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Review Article

Beej Mantra Chikitsa

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 6 July
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Beej Mantra Chikitsa and its impact on 48 students of PEC Chandigarh Pre & Post Meditation through Beej Mantra on Weight, BP, SPO2, BMI, BPS, BPD, BPP

Shukla A.1, Shukla G.2*
DOI:

1 Arti Shukla, Research Scholar, Shri Yugal Sharanji Maharaj Lupta Vigyaan Evam Swasthya Anusandhan Kendra, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2* Gaurav Shukla, R & D Head, Shri Yugal Sharanji Maharaj Lupta Vigyaan Evam Swasthya Anusandhan Kendra, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.

In Ayurveda there is a description of 3 Aushadhi : 1. Daivavyapasraya Chikitsa [taking refuge of your Aatma (Soul)], 2. Yuktivyapasraya Chikitsa (taking refuge of device which is considered the fastest way to heal), 3. Sattavajaya Chikitsa (Purity of Thoughts). Here the Mantras are the sacred words having spiritual potency. Mantras are not merely sounds but thoughts which establish a connection between Divine and You. Later comes the sound of that Mantra and its impact is also affected if not done with full attention. Mantra instill confidence, improve concentration and Aatma (soul) therapy is the medicine of the future, soul as a creator of mind & body wave of consciousness protects us from several diseases and reforms the future. Aims & Objective: The aim of the present study was to know the effect of the beej mantra meditation on the student’s BP, Pulse, spo2, Weight and pulse rate. Methods: Manual and electronic search was done on Mantra Chikitsa, Beej Mantra in Charak Samhita, Susruta Samhita and Astanga Hridaya. Then 48 PEC Chandigarh Ist Yr students practised Beej Mantra meditation technique through a one hour lecture. Pre and post meditation measurements were recorded and analysed. Results: Significant number of students reported to be more attentive, comfortable, relaxed and had better memory and had significant reduction in mean pulse rate, Weight, BP. Students expressed a feeling of relaxation and of having a fun filled learning atmosphere after meditation. Conclusion: This simple and easy technique of Beej Mantra meditation could be adopted to enhance Stress reduction in students.

Keywords: Daivavyapasraya, Mantra, Chikitsa, Aatma therapy, Psychotherapy, Ayurveda

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Gaurav Shukla, R & D Head, , Shri Yugal Sharanji Maharaj Lupta Vigyaan Evam Swasthya Anusandhan Kendra, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Arti Shukla, Gaurav Shukla, Beej Mantra Chikitsa and its impact on 48 students of PEC Chandigarh Pre & Post Meditation through Beej Mantra on Weight, BP, SPO2, BMI, BPS, BPD, BPP. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(6):159-168.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1953

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-05-30 2022-05-31 2022-06-07 2022-06-14 2022-06-21
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 17%

© 2022by Arti Shukla, Gaurav Shuklaand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Ayurveda is not only a science of medicine but also it is an art of living, i.e., a philosophy of life. It believes that a human body consists of three parts; i.e., Mind, Body and Soul (soul here is Aatma not mind). It is mentioned that “A physician should be particularly attached to the Atharvaveda as it deals with the treatment of diseases by advising Daana, Homa, Mantra, Japa, Niyama etc.

According to Ayurveda, treatment principles can be classified as follows:[1]

1. Daivavyapasraya Chikitsa (Taking Refuge of your Aatma (Soul) therapy)

2. Yuktivyapasraya Chikitsa (Causation of disease - How to heal fastest - Rational therapy)

3. Sattwavajaya Chikitsa (Purity of Thoughts – Soul {Aatma} Therapy)

In Ayurvedic science such entities are attributed to Daivika Shakti, Poorva-Janmakrita Karma, Adhibala Vyadhis, Grahadosa etc. To pacify this entities Ayurveda mention Daivavyapasraya Chikitsa. The term Daiva-Vyapasraya consist of two words, Daiva + Vyapasraya. Daiva relates to Aatma (Soul) the unknown resource which feeds every need of mind and body. Vyapasraya literally means taking refuge or recourse. Thus, it is related to spiritual therapies, which have empirical power to eradicate diseases. Daivavyapasraya contain - Mantra, Ausadhi and Mani Dharan, Mangala, Bali, Upahara, Homa, Niyama, Praayaschitta, Upavaasa, Swastyana, Pranipata, Yatragamana.[2]

