinensis (Lour) Merr.] Tikta, Katu, Kashaya Ushna Madhura B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 8-10, Pg. 257
Vartaki [Solanum indicum L.] Katu, Tikta Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 37, Pg. 275
Kantakari [Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. wendl.] Tikta, Katu Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 40-41, Pg. 277 B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Verse 89, Pg. 679
Vasa [Justicia adhatoda L.] Tikta, Kashaya Sheeta Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 90, Pg. 306
Sharpunkha [Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.] Tikta, Kashaya Sheeta Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 210, Pg. 393
Sariva [Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult] Madhura Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 238, Pg. 411
Suvarchala [Cleome gynandra L.] Tikta, Kashaya, Katu Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 286, Pg. 450
Kharjura [Phoenix dactylifera L.] Madhura Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Aamradi varga, Verse 117-19, Pg. 574
Rajkoshataki [Luffa acutangula (L.) roxb.] Madhura Sheeta Madhura B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Verse 68, Pg. 671
Karkoti [Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd.] Katu Ushna Katu B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Verse 86, Pg. 677

* B.P.Ni. – Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

For the consumption of these plants their useful parts, doses forms and doses are also described in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu all are summarized and placed in Table 2.

Table 2: Herbs/plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara, Shwasahara and Kashara properties with their Useful parts, dose and doses forms. 

Drug Name Part used Dose and form Reference
Haritaki [Terminalia chebula Retz.] Fruit 3-6g, Churna (Powder) B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 8
Aamalaki [Phyllanthus emblica L.] Fruit 3-10g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 12
Pippali [Piper longum L.] Fruit 250-500mg Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 16
Vanshlochana [Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. shoot] Niryasa (exudate) 0.5-2g Niryasa B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 57
Kutki [Picrorhiza kurroa Royale ex. Benth] Rhizome 0.5-1g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 68
Kiratatikta [Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) Buch. Ham.ex C.B.Clarke] Whole plant 0.5-1.5g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 71
Rasna [Pluchea lanceolate (DC.) C.B. Clarke] Whole plant 30-125mg Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 79
Karkatshringi [Pistacia chinensis subsp. integerrima (J. L. Stewart ex Brandis) Rech. F.] Gall 0.5-2g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 96
Katphala [Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don] Bark 1-3g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 98
Bharangi [Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon.] Root 1.5-3g Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 99
Bakuchi [Psoralea corylifolia L.] Seed 1-3g, Churna B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 121
Rasona [Allium sativum L.] Bulb 10-30 drops of Swarasa (expressed juice), 2-3g Kalka (Paste) B.P.Ni. Haritkyadi varga, Pg. 130.
Guduchi [Tinospora sinensis (Lour) Merr.] Stem 0.5- 2g Satwa, 1-3g, Churna, 40-80ml Kwatha (decoction) B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 259
Vartaki [Solanum indicum L.] Fruit and root 1-2g Churna B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 276
Kantakari [Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. wendl.] Fruit, root and leaves 1-2g Mula Churna (Root powder), 2.5-5ml Patra Swarasa (expressed juice of leaves), 20-40ml Mula Kwatha (Decoction of root) B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Verse 40-41 Pg. 279 B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Pg. 679

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)29
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)
Vasa [Justicia adhatoda L.] Root, leaves and flower 0.5-1g Mula Twak Churna (Powder of root bark)/ Pushpa Churna (Powder of flower); Patra Churna (Powder of leaves) 1-2g; 5-15ml Swarasa, 10-20ml Kwatha B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 308
Sharpunkha [Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers.] Root 3-6g Mula Churna, 10-20ml Swarasa B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 394
Sariva [Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult]  Tuber 50-60g Phanta (Hot infusion), 3-6g Kalka B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 414
Suvarchala [Cleome gynandra L.] Seed, leaves, and root 5-10ml Swarasa B.P.Ni. Guduchyadi varga, Pg. 451
Kharjura [Phoenix dactylifera L.] Fruit   B.P.Ni. Aamradi varga, Pg. 574
Rajkoshataki [Luffa acutangula (L.) roxb.] Fruit As a vegetable B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Pg. 671
Karkoti [Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd.] Fruit As a vegetable B.P.Ni. Shaka varga, Pg. 677

