E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Niragni Swedana

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 5 June
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Concept of Niragni Swedana - An Exploratory Study

Vinaya R.1*, Madhushree H.2, Puttur G.3
DOI:

1* R Vinaya, Final Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Panchakarma, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

2 H.S. Madhushree, Professor, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Panchakarma, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

3 Ganesh Puttur, Principal, Professor & H.O.D, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Panchakarma, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

The procedure of inducing sweating for various therapeutic benefits is known as Swedana. Different types of modalities have been explained in classics by different acharyas for Swedana, one among is Agneya Bheda; which is of two types Sagni and Niragni. Producing the benefits of Swedana Karma without using Agni Guna is the prime action of Niragni Sweda. It includes Vyayama, Ushnasadana, Gurupravarana, Kshudha, Bahupana, Bhaya, Krodha, Upanaha, Ahava and Atapa Sevana. These can be easily adoptable even in OP basis by the practitioners which can provide good effects on disease conditions like Prameha, Sthoulya, Urusthambha. The minimal chances of occurrence of complications and non-requirement of sophisticated equipment’s add on to the acceptability of these kind of techniques. As in Sagni type here also temperature regulation mechanism plays a role in the mode of action which will be evaluated in this article.

Keywords: Swedana, Ayurveda, Sudation Therapy, Sagni Sweda, Niragni Sweda

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
R Vinaya, Final Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Panchakarma, Sri Sri College of Ayurvedic Science & Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		R Vinaya, H.S. Madhushree, Ganesh Puttur, Concept of Niragni Swedana - An Exploratory Study. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(5):132-138.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1894

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-04-20 2022-04-22 2022-04-29 2022-05-06 2022-05-13
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© 2022by R Vinaya, H.S. Madhushree, Ganesh Putturand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Vinaya R et al: Concept of Niragni Swedana An Exploratory Study

Introduction

Swedana is considered as the one of the important treatment modalities used in Ayurveda which is a part of Bahirparimarjana Chikitsa. It is used as Purvakarma before Shodhana procedures, as Pradhanakarma and Paschatkarma in different conditions. Various types of Swedana are mentioned in classics by Acharyas, among which Agni Bheda includes Sagni and Niragni Swedas.[1] Vyayama, Ushnasadana, Gurupravarana, Kshudha, Bahupana, Bhaya, Krodha, Upanaha, Ahava and Atapa are the ten types of Niragni Swedas.[2]

According to Sushruta and Vagbhata, Niragni Swedas are mainly indicated in Kapha Avrita Vata and Meda Avrita Vata conditions.[3,4] Ashtanga Sangrahakara has mentioned the use of Niragni Sweda in conditions of Vata Prakopa associated with Pitta.[5]

Types of Niragni Sweda

Table 1: Showing types of Niragni Sweda according to different authors. 

Types C.S[6] SS [7] AS [8] AH[9] ShS[10] BS [11]
Vyayama + + + + + -
Ushnasadana + + + + + +
Gurupravarana + + + + + +
Kshudha + - + + - +
Trishna - - - - - +
Bahupana + - + + - -
Bhaya + - + + - +
Krodha + + + + - +
Upanaha + - + - - -
Yuddha + + + + + +
Atapa + + + + + +
Chinta - - - - + -
Adhvagamana - + - + + +
Bharaharana - + - - - -
Total 10 8 10 10 7 9

CS – Charaka Samhita, SS – Sushruta Samhita, AS – Astanga Sangraha, AH – Astanga Hrudaya, ShS – Sharangadhara Samhita, BS – Bhela Samhita

Vyayama: The act which produces Ayasa (tiredness) in the body is known as Vyayama.[12] It varies according to individual body strength, age, diet pattern, season and climate. It is a type of Langhana Chikitsa.[13] An individual is indicated to do Vyayama till the sweat appears on Kaksha (armpit), Lalata (forehead),

Nasa (nose), Hastapadadi Sandhis (joints of hands and legs), which is considered as the Balardha Avastha of the individual.[14]

Benefits: Provides Laghuta (lightness of body), Karmasamarthya (ability to do the activities), Sthairya (stability), Dukha Sahishnutha (gives ability to withstand with the troubles), Doshakshaya (alleviates doshas), Agnivriddhi (kindles the agni), Shareera Upachaya (imparts nourishment), Gatra Kanti (complexion) to body, Suvibhaktata (improves digestive capacity), gives strength to tolerate Shrama, Klama, Pipasa, Sheeta & Ushna and provides health to individual. A simile has been explained by Sushruta which shows the importance of Vyayama as diseases fly from the presence of a person, habituated to regular physical exercise, just as small animals do on seeing a lion.[15]

Indications: As a part of Dinacharya in Swastha which helps in Swasthya Rakshana (promotion of health) and Roga Anutpatti (prevents the manifestation of disease). Regular Vyayama eradicates all types of Santharpanotha Vyadhies especially Sthoulya. For the diseases like Prameha, Urusthambha, Sthoulya specific type of Vyayamas are explained as follows:

Prameha: Ghada Vyayama is indicated like indulging in Ayama, Niyudha, Gajacharya, Turagacharya, Rathacharya, Padacharya, Kreeda, Dhanushastra etc. [16,17]

Urusthambha: Activities like walking over stony surface, swimming in a cold-water river which is clean against the current of river.[18]

Sthoulya: All types of Vyayamas are indicated which has to be done daily by gradually increasing the intensity.[19]

Ushnasadana: The chamber which has thick walls of clay without any ventilation, and not heated by any outer source and the person is made to sit or lie down in this till sweating appears, which occurs due to rise in body temperature. Term Nivatagriha is used by Vagbhata instead of Ushnasadana, that means the place where there is total absence of wind.[20] It is different from Kuti Sweda / Jentaka Sweda where there is the use of heating method inside the chamber to induce sweating.

Gurupravarana: Covering the body with Rallakadi (thick clothes, blankets etc) to keep body warm and to induce perspiration.[21]


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Kshudha: Abstinence from food intake even though hunger is there. It is considered as Upavasa, which comes under Langhana Chikitsa.[22] Swedagamana is one of the symptoms in Samyak Langhana Lakshanas.[23]

Indications: Mainly indicated in Alpa Vyadhi and Rogi Bala in conditions like Vami, Atisara, Hridroga, Visuchika, Alasaka, Jwara, Vibhandha, Gourava, Udgara, Hrillasa, Aruchi and in Kaphapittaroga where Apatarpana kind of Chikitsa is required.[24]

Bahupana: Bahupana refers to large quantity of alcohol intake.[25] Ashtangakara used the term Bhooripana.[26] Madya is of different kinds like Sura, Sukta, Seedhu etc. which have medicinal properties when used in proper way. Madya predominantly have Ushna, Teekshna, Vyavayi, Vikasi, Sukshma, Ruksha, Laghu Gunas and Amla Rasa.[27] In this Ushna Guna counteracts with Sheetata and induce sweating, and others helps in removing sticky Mala from Dhatus and pacifies Kapha and Meda.

Bhaya and Krodha: Emotional feeling i.e., psychological factors like fear and anger can induce sweating.

Upanaha: Upanaha word means which continue to stay in contact, Means bandaging (Upanaha Bandhanam).[28] It is included under Agni or Niragni type as per Chakrapani,[29] but Charaka included it under Niragni Sweda.[30] In this application of Lepa made out of various drugs like Vacha, Kinva, Shatahva, Devadaru, any kind of Dhanya, Sugandhi Dravyas, Moola of Rasna, Eranda, Amisha etc. mixed with more of Lavana, Sneha, Chukra (Amla Dravya), Takra, Paya based on the Roga Avastha is done. After application, the part should be bandaged with Charma Patta which is Mridu, Vigandhi, Snigdha, Ushna Veerya. If it is not available, Vatahara Patra like Eranda, Kousheya, Avika, Shataka (Vastrakhanda) can be used.[31] Niragni Upanaha causes sweating by preventing the radiation of heat from the body with the help of thick paste and bandaging.[32]

Ahata: Mushtiyuddha is known as Ahata.[33] Sushruta explained it as Niyudha, which is Shareera Ayasajanaka​ thus induces sweating and it is a type of Vyayama.[34]

Atapa: Exposing to sunlight which can induce sweating and it is a type of Langhana.[35]

Chakrapani opines that even though there is involvement of hot in Atapa, the use of Agni is not there, so it is included under Niragni kind of Swedana.[36]

Discussion

The above-mentioned modes of sweating through Niragni Bheda have the specialities like easy to adopt without the help of any kind of sophisticated equipment’s and without much complications. For those with obesity, diabetes mellitus these can be adopted in their daily routine as a part of therapy. When the Samprapti of these diseases are analysed, there is involvement of Kapha, Meda and Vata along with Kleda Bahulyata. The use of Sagni Swedana is directly contraindicated in these as the chance of Rogavridhi and depletion of Shareera is there. Also in chronic diabetes, there will be peripheral sensation loss in neuropathy conditions where sensation of temperature is absent which makes it contraindicated for hot sudations. Here comes the importance of Niragni Sweda methods like Vyayama, Ahava, Ushnasadana etc. which are beneficial in treating Kaphamedavrita Vata Vyadhies by inducing proper sweating.

Probable classification of Niragni Sweda

These modes of sweating are mainly used in conditions where there is more of Kapha and Meda involvement, so comes under Ruksha Sweda variety. As these Swedas won’t serve the purpose of Shodhana Purva Swedana i.e., to make the Doshas in Upasthita Avastha[37] these are included in Samshamaneeya type explained by Dalhana.[38] Based on the body part involved all these comes under Sarvanga type except Upanaha Sweda which is an Ekanga type of Sweda.