Rules of Guided Meditation

Guided meditation means a type of meditation led by a teacher, in person or via audio or video. In a guided meditation, a narrator or teacher explains the dynamics of the 3 Bodies working in unison as one - Gross Body, Subtle Body and Causal Body and how it’s likely to behave during meditation. Any guided meditation has 4 parts 1: Object 2: Properties 3: Action 4: Relationship. You are the Object understanding the relationship between your Properties and Actions you perform. Steps involved are 1: Close your eyes 2: Observe your breath moving from Nose to Naval and naval to nose 3: Draw a line between two ears and observe the centre of that line behind the nose. 3 Addressing the Ears for attention on the Mantras chanted by

the Teacher 4: Observing Trans attainment through instructions in a 10 minutes exercise 5: After trans is attained make the participant relax for some time and ask to open the eyes and share feedback.

Fundamental doctrines of Mantra chanting

The Vedas interpret the vowels and consonants of Sanskrit as coming from the Damaru (drum) of Lord Siva.[3] The individual letters are considered to be bundle of Nadis arranged inside the body in such a manner that on listening or visual or mental connection these get activated and the person starts connecting with Inside and the phenomenon is Trans. The vibrations created by sound, thought and actions really do have an impact on inner self of human beings, as well as on environment and hence the universe starts silent communication with the inner self. Mantra is letters of the Sanskrit alphabet that can create a positive, friendly and a healing effect. The process is only possible in Sanskrit not because of exclusivity of language but because of the process of the language in which creation of alphabets is observed.

As per Ayurveda every word or Shabda possesses some inherent energy (Shakti). According to Vaisheshika Nyaya School, Shabda (sound) is a common function in the 5 elements of Body (Sky, Air, Fire, Water and Earth), 5 Elements of Mind (Sky, Air, Fire, Direction and Time) and 5 Elements of Soul (Sky, Direction, Time, Aatma and Mann). Hence it is very clear that due to the involvement of Body, Mind and Soul. Chanting of Mantra produces some particular energy in the body of the person chanting it. Since body, mind and soul (Tra-three) are interlinked, the pulsation of sound attunes the body, mind and breath.[4] When Aatma (soul) and mind conjunct and associate with memory, a desire to utter some words is raised. After this desire the efforts start. Due to those efforts, the soul joins with Vayu (Prana) etc. and the action of Vayu is produced. The Vayu (air) reaching upward passes through larynx etc. and the required word is produced with the conjunction of Vayu with Akasha (ether).

Yoga philosophy also supports the same theory but in different way. As per Yoga (Yogah Karmasu Kaushalam - Srimad Bhagwatgeeta - which means Yoga (the journey from addition to integration) which is responsible for union of cells which results in union of tissues, which results in union of organs,


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which results in union of systems as one body (is a function of Purpose (Karma). Who is holding the integration of Cells as one Body. It is the purpose of each entity that binds into one body. That is how the whole universe is staying connected. The one who imparted purpose to the smallest particle is considered as the creator. Connecting with the creator inside the body and outside the body is actually Meditation. When a mantra is chanted, sound energy is generated and the vibrations of that energy are diffused and distributed into the physical nervous system by these Naadis through nine major Chakras (wheels in Sanskrit and plexus in physiology) situated along the length of the spinal column and a ninth at the crown of the head.[5] It can be understood with the nearest possible correlation between Ayurveda and Yoga. When the energy produced due to the chanting of mantra passes from the Naadis to these plexuses of the physical nervous system, it turns into neural energy and is passed on to the nerves which in turn obey the brain and then get circulated throughout the body through blood.[6] So, what is so special about Mantras? What difference does it make between reciting a Mantra and talking when both are a group of letters Shabda? Answer is hidden in the nine Chakras. Yoga philosophy considers as each Chakra in its subtle form is a lotus with varied number of petals. Each petal represents an Akshara (letter or alphabet) apart from a main letter, the Beejaakshara (Beeja means seed). As well as each Chakra has a presiding deity with unique colour and features, responsible for nurturing specific organs or area of human body. Here comes the Ayurvedic connection to Mantras as chanting of a particular Beejakshara will nourish that particular Dhatu (Body tissue). There are Dhatus according to Ayurveda and here the nine Chakras with the Sahasrara at the crown of the head nourish the Dhatus which are the structural unit of human body and hence the whole body. Depending on the disease, the patient's condition, the Dhatus affected, Mantra chanting can bring about healing of that particular dhatu (Body tissue) which is previously imbalanced.[7] Slow or fast healing depends on the Mantra or Sloka chosen for the purpose and the concentration and sincerity of the chanting person. Mantras are chosen in a specific manner that is Chhandas (meters) etc. for a specific purpose and are loaded with power. So, chanting Mantras has an effect in all planes and at all levels from the physical, physiological, mental levels to the subtle Chakras and into the subtlest energy vibrating at the core of human existence.[8]

