E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Guda

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 8 September
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Study on concept of Guda Pradesha w.s.r. to Guda Valis

Patil M.1, Dhananjayulu P.2*, Butali K.3
DOI:

1 M. R. Patil, HOD, Department of PG Studies in Rachana Shareera, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Inchal, Karnataka, India.

2* Pennagaddam Dhananjayulu, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of PG Studies in Rachana Shareera, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Inchal, Karnataka, India.

3 Kavitha Butali, Assistant Professor, Department of PG Studies in Rachana Shareera, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Inchal, Karnataka, India.

The anatomical knowledge of Guda (anal canal) and its relations are Very important to discuss about anal diseases. Guda is defined as the opening where the Gastro intestinal tract ends, and exits the body which excretes faeces and flatus through it. It is Moola of Pureeshavahasrotas. Charaka described it is one among the fifteen Kostangas, and Recognised two parts in it ie. Uttara Guda and Adhara Guda It is one among nine Bahirmukha Srotas located in pelvic region. Guda gets forming along with other body Parts as early as in the fourth month and fully formed by seventh month of gestation. Embryologically it is derived from Matrujabhava. According to Sushruta Pureeshadhara Kala is related to Guda and it is Moola of Pureeshavaha Srotas, and also is Sadhyopranahara Marma. According to Amarakosha Guda has synonyms like Apanam and Payu.

Keywords: Guda, Anal Canal, Bahirmukha Srotas

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Pennagaddam Dhananjayulu, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of PG Studies in Rachana Shareera, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Inchal, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		M. R. Patil, Pennagaddam Dhananjayulu, Kavitha Butali, Study on concept of Guda Pradesha w.s.r. to Guda Valis. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(8):67-71.
Available From
https://www.jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2028

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-07-30 2022-08-01 2022-08-08 2022-08-15 2022-08-21
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 17%

© 2022by M. R. Patil, Pennagaddam Dhananjayulu, Kavitha Butaliand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(8)67
Patil M et al: Study on concept of Guda Pradesha w.s.r. to Guda Valis

Introduction

Ayurveda is the science of a healthy life, it speaks to every aspect and function of the Human life. Etymologically the word Ayurveda is made up of two basic terms “Ayu” meaning “life” and “Veda” means “science” or “knowledge.”

The concept of Ayu in This word not only means an alive body system but it is an active assembly of a Corporeal body (Sharira), Sensomotor organs (Indriyas), Mind (Mana) and Soul (Atma).

Acharya Susruta has mentioned basic and unique concepts of Rachana Sharira in his text Susruta Samhita Sharira Stana[1] which are so much useful in this Modern era in all aspect of treatment as well as surgical knowledge.

Acharya Charaka has mentioned that study of Sharira provides an reflection in the human body. Guda Pradesha is the terminal part of Annavaha Srotas possessing high Physiological and anatomical importance.

Guda is in close proximity of Vasti attached to the terminal portion of the large intestine meant to excrete faces and flatus.[2]

Guda starts from Sthulanthara , It is Mula of Purishavaha Srotas[3] and one amongst Sadyopranahara Tri Marmas (three vital injury points resulting immediate death).Total length of Guda is 4 ½ Angula.[4]

In the present days the people are very busy with work and running with time at the cost of their health, totally the people are neglecting their health.

Due to lack of Exercise, sedentary life, consuming unhealthy and spicy food. This unhealthy food Spoil the Annavaha, Prisha Vaha Srotas and Guda Stana.

The people who are sitting posture for long time and who do not keep clean the Guda Stana. The Gudastana Valis are affected and might be lead to Gudarogas like Malabaddam, Parikarthika, Arsas, Bhagandara, Here the Samavarini Vali plays major role to expel the Apana Vayu and Purisha (Mala).

The Samavarini Vali is correlated as external sphincter, if this Sphincter injured the cut off processes was failed and the faecal incontinence will occur, that was an embracing to the patient and surrounding people also.

Lot off Surgical and medical importance is there regarding Samavarini Vali and Gudapradesha. There is big need to understand the Rachana Sharira of Guda Pradesha.

Aims and Objectives

1. To study in detail about anatomical aspects described in classical Ayurvedic Texts about Guda Pradesha (Anal Region) and three Valis

2. To study the structural anatomy of anal region.

3. To comparative study of Ayurvedic and Modern aspects of Guda Pradesha (Anal Region) and clear the ambiguities.

Materials and Methods

1. The study is planned to review all classical Ayurvedic literature including Brihattrayee, Laghutrayee etc all texts where ever descriptions of anatomical and physiological aspects of Guda are described.

