E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Guduchi

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 4 May
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

An exploration of physiological, medicinal and safety aspects of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia): A complete Ayurvedic and modern review

Ninama R.1*, Verma A.2, Mishra M.3, Nagle A.4, Pati R.5, Meshram R.6
DOI:

1* Raju Ninama, Post Graduate Scholar, Rasa-Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda College and Institute, Bhopal, MP, India.

2 Archana Verma, Post Graduate Scholar, of Kayachikitsa, Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda College and Institute, Bhopal, MP, India.

3 Meenu Mishra, Post Graduate Scholar, Kayachikitsa, Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda College and Institute, Bhopal, MP, India.

4 Anil Nagle, Associate Professor & HOD, Rasa-Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda College and Institute, Bhopal, MP, India.

5 R. K. Pati, Reader, Rasa-Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda College and Institute, Bhopal, MP, India.

6 Rajesh Meshram, Associate Professor & HOD, Kayachikitsa, Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda College and Institute, Bhopal, MP, India.

Introduction: Tinospora cordifolia commonly known as “Amrita” or “Guduchi” is important drug of Indian systems of medicine (ISM) and used in medicines since times immemorial. Guduchi is Sanskrit word which means that ‘which protects body from diseases’. Another name for this herb is ‘Amrita’, which refers to heavenly elixir according to Hindu mythology. Drug is well known Indian bitter and prescribed in fevers, diabetes, dyspepsia, jaundice, urinary problems, skin diseases and chronic diarrhoea and dysentery. It has been also indicated useful in treatment of heart diseases, leprosy, helminthiasis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is important drug and is used in form of different preparations like Satva, Ghrita, Tail, Swarasa etc. Material & Methods: For this review article Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Ashtanga Sangraha, Bhavprakash Nighantu, Raj Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Shaligrama Nighantu, Priya Nighantu, Kaiydev Nighantu, Madanpal Nighantu, Shodhal Nighantu, internet and modern medical literature have been reviewed. Result: Tinospora cordifolia plant had been appreciated to having high levels for medicinal, therapeutical, curative, healing and relieving nature. Discussion: Guduchi has high therapeutic potential by its anti-toxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and anti-oxidant properties. There is also no evidence that Guduchi has any toxic content or side effects, which proves its safety aspect as well. Conclusion: Therapeutic and safety aspects studies reported in present review confirm medicinal properties of herb Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) in preventing various diseases or abnormalities by increasing immunity naturally in human bodies.

Keywords: Amrita, Ayurveda, Therapeutic Potential, Tinospora cordifolia

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Raju Ninama, Post Graduate Scholar, Rasa-Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda College and Institute, Bhopal, MP, India.
Email: 		Raju Ninama, Archana Verma, Meenu Mishra, Anil Nagle, R. K. Pati, Rajesh Meshram, An exploration of physiological, medicinal and safety aspects of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia): A complete Ayurvedic and modern review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(4):62-74.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1839

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-03-30 2022-04-01 2022-04-08 2022-04-15 2022-04-22
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 19%

© 2022by Raju Ninama, Archana Verma, Meenu Mishra, Anil Nagle, R. K. Pati, Rajesh Meshramand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

India is a country with well recorded and well-practiced herbal and traditional medicine. Natural products with medicinal value are gaining importance in clinical research today. Among the vast library of important medicinal plants, Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is immensely valuable in terms of therapeutics and global trade. Tinospora cordifolia commonly named as Giloy, Guruch and Guruchi in Sanskrit. It belongs to the family Menispermacae. The plant is climbing shrub with greenish-yellow, heart-shaped leaf, found at higher altitude. Giloy is also known as Amrita which means ‘Root of immortality’ because of its various health benefits. The stems are rather succulent with long filiform fleshy aerial roots form the branches. The bark of the plant is gray brown and watery. The leaves have membranes and flowers are small and green in color. The height of this herb is maximum 300 meters. The flowers are active in last of summers till winters. The variety of active components which is derived from the herb is alkaloids, steroids, diterpenoid, lactones, aliphatics and glycosides and these can be isolated from various parts of the body like root, stem and whole plant. In mythological term Guduchi is referred as heavenly elixir having saved celestial beings from old age and kept them eternally young.[1] Bhavaprakasha has mentioned Guduchi elaborately and has dedicated a Varga under the name Guduchi thereby emphasizing the importance of drugs, it is valued for its huge therapeutic potential since thousands of years and also in the modern scientific society it is appreciated for its immense clinical potential.