These Mantras were primarily invented by great seers for the welfare of society. Since human being is part of our solar system, the cosmic energy received contains different energies coming from different celestial bodies Ayurveda also believed on Pinda Brahmanda theory (An individual is epitome of the universe). Hence, the energies emanating from different Planets in this solar system reaching this planet are absorbed by human body. These energies are much needed by everyone. Life force (Prana) is indeed combined with these energies. When there is a deficit of any of these energies, the related problems will arise. For example, when there is a deficit of energy coming from Sun, health problems like headache, poor eye sight, weakness of heart etc will occur. It can be overcome by increasing the absorption of Sun’s energy by recitation of Sun’s Mantra. When a Mantra is repeatedly chanted, a tuning to a particular frequency is established and this frequency establishes a contact with the cosmic energy and drags it into body and surroundings. Thus, it balances the energies and also increases the level of a certain type of energy, which promotes health. Mantra therapy can be analogous with music therapy in modern words. Modern science is also having the same opinion but they only consider mind and body but not Aatma, thus with a different approach. The word psychology derives roots from Greek meaning study of the psyche, or soul (ψυχή psychē, "breath, spirit, soul" and -λογία -logia, "study of" or "research").[8] The Latin word psychologia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th century. The earliest known reference to the word psychology in English was by Steven Blankaart in 1694 in The Physical Dictionary which refers to "Anatomy, which treats the Body, and Psychology, which treats of the Soul. Originally the westerners also believed that the soul exists and the subject divide existed same as eastern system, but with advent of increasing powers of the church, the mere existence of Aatma - Soul was denied and Soul a special function of Brain was accepted as the revised definition under Neuro Science. So, no Aatma no Parmatma was assumed and new subjects like Neuro-linguistics and Psycholinguistics were created which deal with the language (sound). Neuro-linguistics is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension,


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production, and acquisition of language. Psycholinguistics is the study of language acquisition and linguistic behavior as well as the psychological mechanism responsible. As per this science, when a Mantra is chanted in rhythmic tone with ups and downs, Neuro-linguistic creates a melodious effect in the body. The Neuro-linguistic effect will be possible even if the meaning of the Mantra is not known. Hence knowing the meaning of every Mantra is not compulsory. At the same time if the meaning known it has got an additional effect which is known as Neuro-linguistic (NLE) + Psycholinguistic effect (PLE). The NLE and PLE effects are due to the production and spreading of curative chemicals in the brain. These curative chemicals give smoothening and curing effect in the body, probably first in psyche and ultimately in body as both are interconnected. Different sounds have different effects on human psyche. Soft sound soothes nerves, the musical note enchants heart; but the sound of thunders may cause awe and fear. Even chanting the Kirtanas, melodious Bhajanas, songs etc. have the good effect almost similar to the NLE and PLE.[9]

All over again, to understand the above subject in Ayurveda point of view, the knowledge about the concept of Panchamahabhoota (Five primordial elements) is also very vital. Akashamahabhuta is the space without which matter cannot exist. Its main sense attribute is Shabda (Sound). Shabda and Nonresistance (Apratighatatwa) is its main property. It can be something similar to Space. All the body channels, pores or empty spaces symbolize Ether or space. All sound is transmitted through space and is related to the sense of hearing. The ear is the sense organ of hearing and since sound is produced through means of the vocal cords and mouth these are considered to be the organ of action related to the sense of hearing. As nothing can exist in the absence of space, even the human bodies, cells and organs have a space to exist. As the outer space is for our body, our body is for the billions of cells in it. It is believed that the outer space is made up of nothing but the inner space and thus proving the Sarvavyapakatwa (omnipresence) of this basic element Akasha.[10] In the Akashamahabhoota energy exists in the form of Shabda that is sound energy. Hence, sound energies that have always existed in the universe, they cannot be created or destroyed and command the power to heal physically and