All the plants were also screened from PubMed database for anti-viral, anti-pyretic, anti-tussive/anti-asthmatic and immunomodulatory which can play important role in COVID 19 prevention and management. All these are mentioned in Table 3. Among them seven are reported having anti-viral activity, eight for anti-pyretic and anti-asthmatic/anti-tussive and ten are reported for immunomodulatory activity. 
Table 3: Pharmacological activities of herbs/plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara, Shwasahara and Kashara properties

Drug Name Anti-viral activity Anti-pyretic activity Anti-tussive activity/ Anti-asthmatic activity Immuno-modulatory Activity
Haritaki + (Kesharwani A et al. 2017,[6] Ajala OS 2014,[7] Mishra NN et al. 2018,[8] Oyuntsetseg N et al 2014,[9] Ahn MJ et al. 2002,[10] el-Mekkawy S et al. 1995,[11] Lin LT et al. 2011,[12] Badmaev V et al. 2000,[13] Yukawa TA et al. 1996,[14] Kurokawa M et al. 1995,[15] Loshi B et al. 2020.[16]) - - + (Nando Dulal Das et al. 2012,[17] Das ND et al. 2011,[18] Trinh TA et al. 2020.[19])
Aamalaki + (Lv JJ et al. 2015,[20] Xiang Y et al. 2011,[21] Mishra NN et al. 2018,[22] Liu G et al. 2011,[23] Xiang YF et al. 2010.[24]) + (Perianayagam JB el al. 2004.[25]) - + (Baliga MS et al. 2011,[26] Zeng Z et al. 2017,[27] Singh MK et al. 2013,[28] Chatterjee A et al. 2011,[29] Ganju L et al. 2003,[30] Sai Ram M et al. 2002.[31])
Pippali - + (Chuchawankul S et al. 2012,[32] Kim HG et al. 2012,[33] Pathak N 2006.[34]) + (Meghwal M et al. 2013,[35] Yadav V et al. 2020,[36] Nilani P et al. 2009,[37] Kumar S 2012,[38] Nilani P et al. 2010.[39]) + (Meghwal M et al. 2013,[35] Sunila ES et al. 2004,[40] Akram M et al. 2014.[41])
Vanshlochana - - - -
Kutaki + (Win NN et. al. 2019,[42] Verma et. al. 2009,[43] Thyagarajan SP et.al. 2002.[44])   - + (Dorsch W et.al. 1991,[45] Dorsch W et.al. 1994.[46] Pfuhler S et.al. 1995.[47]) + (Kumar et.al.2016,[48] Hussain A et.al. 2013,[49] Gupta A et.al. 2006,[50] Labadie RP et.al.1989,[51] Sane SA et.al. 2011,[52] Sidiq T et.al. 2011,[53] Russo A et.al. 2001.[54])
Kiratatikta + (Woo SY et.al.2019.[55]) + (Pal T et.al. 2018.[56]) + (Wang YL et. al. 2013.[57]) + (Lad H et.al. 2016.[58])
Rasna - + (Mohanty S et.al. 2013.[59]) - -
Karkatshringi - + (Rauf A et.al.2014.[60]) + (Rana S et.al.2016,[61] Shirole RL 2014.[62]) -
Katphala - - + (Patel K et.al. 2010.[63]) -
Bharangi + (Joshi B et.al. 2020.[64]) - + (Patel JJ et.al.2014,[65] Kajaria D et.al. 2012.[66]) -
Bakuchi - - - -