Mythological Review

It’s narrated that, in a historical war between Rama and Ravana, several monkey warriors who supported Rama were killed. Pleased by the triumph of war and death of Ravana, Lord Indra sprinkled elixir on the dead bodies of the monkeys and provide rebirth. During the process, wherever the elixir drops have fallen on the earth, Guduchi plants originated.

Vedic kala - Sayan in Sounakiya Atharvaveda has mentioned that Guduchi is kept in every house to avoid snakes and scorpions. In Kaushika Sutra, Guduchi is mentioned by the name ‘Kudruchi’.

Material and Methods

Available references of the drug Tinospora cordifolia are traced from - Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, Ashtanga Sangraha, Bhavprakash Nighantu, Raj Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Shaligrama Nighantu, Priya Nighantu, Kaiydev Nighantu, Madanpal Nighantu, Shodhal Nighantu etc.

Samhita Kaal

Charaka Samhita

There are several synonyms mentioned under Guduchi and it is included under seven different Dashemani. Guduchi is said to possess best Sangrahika and Vibandha Prashamana properties.

Sushruta Samhita

 Description of Guduchi is found available at 41 places and is included in 9 Ganas or groups, based on it’s diverse therapeutic uses. Apart from that it is also placed in smaller group like Valli Panchamool.

Ashtang Sangraha

Guduchi is mentioned alone or in combination with other remedial agents in the treatment of Jwara, Prameha etc.

Nighantu Kaal

Dhanvantari Nighantu

Guduchi was mentioned first in one out of seven Vargas. Two varities - Guduchi and Kanda Guduchi are described.

Kaiyadev Nighantu

Guduchi is mentioned in Aushadha Varga. Varieties are mentioned as Guduchi as Guduchi and Pinda Guduchi.

Bhavprakasha Nighantu

Guduchi has been mentioned under Guduchyadi Varga with its mythological origin with Rasayana, Deepana and Balya properties.

Raj Nighantu

Description of two types Guduchi and Kanda Guduchi with therapeutic utilities has been given.

Shaligram Nighantu

Guduchi has been described in Guduchyadigana.


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Aadhunika Kaal

Dravyaguna Vigyana

The latin name vernacular names, synonyms, botanical description along with properties and action on different system are described with its therapeutic dose and formulation.

Indian Medicinal Plant

It’s botanical description along with different species and medicinal uses are illustrated.

Materia Medica

Detailed description of Guduchi along with its use in scorpion bite, is documented.

Nirukti [2],[3]

“Gudatirakshati Rogebhyaiti”.

Guduchi protects from diseases.

Nirukti of Synonyms[2],[3]


  • Amritvalli - The creeper of the plant never dies.
  • Chhinnaruha - When cut Guduchi grows again.
  • Amrit - Guduchi is very useful plant and possess the qualities like that of nector.
  • Kundali - Guduchi ascends supporting plant in a circular way.
  • Kandodbhava - Guduchi can be propagated with stem.
  • Chakralakshana - When cut transversely the stem shows circular structure.
  • Jvaranashini - Very efficacious drug fever.
  • Jivanti - Guduchi protects the life because of its Rasayana
  • Madhuparni - When crushed, leaves give viscid juice like that of honey.
  • Tantrika - The stem of Guduchi resembles a rope.
  • Mandali - Guduchi climbs up the supporting plant in a circular manner.
  • Vishalya - Guduchi protect by removing toxins.
  • Chandrahasa - The seeds are semilunar in shape.
  • Rasayani - Guduchi has rejuvenating properties.

jaims_1839_01.JPG

Gana / Varga

Table 1: Showing the classification according to various authors.