spiritually. Together many Shabda constitute a Mantra, which is a repetition of group of Shabda or a specific energy-field. Sound is the basic source of energy and motion existing in the universe. Mantra is the science of the subconscious as well as the cosmic powers of sound. The specific configuration of the syllables compiled in the Mantras makes them important in terms of associated emotional effect. The voice production (elocution) of a Vedic Mantra in a specific composition of accent, pitch, intensity, amplitude and rhythm results in its expansion in the endless domain (area) of physical energy waves and consciousness. Because of the unique property of sound to traverse anywhere in the space, the collective chanting of Bija Mantras can induce cosmic impact. Each Bija Mantra (seed of origin) comes with such configurations of phonemes which can deliver one from ignorance, illusions and evils. Mantras are Beejmantra combinations (Primordial sound) which produce certain type of energies. Hence, Mantra protects the person who recites it. Effect of Mantra is described as Prabhavajanya (Inexplicable action) in the classical texts of Ayurveda. Though the reason behind it is Prabhava, one of the purposes of this attempt is for understanding the cause effect theory behind it. The cause effect theory behind effects of mantra chanting as per Ayurveda, concerns the heart which is the base for mind, i.e., manas, its vitiation is responsible for the formation of Manasvikara (Psychiatric diseases) and use of Mantra is advised for treatment to purify the heart. As heart gets purified the patient becomes normal. Hence, in the Psychiatric disorder, the patient has to have faith on the Vaidya (Physician). Effects of Mantra are not only on Manas (Psyche) or Aatma (soul) but the five sense organs are similarly involved in this process because these are the instruments through which waves of Mantra reach the soul and mind. Mantras are thoughts as per Sharda Tilak and as per Ram Charit Manas, source of all diseases is Moh (thought) and the Tridosha; Vaat (caused by desires - wish Kaam), Kaph (caused by Lobh, holding the desires) and Pitta (caused by Kroadh when the desires are not fulfilled). This approach highlights cause of disease as Agyaan (Moh) which is not accepting the relationship between inside the body and outside the body. Mantra is a thought which accepts relationship between inside the body and outside the body and also considers the cause of relationship with Divine.



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Even in this present age of materialistic life Mantra-Shakti (power) can prove to be more influential than any other therapy.[11] Louis Hay (MD) has written a book on Heal your Body and created a structure which connects some 300 disease and 300 negative thoughts and its positive affirmations which is an application of the system prescribed by Tulsidas ji in 1585. Thus, it helps to develop latent powers. One can attain health by developing his dormant powers through Mantra. The regular recitation (Japa) of a Mantra reduces restlessness of the mind, brings restraint in life; and works wonders in developing the concentration and memory. It is important to use Mantras as part of daily practice with Yoga and Ayurveda. In a quiet and clean place at home, one can practice it for five minutes at least in the morning. Chanting of specific Mantra for Dosha or one prescribed by an Ayurvedic practitioner or spiritual teacher is necessary. Soft Mantras are best for Vatadosha. Cooling and soft Mantras are the best for Pitta Dosha. Warm and stimulating Mantras are the best for Kapha Dosha. It is according to Samanya Vishesha principle (theory of similarity and differences). Chanting can be done loudly (Vachakjapa) / lip whisper (Upanshu) / mentally (Manasik), all work the same way in delivering the benefits. Recitation method just remains a means for arousing the omnipresent subtle power of Shabda (sound).
ANOVA

  Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Weight Between Groups .030 1 .030 .000 .991
Within Groups 11386.242 46 247.527    
Total 11386.272 47      
Pulse Between Groups 70.083 1 70.083 .331 .568
Within Groups 9734.583 46 211.621    
Total 9804.667 47      
SPO2 Between Groups 4.688 1 4.688 .409 .526
Within Groups 527.792 46 11.474    
Total 532.479 47      
BMI Between Groups .000 1 .000 .000 .998
Within Groups 1112.680 46 24.189    
Total 1112.680 47      
BPS Between Groups 1925.333 1 1925.333 11.375 .002
Within Groups 7785.917 46 169.259    
Total 9711.250 47      
BPD Between Groups 884.083 1 884.083 3.652 .062
Within Groups 11137.167 46 242.112    
Total 12021.250 47      
BPP Between Groups 75.000 1 75.000 .361 .551
Within Groups 9551.667 46 207.645    
Total 9626.667 47      

Statistical Analysis: Analysis of the difference in the performance in multiple using unpaired-t-test and Analysis of co variance (ANCOVA). The change in the pulse rate before and after the session for each group was analysed using paired-t-test. the p-value of <0.05 was deemed to be statistically significant. The response to open ended question about the experiences after performing Meditation was analysed by quantitative methods[15] by categorizing the results in various domains.