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)30
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)
Rasona + (Sahoo M. et al. 2016,[67] Guo NL et al. 1993,[68] Zhang J et al. 2013.[69]) - - + (Foroutan-Rad M. et al. 2017.[70] Oosthuizen C et al. 2017.[71])
Guduchi - + (Hussain L. et al. 2015.[72]) - + (Sharma U et al. 2012,[73] Haque MA et al. 2017,[74] Sachdeva H et al. 2014,[75] Bala M et al. 2015,[76] Aher V et al. 2012,[77] Narkhede AN et al. 2014,[78] Aranha I et al. 2012,[79] Singh N et al. 2004,[80] Desai VR et al. 2007,[81] Aranha I et al. 2020,[82] Singh N et al. 2004,[83] Desai VR et al. 2007,[84] Anaha I et al. 2020.[85])
Vartaki - - - -
Kantakari - - +  (Kajaria DK et al. 2012.[86]) -
Vasa - +  (Sridhar N et al. 2015.[87]) - -
Sharpunkha - - + (Janbaz KH et al. 2013.[88]) + (Damre AS et al. 2003.[89])
Sariva + (Bonvicini F et al. 2018.[90]) + (Das S et al. 2013.[91]) - + (Das S et al. 2013.[91])
Suvarchala - - - -
Kharjura - - - -
Rajkoshataki - - - +  (Shendge PN et al. 2018.[92])
Karkoti - - - -

Discussion

Manifestation of COVID 19 shows variations in clinical presentation ranging from asymptomatic to fever, dry cough, rhinitis, fatigue and severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and death.[93] and the disease course including the short-term as well as long term complications are yet to understand more. Moreover, the diagnostic

protocol, treatment guidelines are keep changing on time. In the present scenario, there is no effective cure or prophylactic measure for COVID 19 in the conventional system of medicines, rather than the symptomatic and supportive care.

Being a novel disease, the exact reference is not available in Ayurveda textbooks. Clinical profile of COVID 19 have similarities with diseases like Vata-Kapha predominant Sannipatika Jwara.[94] Symptomatic management in Ayurveda include the logical implementation of the treatment of Jwara, Kasa, Pratishyaya etc. Apart from the cure of the disease, Ayurveda can do wonders in preventing the infection, reducing the disease burden and also in rehabilitation of the patients.[95]

All the herbs/plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara, Shwasahara and Kasahara properties can be divided in to two categories Aushadha and Aahara. (Table 1) Maximum are Aushadha while Rajakoshataki and Karkoti are vegetables and Kharjura is fruit. Rasona can be included in both Ahara and Aushadha.

Ayurveda believed that a strong body itself is most effective warrior in fighting against the diseases and maintain Health. So, Ayurveda gives the utmost priority to improve the strength of the body and enhancing the immunity thus the resistance against various ailments.[96] The drugs like Kutki, Kiratatikata, Rasona, Guduchi, Haritaki, Aamalaki, Rajakoshataki, Pippali, Sharapunkha, and Sariva are found to have immunomodulatory action. (Table 3)

For symptoms like fever, cough, dyspnoea having mild to moderate severity the certain Ayurvedic herbs can be used. In case of fever, Kiratatikata, Guduchi, Karakatakashringi, Vasa and Pippali (Table 3) are especially beneficial as their anti-pyretic activity was proven experimentally and these are used widely in clinical practice from ancient times. Similarly, the drugs Kutki, Kiratatikta, Karakatakashringi, Katphala, Bharngi, Pippali, Kantakari and Sharapunkha (Table 3) are useful in respiratory pathologies like Shwasa, Kasa etc. Moreover, the herbs Kutki, Kiratatikta, Bharngi, Rasona, Haritaki, Aamalaki and Sariva have antiviral activities also (Table 3).

Thus, use of single herb or in combination can be administered according to the clinical presentation of the COVID 19. Kiratatikta is reported for anti-viral, anti-pyretic, anti-asthmatic/anti-tussive


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)31
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)

and immunomodulatory activities. Thus, Kiratatikta may be the best choice among all of these plants. To resolve the difficulty of use, the useful part of these plants, their doses forms and doses are also described in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (Table 2) among them suitable doses forms can be adopted as per clinical manifestation or age and Prakruti of patients.