2. All modern anatomy texts including Gray’s anatomy and relevant publications regarding excretory system anatomy will be referred.

3. Scientific journals of Ayurveda will be searched for recent developments in The Ayurvedic understanding regarding the all aspects of the subject.

Review of Literature

Guda Shareera

Utpatti of Guda: According to Sushruta, Guda is formed in embryonic stage by the most important Sara part of Rakta and Kapha is digested by Pita with the help of Vayu.[5]

Bhadrashaunaka mentions Guda develops first in the body.[6]

Sushruta has mentioned that a soft organ like Guda is formed by the maternal Source of the body.[7]

As per the embryology, the depression consisting of ectoderm, the proctoderm, Forms in the hindgut and goes on to develop into the anus.[8]

Nirukti (Definition): “Guda Kridayam Ta Gu Malotsarge” The word Guda derived from root “Gu” Which means Guda is the excretion of Mala.[9] The opening of the anal canal to the exterior called the anus.


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Patil M et al: Study on concept of Guda Pradesha w.s.r. to Guda Valis

Sthana: Guda is attached to Annavaha Nalika after Sthoolantra. It is the last part in the Annavaha Nalika. The terminal 2-3 cm of the rectum is called the anal canal.

Pramana: It is about 4½ Angula Pramana. It ends to exterior by Guda Marga. The last half Anguli portion of Guda is called as Gudaushta.

Avayavas: Guda is divided into 3 Valis, as Abhyantara, Madhya and Bahya situated at a distance of 1½ Anguli Pramana. Sushruta and Vagbhata described the presence of three Vali (fold or Curvatures) named Pravahini, Visarjani and Samvarini. All these Vali are situated One over another resembling the shape like curve of conch shell and colour like palate of an elephant.[10]

Descriptions of Valis

1. Pravahini: First Vali situated in the upper part of the Guda. Since it pushes the Mala downwards, it is called as Pravahini, which helps for the passing of Mala forward.

2. Visarjani: It is the second Vali, situated 1 ½ Anguli below the Pravahini Vali and 1 ½ Anguli above the Samvarini Vali which expands Guda and helps in expulsion of Mala.

3. Samvarini: This is being the 3rd and last Vali situated 11/2 Anguli above the Gudaoushta which helps for closure of the Guda.

Sandhi: Total three Sandhis in this region. The Guda, Bhaga, Nitamba are connected to each other by Samudga Sandhi.[11]

Marma: Structurally Guda is a Mamsa Marma. It is Sadhya Pranahara Marma[12]

Sevani: One Sevani is present in relation to Guda[13]

Srotas: Guda is Moola of Pureeshavaha Srotas,[14] it is a Bahirmukha[15] and Mala Vvahak Srotas.[16]

Guda Kriya: Guda is one amongst fifteen Kosthanga[17] It is one of the Pancha Karmendriya and excretes Mala from the body.[18]

Pureesha and Adhovayu Nishkramana is the prime function of the Guda. Pureesha is stored in Uttara Guda and is excreted from Adhoguda. Guda is Sthana of Apanavata which is responsible for Pureesha and Adhovayu Nishkramana. Guda is one of the Dasha Pranayatana. As Prana is situated in Guda it is one of the most vital organs in the body.

Anatomy of Anal Canal: The anal canal is a short passage only 4cms long. It begins where rectal ampulla suddenly narrows passing down and backwards to the anus. Its anterior wall is slightly shorter than the posterior.

This short passage is of the greatest surgical importance both because its role in the mechanism of rectal continence and because of it is prone to harbour certain disease. For those reasons its anatomy and that of the closely related levator ani muscle require to be considered in disproportionately greater details.

Derivatives of Hind Gut

Left one third of transverse colon, Descending and pelvic colon Rectum &. Upper part of the anal canal Parts of the Urogenital system derived from the primitive urogenital sinus

Derivation of Individual Rectum

Rectum: The rectum is derived from the primitive rectum i.e., the dorsal subdivision of the Cloaca. According to some authorities the upper part of the rectum is derived from the Hind gut proximal to the cloacae. The rectum extends from the third sacral vertebra to the ano-rectal ring. It describes three lateral curves, two concave to the left [hence the Left lateral position for sigmoidoscopy] and one concave to the right. The relative Shortness of the longitudinal muscle coat forms the valve of Houston that is so much in evidence in sigmoidoscopy. Fasciae around rectum are