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Variance Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
Weight .004 1 46 .949
Pulse .134 1 46 .716
SPO2 1.034 1 46 .314
BMI .005 1 46 .944
BPS 1.098 1 46 .300
BPD 1.034 1 46 .315
BPP .001 1 46 .976

Weight, Pulse, SPO2, BMI, BPS, BPD, BPP Analysis

Descriptives N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum Maximum
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Weight Pre test 24 69.613 15.6137 3.1871 63.019 76.206 43.8 99.0
Post Test 24 69.662 15.8514 3.2357 62.969 76.356 43.6 100.6
Total 48 69.637 15.5647 2.2466 65.118 74.157 43.6 100.6
Pulse Pre test 24 94.46 14.679 2.996 88.26 100.66 67 124
Post Test 24 96.88 14.414 2.942 90.79 102.96 75 130
Total 48 95.67 14.443 2.085 91.47 99.86 67 130
SPO2 Pre test 24 97.21 3.162 .645 95.87 98.54 83 100
Post Test 24 96.58 3.599 .735 95.06 98.10 84 100
Total 48 96.90 3.366 .486 95.92 97.87 83 100
BMI Pre test 24 23.813 4.8867 .9975 21.749 25.876 16.1 32.7
Post Test 24 23.817 4.9495 1.0103 21.727 25.907 15.6 33.2
Total 48 23.815 4.8656 .7023 22.402 25.227 15.6 33.2
BPS Pre test 24 106.54 12.144 2.479 101.41 111.67 72 133
Post Test 24 119.21 13.822 2.821 113.37 125.04 101 153
Total 48 112.88 14.374 2.075 108.70 117.05 72 153
BPD Pre test 24 69.58 11.594 2.367 64.69 74.48 42 88
Post Test 24 78.17 18.703 3.818 70.27 86.06 55 132
Total 48 73.88 15.993 2.308 69.23 78.52 42 132
BPP Pre test 24 88.42 14.264 2.912 82.39 94.44 57 124
Post Test 24 90.92 14.554 2.971 84.77 97.06 64 123
Total 48 89.67 14.312 2.066 85.51 93.82 57 124

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Benefits of Mantras as confirmed by the study

The study scientifically proves the preaching of Ayurvedic Masters about Daivavyapasraya Chikitsa. What benefits can be derived from Mantra Chikitsa in the present-day context of mental and physical illness and how. Negative impressions such as fear, anger, jealousy, etc. can be removed by the chanting of Mantra. Practice of Mantra increases concentration, memory and logical thinking amongst others. It has a soothing effect on nervous system, relaxes muscles and effectively reduces stress. Listening to the Mantras directly lowers blood pressure, normalizes heart beat, brain wave pattern, adrenalin level and even cholesterol level. It reduces restlessness of the mind, brings restraint in life and works wonders in developing the concentration and memory.

According to research, the combined effect of sound vibrations on physical plane can be observed, especially on brain or on EEG. One can see the brain wave emission patterns affected with Omkar chanting, Gayatri Mantra chanting. An alpha activity in brain can be seen during Mantra chanting. This effect is defined as neuro linguistic effect. It is mentioned in Brihatryeeit that

  • We feel that before study our mind should be calm and quite. To avoid anxiety, we have to activate parasympathetic activity. This Mantra lowers the sympathetic activity.[12]
  • The concentration level of our mind gets increased after listening a spiritual music or mantra. For this reason, Susruta advises to practice Mantra before Sastra Karma or operation.[13]
  • Charak and Susruta advise for chanting ‘aum’ before delivering a baby. It is proved that the sound ‘A’ starts as a vibration near navel.
  • This abdominal vibration brings energy and vitality to our reproductive organ. Sound ‘U’ starts as a vibration on chest. It sustains breaths. The sound ‘M’ roll up the throat and head. vibration in the head brings clarity and it brings dedication. So, it proceeds to easy delivery.