Conclusion

Total 22 plants were found in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu which are having Jwarahara, Shwasahara and Kasahara properties. Among them many are reported for having pharmacological activities like anti-pyretic, anti-tussive / anti-asthmatic, anti-viral and immunomodulatory which are beneficial in COVID 19.

Clinical Significance: Among these plants many are easily available and also in day-to-day practice. Thus, these plants and their combinations can be used in early stage of COVID 19 and also in later stages. Use of these plants or their combinations may be helpful in minimising the dose and drug interactions. These drugs also can pave a path to the researchers for development of effective remedy for COVID 19.

Reference

1. Harapan H, Itoh N, Yufika A, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review. J Infect Public Health 2020;13(5):667-673.

2. https://covid19.who.int/ last assessed on 24.08.2020 at 3.45 PM.

3. Singhal T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 2020;87(4):281-286.

4. Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Qin Q. Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. J Med Virol 2020;92(6):568-576.

5. Triggle CR, Bansal D, Farag EABA, Ding H, Sultan AA. COVID-19: Learning from Lessons to Guide Treatment and Prevention Interventions. mSphere 2020;5(3):e00317-20.

6. Kesharwani A, Polachira SK, Nair R, Agarwal A, Mishra NN, Gupta SK. Anti-HSV-2 activity of Terminalia chebula Retz extract and

its constituents, chebulagic and chebulinic acids. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17(1):110.

7. Ajala OS, Jukov A, Ma CM. Hepatitis C virus inhibitory hydrolysable tannins from the fruits of Terminalia chebula. Fitoterapia 2014;99:117-123.

8. Mishra NN, Kesharwani A, Agarwal A, Polachira SK, Nair R, Gupta SK. Herbal Gel Formulation Developed for Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Activity Also Inhibits In Vitro HSV-2 Infection. Viruses 2018;10(11):580.

9. Oyuntsetseg N, Khasnatinov MA, Molor-Erdene P, et al. Evaluation of direct antiviral activity of the Deva-5 herb formulation and extracts of five Asian plants against influenza A virus H3N8. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:235.

10. Ahn MJ, Kim CY, Lee JS, et al. Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by galloyl glucoses from Terminalia chebula and flavonol glycoside gallates from Euphorbia pekinensis. Planta Med 2002;68(5):457-459.

11. el-Mekkawy S, Meselhy MR, Kusumoto IT, Kadota S, Hattori M, Namba T. Inhibitory effects of Egyptian folk medicines on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1995;43(4):641-648.

12. Lin LT, Chen TY, Chung CY, et al. Hydrolyzable tannins (chebulagic acid and punicalagin) target viral glycoprotein-glycosaminoglycan interactions to inhibit herpes simplex virus 1 entry and cell-to-cell spread. J Virol 2011;85(9):4386-4398.

13. Badmaev V, Nowakowski M. Protection of epithelial cells against influenza A virus by a plant derived biological response modifier Ledretan-96. Phytother Res 2000;14(4):245-249.

14. Yukawa TA, Kurokawa M, Sato H, et al. Prophylactic treatment of cytomegalovirus infection with traditional herbs. Antiviral Res 1996;32(2):63-70.

15. Kurokawa M, Nagasaka K, Hirabayashi T, et al. Efficacy of traditional herbal medicines in combination with acyclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 1995;27(1-2):19-37.

16. Joshi B, Panda SK, Jouneghani RS, et al. Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities of Medicinal Plants of Nepal Selected


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)32
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)

Based on Ethnobotanical Evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020;2020:1043471.

17. Nando Dulal Das, Kyoung Hwa Jung, Ji Hyun Park, Mi Ran Choi, Hyung Tae Lee, Moo Sung Kim, Sang Rin Lee, and Young Gyu Chai.Journal of Medicinal Food.Jul 2012.651-657.

18. Das ND, Jung KH, Park JH, et al. Terminalia chebula extract acts as a potential NF-κB inhibitor in human lymphoblastic T cells. Phytother Res 2011;25(6):927-934.