Mode of action of Niragni Sweda

Sweating which is also called as perspiration helps to regulate the body temperature, by the release of a salt-based fluid from sweat glands. Changes in body temperature, the outside temperature, or emotional state can cause sweating and sweating in normal amounts is an essential physiological process. It is well-established that the primary physiological function of sweating is heat dissipation for body temperature regulation. The most common areas of sweating on the body include armpits, face, palms & soles mainly in Krodha, Bhaya, Vyayama, Atapa Sevana and whole body sweating in case


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of Ushnasadana, Gurupravarana. In Upanaha it depends upon the body part involved.

Thermoregulatory sweating mechanism

jaims_1894_01.JPG

Probable mode of action of Niragni Swedas

The probable mode of action can be understood in two ways as: a) Through the involvement of heating techniques like conversion, evaporation, radiation & b) Hypothalamic sweat regulation which works on the involvement of factors like fear, anger, fasting etc.

1. Exercises: During exercise, a large amount of heat is produced by the contracting muscles as a byproduct of metabolism. When the body temperature rises, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the eccrine sweat glands to secrete water to the skin surface, where it cools the body by evaporation.

2. Upanaha and Gurupravarana: The usage of thick pastes or thick clothes obstructs the body’s internal heat from radiating out of body which happens continuously and thus induces sweating. In case of Upanaha, along with the tight bandaging the materials used for the preparation of Lepa and for the Bandhana plays a role in sweat production. The use of sour products like Amlakanji, Takra, Chukra leads to fermentation and thus induces heat to the area of contact. Also, the bandaging materials like Arkapatra, Charma or Kshaumavastra are considered as bad conductors of heat. By which heat loss through evaporation is prevented and leads to sweating over the area.[37]

3. Exposure to sunlight: Sweating occurs as natural phenomenon, mainly through radiation where infrared rays, UV rays plays a role.

4. Fear and Anger: Leads to emotional sweating, occurs in response to emotive stimuli such as fear, stress, pain and anxiety. Although it can occur over the whole-body surface, it is most evident on the palms, soles, underarms and forehead.

In contrast to thermal sweating, emotional sweating occurs independent of ambient temperature. Both eccrine and apocrine glands have role in it, more evident and fast reaction by apocrine glands.

The sweat glands are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), a subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), responsible for the “fight-or-flight response”. Every time our body perceives a sensory stimulus that could change our resting state, the SNS automatically activates a physiological response that includes an acceleration of the heart rate, dilation of the pupils and increase sweat gland activity. Thus, sweating occurs when there are any emotions like fear, fright stress etc.

5. Alcohol Intake: Alcohol is a known sedative and a mild anesthetic, which means that it works on the parts of the brain that are responsible for certain physiological functions. Some of the physiological changes caused by alcohol are flushing, sweating, tachycardia (increased pulse) and increases in blood pressure.

These physiological changes are thought to occur due to stimulation of the hypothalamus and the release of chemicals called sympathetic amines and pituitary-adrenal hormones.

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating physiological processes like body temperature, breathing, thirst, hunger, and other automatic regulatory systems.

So, when the hypothalamus is stimulated by alcohol, excessive sweating can be the result. This is because it is interfering with the part of the brain that controls temperature regulation which is why the body produces sweat in the first place.

6. Fasting: Gustatory sweating causes a person to sweat and flush after eating, thinking, or even talking about food. This sweating and flushing may occur around the temples, cheeks, neck, forehead, chest, or lips. On fasting body makes several changes to make its stored energy more accessible. Examples include changes in nervous system activity, as well as changes in the level of hormones like insulin, noradrenaline.


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These changes facilitate the breakdown of body fat into free fatty acids that can be burned for required energy.

Contemporary Non-Thermal Modalities

The usage of thermal and non-thermal agents in pain management and as a relaxing technique is common since ancient time till today’s era of technology. It is applied in various forms like sauna, hot stone therapy, cold stone therapy, moxibustion in acupuncture etc.

In physiotherapy the usage of non-heating methods for the purpose of pain management are very common. Mainly the modalities applied in this context are conversion, radiation and convection. IFT, UST, SWD etc. methods using conversion modality where electromagnetic energy converts to heat energy. Hydrocollator therapy like whirlpool, wax therapy etc. with convection modality without heating. Infrared therapy, LASER therapy and phototherapy using radiation method.

Conclusion

Niragni Sweda, by its wide variety of applications are useful not only as a curative aspect but also in preventive aspect. Types like Vyayama, Kshudha, Atapa are included in Langhana therapy also, which does the Langhana action with the help of perspiration. In conditions like Prameha, Sthoulya, Urusthambha which are contraindicated for Swedana with Medokapha Bahulyata, these modalities are helpful. Also, in other alternative treatment modalities, we can find the similar therapies which are having application methods as similar to Niragni type of Swedana. In today’s busy schedule most of the patients are refusing for hospitalisation, and they prefer to take medicament at home. So, Niragni Sweda is a good option for them where no much precaution, instruments or drugs are required.

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Vinaya R et al: Concept of Niragni Swedana An Exploratory Study

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Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(5)138