Classical Text Gana / Varga
Charaka Samhita Triptighna, Stanyashodhana, Dahaprashamana, Snehopaga, Trishna-Nigrahana, Sandhaniya, Vayasthapana.
Sushruta Samhita Guduchyadi, Patoladi, Aaragvadhadi, Kakolyadi, Vallipanchmool.
Ashtanga Hridaya Shakavarga, Padmakadigana, Patoladigana, Guduchyadigana, Aaragvadhadigana, Shyamadigana.
Bhavprakasha Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raj Nighantu, Shaligrama Nighantu, Nighantu Aadarsha, Shodal Nighantu Guduchyadivarga
Madanapal Nighantu Abhayadivarga
Kaiyadeva Nighantu Aushadiyavarga
Priya Nighantu Pippalyadivarga

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Botanical Classification[4]: The plant is popularly known as Guduchi, is an herbaceous vine belonging to the menispermacae and is found normally deciduous and dry forests. The botanical classification of this medicinal herb is given below:

  • Kingdom - Plantae
  • Subkingdome - Tracheobionta
  • Division - Magnoliophyta
  • Class - Magnoliopsida
  • Clade - Angiosperms
  • Order - Ranunculales
  • Family - Menispermacae
  • Genus - Tinospora
  • Species - T. cordifolia, T. Malabarica, T. Crispa

Bhedas/Varieties

Table 2: Showing the varieties of Guduchi according to various authors.

SN Classical texts/Nighantu No. Bhedas
1. Dhanvantari Nighantu 2 Padma Guduchi Kanda Guduchi
2. Kaiyadeva Nighantu 2 Guduchi Pinda Guduchi
3. Raj Nighantu 2 Guduchi Kanda Guduchi

Distribution: Tinospora cordifolia is the accepted botanical source for Guduchi. T. Malabarica and T.Crispa are used as substitutes and sometimes as adulterants also. Distribution of these three species varies across the country.

Table 3: The distribution of varieties of Guduchi are as described.

T. cordifolia Globally the species is distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh. Within India it is distributed in Arunachal Pradesh and in South India. In India, it is found throughout tropical India, ascending to an altitude of 900 m from Kumaon eastward as well as southwards up to Sri Lanka. It is often cultivated.
T. Malabarica It’s found in Bangal, Khasia, Assam, Orissa, Konkana, Kanara, Madras presidency and Ceylon.
T. Crispa It’s found in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh within India. And also in Barma, Malay peninsula and Ceylon.

jaims_1839_02.JPGTinospora cordifolia

jaims_1839_03.JPGTinospora Malabarica

jaims_1839_04.JPGTinospora Crispa

Table 4: Showing chemical constituents in three different varieties.

T. cordifolia Diterpenoid of columbin type-tinosporin Tinosporide, Cordifolide Tinosporidine and & ꞵ-Sistosterol, Cordifol, Heptasanol, Octasanol. Furanoid diterpene- tinosporide Five diterpene furan glycosider, cordifolisides A-E and two phenyl propane glycosides. Isocolumbin, tetrahydropalmatine, mangoflarine and palmatine.
T. Malabarica ꞵ-Sistesterol, tetracosanoic acid and tinosporin Tinosporine and 5-allyloxy-6,7,4-trimethoxyflavone. Synthesis of 1,1-dibenoylethane Kokusaginine Malabarolide from stem is a new bisonorditerpenoid. Magnoflorine, quercetin -3-0-glucoside, kaemferol, 3-0 glucoside from menispermicide New phenolic glycoside-tinosinen.
T. Crispa Apigenin, Diosmetin (Luteolin 4 methylether), Genkwanin, Luteolin 4-methylether 7-glucoside, Genkwanin 7-glucoside, Luteolin 4-methylether 3 glucoside. Cycloucalenol, Cycloeucalenone. Litcubinine, Salsolinol, Berberine, Palmatine. ꞵ-sistosterol stigmasterol, makisterone C Seciosolariciresinol, syringaresinol, Adenosine, Uridine, Adenine. Tinocrispol A Borapetol A, Borapetol B.

Chemical Constituents[5]

The different classes of compounds which are found in this plant are classed in groups like alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, glucosides and different aromatic and aliphatic compounds that are present in their phytoactive form that are responsible for the wide range of medicinal and therapeutic properties. The presence of these compound is found in various plant parts but highly concentrated in the stem, leaves and root part of the plant.