19. Trinh TA, Park J, Oh JH, et al. Effect of Herbal Formulation on Immune Response Enhancement in RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Biomolecules 2020;10(3):424.

20. Lv JJ, Yu S, Xin Y, et al. Anti-viral and cytotoxic norbisabolane sesquiterpenoid glycosides from Phyllanthus emblica and their absolute configurations. Phytochemistry 2015;117:123-134.

21. Xiang Y, Pei Y, Qu C, et al. In vitro anti-herpes simplex virus activity of 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose from Phyllanthus emblica L. (Euphorbiaceae). Phytother Res 2011;25(7):975-982.

22. Mishra NN, Kesharwani A, Agarwal A, Polachira SK, Nair R, Gupta SK. Herbal Gel Formulation Developed for Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Activity Also Inhibits In Vitro HSV-2 Infection. Viruses 2018;10(11):580.

23. Liu G, Xiong S, Xiang YF, et al. Antiviral activity and possible mechanisms of action of pentagalloylglucose (PGG) against influenza A virus. Arch Virol 2011;156(8):1359-1369.

24. Xiang YF, Ju HQ, Li S, Zhang YJ, Yang CR, Wang YF. Effects of 1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose from P. emblica on HBsAg and HBeAg secretion in HepG2.2.15 cell culture. Virol Sin 2010;25(5):375-380.

25. Perianayagam JB, Sharma SK, Joseph A, Christina AJ. Evaluation of anti-pyretic and analgesic activity of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;95(1):83-85.

26. Baliga MS, Dsouza JJ. Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn), a wonder berry in the treatment and prevention of cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2011;20(3):225-239.

27. Zeng Z, Lv W, Jing

Y, et al. Structural characterization and biological activities of a novel polysaccharide from Phyllanthus emblica. Drug Discov Ther 2017;11(2):54-63.

28. Singh MK, Yadav SS, Gupta V, Khattri S. Immunomodulatory role of Emblica officinalis in arsenic induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in thymocytes of mice. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013;13:193.

29. Chatterjee A, Chattopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay SK. Biphasic Effect of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extract on NSAID-Induced Ulcer: An Antioxidative Trail Weaved with Immunomodulatory Effect. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011;2011:146808.

30. Ganju L, Karan D, Chanda S, Srivastava KK, Sawhney RC, Selvamurthy W. Immunomodulatory effects of agents of plant origin. Biomed Pharmacother 2003;57(7):296-300.

31. Sai Ram M, Neetu D, Yogesh B, et al. Cyto-protective and immunomodulating properties of Amla (Emblica officinalis) on lymphocytes: an in-vitro study. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;81(1):5-10.

32. Chuchawankul S, Khorana N, Poovorawan Y. Piperine inhibits cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Genet Mol Res 2012;11(1):617-627.

33. Kim HG, Han EH, Jang WS, et al. Piperine inhibits PMA-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression through downregulating NF-κB, C/EBP and AP-1 signaling pathways in murine macrophages. Food Chem Toxicol 2012;50(7):2342-2348.

34. Pathak N, Khandelwal S. Modulation of cadmium induced alterations in murine thymocytes by piperine: oxidative stress, apoptosis, phenotyping and blastogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2006;72(4):486-497.

35. Meghwal M, Goswami TK. Piper nigrum and piperine: an update. Phytother Res 2013;27(8):1121-1130.

36. Yadav V, Krishnan A, Vohora D. A systematic review on Piper longum L.: Bridging traditional knowledge and pharmacological evidence for future translational research. J Ethnopharmacol 2020;247:112255.

37. Nilani P, Kasthuribai N, Duraisamy B, et al. Invitro antioxidant activity of selected antiasthmatic herbal constituents. Anc Sci Life 2009;28(4):3-6.


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)33
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)

38. Kumar S, Mabalirajan U, Rehman R, et al. A novel cinnamate derivative attenuates asthma features and reduces bronchial epithelial injury in mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 2013;15(1):150-159.