  • Fascia Propria - visceral layer of pelvi fascia
  • Fascia of Waldeyer - parietal layer of pelvic fascia
  • Lateral ligaments - condensed layer of pelvic fascia

Surgical spaces related to the anal canal

The submucous space of the Canal lies above the white line between the Mucous membrane and the internal sphincter. It contains the internal rectal Venous plexus and lymphatics. The perianal space surrounds the anal canal below the white line. It contains Subcutaneous external sphincter, the external rectal venous plexus, and the Terminal branches of the inferior rectal vessels and nerves. Pus in this space tends to spread to the anal canal at the whitey line or to the surface of the perineal skin rather than to the ischiorectal spacey.


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Patil M et al: Study on concept of Guda Pradesha w.s.r. to Guda Valis

The ischiorectal space or Fossa is wedge shaped fossa situated on each side of the anal canal below the Pelvic diaphragm. Its base is directed downwards, towards the surface, the Apex is directed upwards. The main purpose of the fossa in to allow Distention of the rectum and anal canal during passage of the faeces. Both the Perianal and ischiorectal spaces are common sites of abscesses.

Discussion

Rachana Sharira - Ancient Anatomical Science keeps an aim to read about entire Human body parts, bones, artery, veins, anatomical structures and surgical anatomy.

Acharya Sushruta who was outstandingly known to the world as “Father of Surgery” belongs to the period of “The Golden Age of Surgery”, gave a complete Knowledge about the Rachana Sharira in his treaties.

Discussion on embryology of Guda

In Sushruta Samhita, it has been mentioned that parts like Peshi (muscles), Rakta (blood), Meda (adipose tissue), Majja (bone marrow), Stana (breast), Nabhi (navel), Yakrut (liver), Pliha (spleen), Antra (intestine), Guda (anus) are ‘Matruja’ in Origin. Acharya Vagbhatta also says that Guda, Rakta and Mamsa are Maternal in Origin. According to Acharya Sushruta, it is Sara of Rakta and Kapha digested by Pitta along with the active participation of Vayu.

Discussion on Internal Guda

Sushruta and Vagbhatta have described the presence of three Valis (fold, wrinkles) from proximal to distal named as Pravahini, Visarjani and Samvarani. These are situated one over the other inside Guda at a distance of one and a half Angula from Each other. All of them are obliquely projectile in one Angula, Shankhavartanibha (spiral like conch), and resembling colour of Gajatalu (palate of elephant) as reddish Black. Gudaustha is situated at a distance of one and a half Yava from Romanta (Hairy Margin). The 1st vali is at a distance of one Angula from anal verge.

Discussion on Guda

Guda means the organ, which excretes the Apana Vayu and Mala. Guda is one among Pranayatan. It has also been included in Sadyopranahara Marma.

Guda has been Enumerated one among with fifteen Koshthangas mentioned by Acharya Charaka. It has two parts - Uttara Guda (proximal part) and Adhara Guda (distal or terminal part).

Discussion on Karma of Guda: Karma of Guda is chiefly done by Apana Vayu, and Samana Vayu contributes functions of gastrointestinal tract like digestion, absorption, separation of nutritional assimilated material from wastage and finally to move the waste products for Excretion.

Discussion on Karma of Guda Valis

Function of these three Valies are

Pravahini - It pushes the Malas (faecal matter) downwards.

Visarjini - It helps in relaxation of that part of Guda and thus assists downwards propagation of Malas.

Samvarani - Discharges the function of contraction of anal orifice. So finally, Valis are both functional as well as structural entities of Guda which can be considered as Anal Sphincters.

Conclusion

On the basis of review literature, the following deductions can be drawn,

1. Guda means the organ, which excretes the Apana Vayu and Mala.

2. Guda is a Sadyopranahara Marma

3. Guda has two parts - Uttara Guda (proximal part) and Adhara Guda (distal or Terminal part).

4. Guda (anus) are ‘Matruja’ in origin.

5. So finally, Valis are both functional as well as structural entities of Guda.

Modern medicine emphasize two sphincters but Ayurveda says Guda possess three Valis (fold like structures) which are said to be similar to the sphincter functions. Difference in the number, variation in measurements and Anatomical complexities of Guda Pradesha compels to have a deep study of the both Ayurvedic and modern Aspects and their comparison to clear the doubts of Ayurvedic descriptions and present day understanding of the subject. Anatomical relations with other structures and organs explained in Ayurveda with modern descriptions need to be studied.


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