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Rasapanchaka

Table 5: Showing Rasapanchaka of Guduchi.

Classical texts Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka
Charaka Samhita Tikta Guru Ushna Madhura
Sushruta Samhita Tikta Guru - Guru
AshtangSangraha Tikta - Ushna -
AshtangHridaya Tikta - Sheeta Katu
Dhanvantari Nighantu Tikta, Kashaya Guru Ushna -
Madanpal Nighantu Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Laghu Ushna Madhura
Kaiyadev Nighantu   Tikta, Kashaya, Katu Laghu Ushna Madhura
Raj Nighantu Tikta, Kashaya Guru Ushna -
Bhavprakash Nighantu Katu, Tikta, Kashaya Laghu Ushna Madhura
Shaligram Nighantu Tikta, Kashaya Guru, Ushna Ushna Madhura
Dravyaguna Vigyanam Tikta, Kashaya Guru, Snigdha Ushna Madhura

Karmas

Table 6: Showing Karmas of Guduchi.

Karma CS SS AS DN KN RN BPN Sha.N
Vatahara + + + - - + - +
Amahara - - - - - - - +
Sangrahani + - - + + - + +
Hridhya - - - - + - - +
Balya + + + + + - + +
Vanhnikrita - - - - + - - -
Vatapittahara + + + - - - - -
Ayushya - - - + - - - +
Medhya - - - + - - - -
Medohara - + + + + - - +
Pittahara + + + + - - - -
Vataraktahara   - - + + - + +
Dipaneeya + + + - - - + +
Rasayani + + + - + - - +
Tridoshahara - + + + - - + +
Vayasthapaniya + - - - - - - -
Raktadoshahara - + + - - + - +


History and Vedic References

Uses in indigenous systems of medicine - The Ayurvedic drug Guduchi or Amrita is mentioned in various classical texts of Ayurvedic system of medicine, Charaka, Sushruta and Ashtang Hridaya and other treaties like Bhavprakash and Dhanvantari Nighantu under other various names, Amara, Amritavalli, Chhinnaruha, Chhinnodbheda, Vatsadani etc.[44-46]

In Sushruta Samhita, it is mentioned under “Tikta-Shakavarga” and claimed to be useful in treating Kushtha (leprosy), Mahajvara (a kind of fever), Shwasa (asthma) and Aruchi (anorexia).[47] In other treaties, Charaka Samhita and Ashtang Hridaya, it has been indicated in diseases like Kamala (jaundice), Jvara (fever) and Vatarakta (gout) etc.[46-48]

In Bhavprakash, it is considered as a bitter tonic, astringent, diuretic and potent aphrodisiac and curative against skin infections, jaundice, diabetes and chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.[49]

In Dhanvantari Nighantu, its medicinal properties are mentioned for cure of bleeding piles, promoting longevity, curing itching and erysipelas.[50] It is reported to the potent vegetable tonic. Being a rejuvenator, it is indicated in several diseases causing debility. The fecula is nutritious especially in diarrhoea, largely given in cold fevers, seminal weakness, in urinary affections, jaundice, skin disease, various forms of diabetes and irritability of stomach.[51] It is a traditional belief among the Ayurvedic practitioners that Guduchi Satwa obtained from Guduchi plant growing on Neem tree (Azadirechta indica) is more bitter and more efficacious and is said to incorporate the medicinal virtue of Neem also.[44,51] The drug also caught the attention of European physicians in India as a specific tonic, antiperiodic and for its diuretic properties and it was included in the Bengal pharmacopoeia of 1868.[52]

T. cordifolia is mentioned in Ayurvedic literature as a constituents of several compound formulations used in general debility, dyspepsia, fever and urinary diseases.

Some of the important formulations are
Guduchyadi Churna, Guduchi Tail, Dashmoolarishta, Sanjivanivati, Kantakari Avaleha, Chyavanprash, Kashaya Churna, Panchanimba Churna, Guduchi Ghrita, Amrita Guggul, Amritashtaka Churna etc.[45]


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In Unani system, mostly “Sat Giloy” is incorporated in the preparations. “Ara Giloy” prepared from the fresh plant is considered a febrifuge, while “Ara Maul-laham Mako-Kashiwala” is a general tonic.[53]

Rogaghnata

Table 7: Showing Rogaghnata of Guduchi according to various authors.