39. Nilani P, Duraisamy B, Dhamodaran P, Ravichandran S, Elango K. Effect of selected antiasthmatic plant constituents against micro organism causing upper respiratory tract infection. Anc Sci Life 2010;29(3):30-32.

40. Sunila ES, Kuttan G. Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum Linn. and piperine. J Ethnopharmacol 2004;90(2-3):339-346.

41. Akram M, Hamid A, Khalil A, et al. Review on medicinal uses, pharmacological, phytochemistry and immunomodulatory activity of plants. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2014;27(3):313-319.

42. Win NN, Kodama T, Lae KZW, et al. Bis-iridoid and iridoid glycosides: Viral protein R inhibitors from Picrorhiza kurroa collected in Myanmar. Fitoterapia 2019;134:101-107.

43. Verma PC, Basu V, Gupta V, Saxena G, Rahman LU. Pharmacology and chemistry of a potent hepatoprotective compound Picroliv isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa royle ex benth. (kutki). Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2009;10(6):641-649.

44. Thyagarajan SP, Jayaram S, Gopalakrishnan V, Hari R, Jeyakumar P, Sripathi MS. Herbal medicines for liver diseases in India. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17 Suppl 3:S370-S376.

45. Dorsch W, Stuppner H, Wagner H, Gropp M, Demoulin S, Ring J. Antiasthmatic effects of Picrorhiza kurroa: androsin prevents allergen- and PAF-induced bronchial obstruction in guinea pigs. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1991;95(2-3):128-133.

46. Dorsch W, Müller A, Christoffel V, et al. Antiasthmatic acetophenones - an in vivo study on structure activity relationship. Phytomedicine 1994;1(1):47-54.

47. Pfuhler S, Stehrer-Schmid P, Dorsch W, Wagner H, Wolf HU. Investigation of genotoxic effects of the anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory drugs Apocynin and Acetosyringenin in the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay and the SCE-test with human lymphocytes. Phytomedicine 1995;1(4):319-322.

48. Kumar R, Gupta YK, Singh S, Raj A. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Picrorhiza kurroa in Experimental Models of Inflammation. Planta Med 2016;82(16):1403-1409.

49. Hussain A, Shadma W, Maksood A, Ansari SH. Protective effects of Picrorhiza kurroa on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. Pharmacognosy Res 2013;5(1):30-35.

50. Gupta A, Khajuria A, Singh J, et al. Immunomodulatory activity of biopolymeric fraction RLJ-NE-205 from Picrorhiza kurroa. Int Immunopharmacol 2006;6(10) :1543-1549.

51. Labadie RP, van der Nat JM, Simons JM, et al. An ethnopharmacognostic approach to the search for immunomodulators of plant origin. Planta Med 1989;55(4):339-348.

52. Sane SA, Shakya N, Gupta S. Immunomodulatory effect of picroliv on the efficacy of paromomycin and miltefosine in combination in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2011;127(2):376-381.

53. Sidiq T, Khajuria A, Suden P, et al. Possible role of macrophages induced by an irridoid glycoside (RLJ-NE-299A) in host defense mechanism. Int Immunopharmacol 2011;11(1):128-135.

54. Russo A, Izzo AA, Cardile V, Borrelli F, Vanella A. Indian medicinal plants as antiradicals and DNA cleavage protectors. Phytomedicine 2001;8(2):125-132.

55. Woo SY, Win NN, Noe Oo WM, et al. Viral protein R inhibitors from Swertia chirata of Myanmar. J Biosci Bioeng 2019;128(4):445-449.

56. Pal T, Padhan JK, Kumar P, Sood H, Chauhan RS. Comparative transcriptomics uncovers differences in photoautotrophic versus photoheterotrophic modes of nutrition in relation to secondary metabolites biosynthesis in Swertia chirayita. Mol Biol Rep 2018;45(2):77-98.

57. Wang YL, Xiao ZQ, Liu S, et al. Antidiabetic effects of Swertia macrosperma extracts in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;150(2):536-544.