Discussion

Daivavyapasraya Chikitsa is advised for Karmaja diseases. According to law of Karma, disease is a divine justice, a form of punishment to restore harmony in the most compassionate way. Among Daivavyapasraya Chikitsa here I am discussing about Mantra Chikitsa. The word Mantra is derived from Man+Tra, man—mana - just by thinking and tra—three - we can protect ourselves. Means that just by thinking one can save himself in the universe, i.e., is saved from onset of disturbances. Mantras are the words loaded with power and sounds capable of penetrating our body into deep levels. Mantra, a word or sound repeated to aid concentration in meditation. It is a sacred utterance, a numinous sound, a syllable, a word or group of word in Sanskrit believed by practitioners to have psychological and spiritual powers. Mantra meditation helps to induce an altered state of consciousness. The word Mantra is used to describe any thought, utterance, songs or other sequences of words or sounds that are supposed to have spiritual efficacy or invoking the divine. Any utterance or thought that is used to invoke the divine (Pukarna) to affect either the inward state of a person’s soul or the world at large can be called a Mantra. Any vibration created by the utterance of Mantra causes an impact on our inner self. These vibrations generate some neuro-transmitter and brain wave which have effect on our entire body. In Ayurveda, apart from herbal remedies for diseases, an emphasis is laid on Mantra recitation also, to enhance the healing.

Conclusion

Mantra Therapy is mentioned at various places in classical Ayurveda texts as one of the very potent area of management of various mental as well as physical disorders. In terms of modern science based on tests and results, a curiosity arises as to what is Mantra and whether its use in mental and physical ailments is merely superstition or has some observable basis.


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It has been presently attempted to define Mantra and its cause effect relation. The present study further goes to once again confirm that it has observable effects on various body indicators like Weight, BP, SPO2, BMI, BPS, BPD, BPP having direct bearing on mental and physical health. The effects of Beej Mantra Chikitsa have been observed on patients of different disorders including the recent Covid-19. However, a wider study awaits availability of requisite monetary and other resources.

Mantras are Sanskrit words loaded with power and capable of penetrating the body into deep levels of consciousness by their unique sounds and the vibrations they create. The sacred utterances or chanting of Sanskrit Mantras provide with the power to attain goals and lift from the ordinary to the higher level of consciousness. They give the power to cure diseases; ward off evils; gain wealth; acquire supernatural powers; worship a deity for glorious spiritual union and for attaining blissful state and attain liberation. It is crystal clear that Mantra therapy which is mentioned in various places in classical Ayurveda texts is one of very potent area of management of various mental as well as physical disorders. It is similarly applicable in health preservation too. Mantra therapy is not a superstition however it is incredibly scientific and based on fundamental principles of Ayurveda. Hence, Mantra is a divine instrument with the uncommon potential of arousing hidden consciousness.

Reference

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2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra#cite_note-jgtim-3.

3. Caraka. Caraka Samhita, Part-1. Carakacandrika Hindi commentary. Brahmananda Tripathi, Ganga Sahay Pandey, editors. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2009. Nidanasthana, 7/16.

4. Retrieved from http://www.hindupedia.com/en/The_Significance_of_Mantra_in_Ayurveda

5. Dingari Laxmana Chary. Ayurvediya Padartha Vigyan. 1st ed. Delhi: Chaukahmbha Sanskrit Prathisthan; 2009. p.218.

6. Mishra YC. Padartha Vigyan. 2nd ed. Varanasi: Chaukahmbha Sanskrit Bhavanan; 2005. p.78.

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8. Retrieved from: http://www.hindupedia.com/en/The_Significance_of_Mantra_in_Ayurveda

9. Retrieved from: www.askastrologer.com/mantras.html

10. Retrieved from: www.planetwell.com/category/yoga-meditation/

11. Kamble Yogendra D, Nampalliwar Amit R. A Study on the Cause - Effect theory about the utility of Mantra among various places in classical Ayurveda texts. International Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine.

12. Caraka. Caraka Samhita, Part-1. Carakacandrika Hindi commentary. Brahmananda Tripathi, Ganga sahay Pandey, editors. 1sted. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2009. Sutra sthana 8/18p.197.

13. Caraka. Caraka Samhita, Part-1. Carakacandrika Hindi commentary. Brahmananda Tripathi, Ganga sahay Pandey, editors. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Surbharati Prakashana; 2009. Sutra sthana 25/20


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