Rogaghnata CS SS AS DN KN RN BPN Sh.N.
Kamalahara - - - + - - + +
Pramehahara - + + - + + + +
Kandughna - + + + - - - +
Trishna-Nigrahana + - - - + - - +
Visarpaghna - - - + + - - +
Kasahara - - - - - - + +
Dahaprashamana + + - - - + + +
Kushthahara - + - + - - + +
Krimighna - - - + - - + +
Raktarshaghna - - - + - - - +
Bhramahara - - - - - + - +
Chardighna - + - - - + + +
Panduhara - - - + - + + +
Jwarahara + + - + - + + +

Part Used[5-6]

  • Stem
  • Leaf
  • Root

Posology[1],[6],[7]

  • Kwatha - 50-100ml
  • Churna - 1-3gm
  • Satwa - 5-25ratti

Uses in folk and tribal medicine[8]

T. cordifolia finds a special mention for its use in tribal or folk medicine in different parts of the country.

Some of the important uses mentioned are given below:

Table 8: T. cordifolia (Guduchi) in folk and tribal medicine.

Tribals and areas Diseases Mode of Applications
The tribals of Bombay and its neighboring areas and the fishermen along the sea coast use T. cordifolia as drug in the treatment fever, jaundice, chronic diarrhea and dysentery   The whole plant is used
The tribals of Khedbrahma region of North Gujrat use the plant in their day to day life as food or medicine. They use powdered root and stem bark of T. cordifolia with milk for the treatment of cancer, decoction of root is used for the cure of dysentery and diarrhea and decoction of old stems is preferred in the treatment of periodic fever   Powdered root and stem bark, Decoction of root, Decoction of old stem.
Jammu and Bigwada (Rajasthan) Fever   Decoction of stem
Bhuvneshwar (Orissa) Fever   Warm juice of root of T. cordifolia orally
Patiyala (Punjab) Fever Juice and decoction of leaves orally with honey
The Muslim tribals of Rajouri, Jammu (Tawi) comprising Gujjars and Backwals Fracture Whole plant
In Dahanu forest division of Maharashtra, tribal races Agaris, Bhils, Dhodias, Dublas, Khakaris, Rimoshis, Thakurs, Vardaris, Vagharis and Varlis As a Tonic in general debility   Stem decoction with cold or hot water (about 3-4 gm) in morning in an empty stomach.  
Banka (Bihar) Baalshosha (emaciation in children) Shirt of child is dyed in juice of Guduchi
  Daha (burning sensation)   Paste of juice of Amrita (T. cordifolia) leaves and Sarshapa Beej Churna (seed powder of Brassica compestris) is applied locally
Dhurala (Haryana)   Kasa (Cough) Powder of Terminalia chebula (Haritaki), T. cordifolia (Amrita) and Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) in equal quantity is administered orally, once daily early morning with salt. Decoction of these drugs is also to be taken in dose of 50 ml

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Arjunpura (Rajasthan)   Raktapradar (lucorrhoea) by the local women Paste of Guduchi (T.cordifolia) and 05 seeds of Krishna (Maricha - Piper nigrum) is administered orally once daily in morning
Badala (U.P.) juice of stem orally with honey Shwasa (Asthma)  
Dehrabara Kolaras, Shivpuri District of M.P.   Twakaroga (Skin disease) Decoction of stem is administered orally
Mundas of Chhota Nagpur Fracture Paste of whole plant used as plaster
In certain parts of India Bites of poisonous insects and venomous snake, eye disorders The paste of Guduchi is applied to the part bitten and administered internally through mouth at intervals of half an hour. Juice or decoction of the root is poured into the eyes.
Local people of Patiyala (Punjab) Karnashula 2 drops of juice of leaves of allied species or Guduchi (T. Sinensis are dropped in the affected ear.
Baiga, living in the interior areas of Naugarh and Chakia blocks of Varanasi district, Uttar Pardesh. Fever The pills are prepared from the paste of stem of the Guduchi (T. cordifolia) and the roots of Bhatkatiaya (Solanum surettense).