58. Lad H, Bhatnagar D. Amelioration of oxidative and inflammatory changes by Swertia chirayita leaves in experimental arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2016;24(6):363-375.

59. Mohanty S, Srivastava


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)34
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)

P, Maurya AK, et al. Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: in-vitro and in-vivo study. J Ethnopharmacol 2013;149(3):797-802.

60. Rauf A, Uddin G, Siddiqui BS, et al. In-vivo antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity of pistagremic acid isolated from Pistacia integerrima. Phytomedicine 2014;21(12):1509-1515.

61. Rana S, Shahzad M, Shabbir A. Pistacia integerrima ameliorates airway inflammation by attenuation of TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-5 expression levels, and pulmonary edema by elevation of AQP1 and AQP5 expression levels in mouse model of ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma. Phytomedicine 2016;23(8):838-845.

62. Shirole RL, Shirole NL, Kshatriya AA, Kulkarni R, Saraf MN. Investigation into the mechanism of action of essential oil of Pistacia integerrima for its antiasthmatic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;153(3):541-551.

63. Patel K, Rao Nj, Gajera V, Bhatt P, Patel K, Gandhi T. Anti-allergic Activity of Stem Bark of Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. (Myricaceae). J Young Pharm 2010;2(1):74-78.

64. Joshi B, Panda SK, Jouneghani RS, et al. Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities of Medicinal Plants of Nepal Selected Based on Ethnobotanical Evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020;2020:1043471.

65. Patel JJ, Acharya SR, Acharya NS. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon. - a review on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. J Ethnopharmacol 2014;154(2):268-285.

66. Kajaria D, Tripathi JS, Tiwari SK, Pandey BL. Anti-histaminic, mast cell stabilizing and bronchodilator effect of hydroalcoholic extract of polyherbal compound- Bharangyadi. Anc Sci Life 2012;31(3):95-100.

67. Sahoo M, Jena L, Rath SN, Kumar S. Identification of Suitable Natural Inhibitor against Influenza A (H1N1) Neuraminidase Protein by Molecular Docking. Genomics Inform 2016;14(3):96-103.

68. Guo NL, Lu DP, Woods GL, et al. Demonstration of the anti-viral activity of garlic extract against

human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Chin Med J (Engl) 1993;106(2):93-96.

69. Zhang J, Wang H, Xiang ZD, Shu SN, Fang F. Allitridin inhibits human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2013;7(4):1343-1349.

70. Foroutan-Rad M, Tappeh KH, Khademvatan S. Antileishmanial and Immunomodulatory Activity of Allium sativum (Garlic): A Review. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017;22(1):141-155.

71. Oosthuizen C, Arbach M, Meyer D, Hamilton C, Lall N. Diallyl Polysulfides from Allium sativum as Immunomodulators, Hepatoprotectors, and Antimycobacterial Agents. J Med Food 2017;20(7):685-690.

72. Hussain L, Akash MS, Ain NU, Rehman K, Ibrahim M. The Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Pyretic Activities of Tinospora cordifolia. Adv Clin Exp Med 2015;24(6):957-964.

73. Sharma U, Bala M, Kumar N, Singh B, Munshi RK, Bhalerao S. Immunomodulatory active compounds from Tinospora cordifolia. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;141(3) :918-926.

74. Haque MA, Jantan I, Abbas Bukhari SN. Tinospora species: An overview of their modulating effects on the immune system. J Ethnopharmacol 2017;207:67-85.

75. Sachdeva H, Sehgal R, Kaur S. Tinospora cordifolia as a protective and immunomodulatory agent in combination with cisplatin against murine visceral leishmaniasis. Exp Parasitol 2014;137:53-65.

76. Bala M, Pratap K, Verma PK, Singh B, Padwad Y. Validation of ethnomedicinal potential of Tinospora cordifolia for anticancer and immunomodulatory activities and quantification of bioactive molecules by HPTLC. J Ethnopharmacol 2015;175:131-137.

77. Aher V, Kumar Wahi A. Biotechnological Approach to Evaluate the Immunomodulatory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Tinospora cordifolia Stem (Mango Plant Climber). Iran J Pharm Res 2012;11(3):863-872.

78. Narkhede AN, Jagtap SD, Kasote DM, Kulkarni OP, Harsulkar AM. Comparative immunomodulation potential of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F., Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merrill and Tinospora cordifolia growing on Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Indian J Exp Biol 2014;52(8):808-813.


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)35
Rita: Medicinal plants of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu having Jwarahara (anti-pyretic)

79. Aranha I, Clement F, Venkatesh YP. Immunostimulatory properties of the major protein from the stem of the Ayurvedic medicinal herb, guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia). J Ethnopharmacol 2012;139(2):366-372.

80. Singh N, Singh SM, Shrivastava P. Immunomodulatory and antitumor actions of medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia are mediated through activation of tumor-associated macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2004;26(1):145-162.

81. Desai VR, Ramkrishnan R, Chintalwar GJ, Sainis KB. G1-4A, an immunomodulatory polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, modulates macrophage responses and protects mice against lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxic shock. Int Immunopharmacol 2007;7(10):1375-1386.

82. Aranha I, Venkatesh YP. Humoral immune and adjuvant responses of mucosally-administered Tinospora cordifolia immunomodulatory protein in BALB/c mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020;11(2):140-146.

83. Singh N, Singh SM, Shrivastava P. Immunomodulatory and antitumor actions of medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia are mediated through activation of tumor-associated macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2004;26(1):145-162.

84. Desai VR, Ramkrishnan R, Chintalwar GJ, Sainis KB. G1-4A, an immunomodulatory polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, modulates macrophage responses and protects mice against lipopolysaccharide induced endotoxic shock. Int Immunopharmacol 2007;7(10):1375-1386.

85. Aranha I, Venkatesh YP. Humoral immune and adjuvant responses of mucosally-administered Tinospora cordifolia immunomodulatory protein in BALB/c mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020;11(2):140-146.

86. Kajaria DK, Gangwar M, Kumar D, et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and bronchodialator effect of a polyherbal drug-Shrishadi. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2(11):905-909.

87. Sridhar N, Lakshmi DS, Goverdhan P. Effect of ethanolic extracts of Justicia neesii Ramam. against experimental models of pain and pyrexia. Indian J Pharmacol 2015;47(2):177-180.

88. Janbaz KH, Jan A, Qadir MI, Gilani AH. Spasmolytic, bronchodilator and vasorelaxant activity of methanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea. Acta Pol Pharm 2013;70(2):261-269.

89. Damre AS, Gokhale AB, Phadke AS, Kulkarni KR, Saraf MN. Studies on the immunomodulatory activity of flavonoidal fraction of Tephrosia purpurea. Fitoterapia 2003;74(3):257-261.

90. Bonvicini F, Lianza M, Mandrone M, Poli F, Gentilomi GA, Antognoni F. Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. extract inhibits the early step of herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 replication. New Microbiol 2018;41(3):187-194.

91. Das S, Bisht SS. The bioactive and therapeutic potential of Hemidesmus indicus R. Br. (Indian Sarsaparilla) root. Phytother Res 2013;27(6):791-801.

92. Shendge PN, Belemkar S. Therapeutic Potential of Luffa acutangula: A Review on Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicological Aspects. Front Pharmacol 2018;9:1177.

93. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;382(18):1708-1720.

94. Puthiyedath R, Kataria S, Payyappallimana U, et al. Ayurvedic clinical profile of COVID-19 - A preliminary report [published online ahead of print, 2020 Jun 12]. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020;S0975-9476(20)30039-5.

95. Tillu G, Salvi S, Patwardhan B. AYUSH for COVID-19 management. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020;11(2):95-96.

96. Vaghbhata. Ashtanga Hridaya Vol. II, Chikitsa sthana, Jwarachikitsa adhyaya, 1/95, Varanasi: Chaukhambha krishnadas Academy; 2009. p. 190.


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(4)36