Yogas of Guduchi[6],[7]

Table 9: Showing some Yogas of Guduchi

SN Yoga Indication
1. Guduchi Satwa Prameha, Rajayakshma
2. Guduchi Taila Vatarakta
3. Amritarishta Sarvajvara

Substitutes and Adulterants[6]

T. cordifolia is substituted or adulterated with other species of Tinospora, T. Sinensis, T.Malabarica, T. Crispa. Although, the microscopical characters of T. Sinensis resembles that of T. cordifolia, there are few characters by which these two species can be differentiated. The distinguishing characters are – In T. cordifolia the sclerenchymatous sheath becomes disintegrated into scattered irregular patches in the cortical regions whereas in T. Sinensis is broken into areas capping the vascular bundle and remains persistent even after further secondary growth. Crystals are absent in T. cordifolia while in T. Sinensis a large crystal of calcium oxalate is present within the lumen of each cork cell. Mucilaginous cells are more in T. cordifolia as compared to T. Sinensis vascular

Therapeutic Applications[9-21]
Table 10: Karma (action - pharmacodynamics) and Prayoga (uses) of T. cordifolia.

Karma Prayoga Classical references
Rasayana, Sangrahi, Balya, Agnidipana, Tridoshashamaka Daha, Meha, Kasa, Pandu, Kamla, Kushtha,Vatarakta, Jwara, Krimi, Prameha, Shwasa, Arsha, Mutrakrichha and Hridroga Bhavprakasha Nighantu,[9] Guduchyadi Varga, 8-10
Vata-Pitta-Kaphanashaka, Trishnanashaka, Agnideepaka Jwara, Chhardi, Daha Ashtang Sangrah Sutrasthan[10] 7-149,16-10
Sangrahi, Vatahara, Agnideepana, Shleshma-Shonitaprashamana Vibandha Charak Samhita Sutrasthan[11] 25-40
Tridosh-nashaka, Vishaghni, Jwara-bhootaghni. Jwara, Daha, Trishna, Vatarakta, Prameha, Pandu, Bhrama, Valipalitya. Raj Nighantu[12] Guduchyadivarga 17-18.
Deepana, Grahi Kasa, Pandu, Jwara Arka Prakash[13] Tritiya Shatak
Balya, Tridoshanashaka Laghujwara, Meha, Daha, Kasa, Pandu, Vitsarana Atisara) Siddha Bhaishajya Mani Mala[14] Dwitiya guchh 70
Tridoshghni, Grahi, Rasayana, Dipana Jwara, Daha, Kamala, Vatarakta Shodhal Nighantu[15] Guna Sangrah, Guduchyadi varga-120
Sangrahi, Balya, Agnideepana Kamala, Kushtha, Vatarakta, Jwara, Pitta, Vibandha. Krimi Madan Pal Nighantu[16] Haritakyadivarga 39,40,41
Sangrahi, Vrishya, Balya, Rasayana, Dipana, Chakshushya, Vayahsthapana, Medhya, Tridoshanashaka, Kushtha, Krimi, Chhardi, Daha, Vatarakta, Pandu, Jwara, Kamala, Meha, Trishna, Kasa Kaidev Nighantu[16] Aushadhi Varga 09,10, 11
Tridoshanashaka, Aayushyaprada, Medhya, Sangrahi Jantu, Raktarsha, Raktavata, Kandu, Visarpa, Kushtha, Visha, Bhoota, Vali-Palitya, Chhardi, Meha, Jwara. Dhanvantari Nighantu[17] Guduchyadi- 05,06,07,08
Grahi, Balya, Rasayana, Deepana, Hridhya, Aayushyaprada, Chakshushya, Tridoshaghna Jwara, Chhardi, Kamla, Daha, Trisha, Bhrama, Pandu, Prameha, Kasa, Kushtha, Krimi, Vatarakta, Kandu, Meda, Visarpa, Aruchi, Hikka, Arsha, Mutrakrichha, Pradara, Somaroga Shaligram Nighantu[18] Guduchyadi Varga 251,252,253
Pitta-Kaphahara Vataja Granthi, Vataja Galganda Sushruta Samhita Sutrasthana 46:270,[19-20] Chikitsa 18:05,46[21]

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strands or fewer in T. cordifolia while greater in T. Sinensis. Xylem is well developed in each strip of vascular strand in T. cordifolia while it is poorly developed in T. Sinensis. Pith is very narrow and composed of thin walled cells in T. cordifolia while it is wide in T. Sinensis. Starch content is more in T. cordifolia as compared to T. Sinensis.

Standards for Identity and Purity[7] (Quantitative Standards)
The following standards for identity and purity are reported.[13-14]

  • Foreign matter - Not more than 2.0%
  • Total ash - Not more than 7.0%
  • Acid soluble ash - Not less than 0.8%
  • Ethanol soluble extractive - Not less than 6.0%
  • Loss of drying - Not more than 7.5%
  • Lead - Not more than 10 ppm
  • Arsenic - Not more than 2 ppm
  • Heavy metals - Not more than 20 ppm
  • Total bacterial count - Not more than 3000 CFU/gm
  • Yeasts and Moulds - Not more than 100 CFU/gm
  • Bitters content on dry basis by Gravimetry / HPTLC - Not less than 3% w/w.
  • Effects on Stress, Learning and Memory - cordifolia is known as Medhya Rasayana (learning and memory enhancer - Mandukparni, Shankhapushpi, Guduchi, Yashtimadhu) in Ayurveda. It is also described to be useful for treatment of Bhrama (vertigo) in various Ayurvedic texts. Significant response has been found in children with moderate degree of behavior disorders and mental deficit, along with improvement in IQ levels.[22] The root of T. cordifolia is known to be used traditionally for its antistress activity in rheumatoid arthritis.[23]
  • Anti-allergic activity - cordifolia is used for the treatment of Kasa (cough) and Shwasa (asthma) which is described in various texts of Ayurveda (Table 10). T. cordifolia is traditionally used for the treatment of asthma, and the juice is also employed for the treatment of chronic coughs.
  • Anti-oxidant activity - cordifolia is mentioned as Vishaghni, Vishahara and Tridoshashamaka in various texts of Ayurveda. (Table 10)
  • Anti-Neoplastic and Radioactive activity - cordifolia induces proliferation and myeloid differentiation of bone marrow precursor cells in a tumor-bearing host. Activates tumor-associated macrophages - derived dendritic cells.[24] It is effective against various cancers[25] Killing the cancer cells very effectively.[26-27] Inhibits skin carcinogenesis.
  • Anti-Pyretic and Anti- Infective activity - Traditionally cordifolia is known for it is Jwarahara activity (antipyretic activity) (Table 10)
  • Hepato-protective activity - Various Ayurvedic preparations of T. cordifolia are indicated in Pandu (anemia) and Kamala (Jaundice). Guduchi plays an important role in normalization of altered liver functions (ALT, AST).[28]
  • Anti-Hyperglycemic activity - cordifolia is widely used in Ayurveda for treating diabetes mellitus.[29-31] Giloy is known as ‘Madhunashini’ which means ‘destroyer of sugar’. It helps to enhance the production of insulin which ultimately controls the blood sugar levels. Various studies demonstrate amelioration of experimental diabetic neuropathy and gastropathy.[32]
  • Reduction of blood sugar in alloxan induced hyperglycemic.[33] Significant reduction in blood glucose and brain lipids.[34] Giloy is also useful for diabetes complications like ulcers, kidney problems.
  • Immunomodulatory activity - In Ayurveda T. cordifolia is believed to have Rasayana (rejuvenating) Balya, Vayahsthapan (anti-aging), Ayushyaprada (increases the life span), Vrishya (aphrodisiac) and Chakshushya (useful in eye disorders) properties. (Table 10)
  • Anti-Angiogenic activity - The plant cordifolia is related to the regulation of the levels of cytokines and growth factors in the blood.[35]
  • Diabetic patients with foot ulcers on cordifolia as an adjuvant therapy showed significantly better final outcome with improvement in wound healing.[36]
  • Diuretic activity - cordifolia has been described as useful in Mutrakrichha (urinary trouble) separately and in the form of various formulations in Ayurveda. (Table 10)

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  • Cardio-protective activity - Bhavprakasha and Shaligram Nighantu describe the cordifolia to have Hrudhya (cardioprotective) properties and is useful Hridroga (cardiac disorders) (Table10)
  • Anti-Leprotic activity - cordifolia is used for its Kushthahara (antileprotic properties, along with wide use in Kandu and Visarpa (types of skin disorders).[37]
  • Gastrointestinal and Antiulcer activity - Ayurvedic properties of cordifolia include Sangrahani, Arshahara, Aruchinashaka, Deepana, Chhardihara, Trishnahara and Hikkahara treatment with a formulation containing T. cordifolia has been shown to reduce ulcer index total acidity.[38]
  • Anti-Fertility activity - It decreased the weight of testes, epididymis, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate in a significant manner.[39]
  • Osteoprotective activity - cordifolia showed on osteoprotective effect, as the bone loss in tibia was slower than that in controls. Extracts of T. cordifolia has the potential for being used as antiosteoporotic agent.[40-41]
  • Giloy for Corona virus infection - Giloy can boost immunity hence it may be useful for various fevers specially for viral fevers like corona infection. Though there is no evidence that Giloy can cure corona infection but it can raise our immunity to fight against it. We can take Giloykadha or Giloy juice two times per day for 4-6 weeks.

Toxicology[4]

No significant information on side effects is available so far. Nothing conspicuous has been done as yet in this aspect, although many experiments have already been conducted on this plant. According to Ayurveda, herbs are taken in combination with other herbs with the opposing effect of the other or to enhance the particular effect of one herb with the help of the other.

Safety aspects: The drug is traditionally considered to be safe in the dosage mentioned.[51] Ministry of AYUSH has recently noticed safety concerns on use of Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) that were published in social media and in some scientific journals. This advisory is being issued to confirm that Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia)

is safe to use and only Tinospora cordifolia should be used in therapeutics but some similar looking species like Tinospora crispa may be harmful (may manifest adverse effects).

Result

Amrita has strong Immunity booster, Antipyretic, Anti-infective, Antidiabetic, Rejuvenative, Aphrodisiac, Anti-inflammatory, Antihyperglycemic, Cardioprotective, Antileprotic, Osteoprotective, Hepatoprotective, Anti-ulcerative, Diuretic, Anti-Neoplastic, Radioactive and many other properties. Rasayana is the means of attaining excellent qualities of Rasaadi Dhatus, body cells and tissues and all the properties of Rasayana is present in Guduchi which is one of the most potential drugs of Ayurveda.

Discussion

The term Rasayana refers to nourishment or nutrition. Rasayana drugs act essentially on nutrition dynamics and rejuvenate the body and psyche. Rasayana drugs also promotes intellect and strength, prolongation of life and helps in the prevention of diseases. Amrita is one among the four drugs of Medhya Rasayana which has anxiolytic and tranquilizing effect, which helps to maintain the mental health of human being. When it consumed regularly is life promoting, disease alleviating, promoter of strength, Agni, complexion, voice and intellect promoting. On regular consumption with proper quantity one attains longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from illness, youthfulness, excellence of luster, optimum strength of physique and sense organs, perfection in deliberation, respectability and brilliance. Clinical evaluation of a non-hormonal drug Minofil containing T. cordifolia along with other plant drugs was done in women of postmenopausal syndrome.

The therapeutic and safety aspects studies reported in the present review confirm the medicinal properties of herb Tinospora cordifolia (Giloy) in preventing various diseases or abnormalities by increasing immunity naturally in human bodies.

Conclusion

Ayurvedic preparations contained Guduchi are used for the treatment of various ailments throughout the centuries. It is used as a Rasayana to improve


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the immune system and body resistance against infections. The therapeutic efficacy of T. cordifolia extensively used in Indian system of Medicine (ISM) has been established through modern testing and evaluation (pre-clinical and clinical trials) in different disease conditions. More study is needed about Tinospora cordifolia to explore further, about its potential in preventing and treating various diseases. This classical medicine is the ultimate answer to all health anomalies.

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