E-ISSN:2456-3110

Research Article

Shirisha

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 10 November
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

A comparative pharmaceutical and analytical study of Shirisharishta prepared by Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha

Pain R.1*, Vidyarani M.2
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.7.10.21

1* Rajdeep Pain, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaisajya Kalpana, Ramakrishnna Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

2 M. Vidyarani, Professor & H.O.D, Department of Post Graduate Studies in Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Ramakrishnna Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Shirisha (Albizzia lebbeck Benth.) is well known classical drug used for the treatment of various types of diseases such as Shwasa, Kasa, Shosh etc. In this study 3 different sample of Shirisharista prepared from 3 different main ingredient Twak Sara and Kastha along with herbs like Pippali Priyangu etc. Shirisharishta is one such formulation mentioned under Visha Chikitsa, which is in use as a mode of Shaman Chikitsa. The reference of this Yoga is adopted from Bhaishajya Ratnavali. To formulate Shirisharista from Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha and evaluate their pharmaceutical and analytical characteristics. Shirisharishta was prepared from Twak Sara and Kastha of A. lebbeck. Organoleptic characterization pH, specific gravity, total solid content, alcohol content and TLC profile of the prepared 3 samples were determined. Heartwood is the best part of use of A. lebbeck for preparation of Shirisharishta.

Keywords: Shirisha, Shirisharishta, Twak Sara, Kastha

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Rajdeep Pain, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaisajya Kalpana, Ramakrishnna Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		Rajdeep Pain, M. Vidyarani, A comparative pharmaceutical and analytical study of Shirisharishta prepared by Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(10):165-174.
Available From
https://www.jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2130

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-09-24 2022-09-26 2022-10-03 2022-10-10 2022-10-17
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 16%

© 2022by Rajdeep Pain, M. Vidyaraniand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Pain R et al: Shirisharishta prepared by Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha

Introduction

Ayurvedic medicines are mainly derived from the plants. About eighty percent of the raw materials for preparation of Ayurvedic medicines are obtaining from the plant source. In many of the cases, the root or wood or heart wood are the used parts of the plants. For collection of the used parts, sometimes the plants are to be sacrificed. This is one of reasons for the medicinal plants become rare, endangered, and threatened (RET). It is the need of time to find the alternative part of use from the same plant having equally active phytochemical and therapeutic potential.

Shirisharishta is a well-known formulation developed by ancient scholars by applying specific pharmaceutical procedures to get maximum therapeutic effect. Shirisha (Albizzia lebbeck Benth.) is a drug that draws the attention because of its multi-prolonged utility influencing the human life. Albeit Ayurvedic classics instruct of its high utility in treating the symptom complex due to Visha or the venomous poison, a lot of discrete references point out its utility in a variety of diseases such as Shwasa, etc. The plant is reported to have various pharmacological properties like anti-asthmatic, antihistaminic, anti-protozoal, hypoglycaemic, antibacterial, antiseptic and anti-tubercular etc. properties.[1] Most of the recent studies are reported about the pharmacological actions of it’s bark, leaves, pods and fruits, but almost negligible references about the pharmacological action of it’ heartwood are available. It is commonly used since ancient period in a variety of dosage forms both externally and internally. Almost all the parts of the drug are described per various types of treatment. Therapeutic utility of almost all the parts of Shirisha like fruit, root, bark, flower and leaves are mentioned in the classics. Direct indication of Puspa Swarasa (expressed juice of flower) is indicated for the treatment of Shwasa Roga (Asthma) specially caused due to the vitiation of Pitta and Kapha as well as Visha Roga Chikitsa by Acharya Charaka. The available references reflect towards it’s applicability for the management of disease Shwasa, in a suitable dosage form, which should be available whole year.[2] The indication of Shirisha Sara, which is nowadays supposed to be the heart wood portion of the tree, in the Asava Yoni (medicinal source material for fermentation) as the best suited part for fermentation.[3]

But detailed description of it’s Arishta Kalpana is not found until 18th century.

Acharyas such as Govinda Dasa and Vagbhata in their respective masterpieces viz. Bhaishajya Ratnavali and Sahasra Yoga respectively, were first time described the pharmaceutical preparation it’s Arishta Kalpana naming Shirisharishta[4] whereas which part should be used is not found mentioned. Acharya Charaka and Acharya Sushruta have utilized its activity for various purposes and have included it into various classes of drugs like Shiro-Virechana, Vishaghna and Pitta-Nasaka Gana.[5,6] The Sara (heart wood) is the main part of use of this plant. The heart wood is included in Asava Yoni (source for fermentation) for the preparation of its Asava - Arishta preparation.[7] Some recent studies reported various phytochemical present and pharmacological actions like antiasthamatic, antiinflamatory, and others, from the heartwood of Shirisha.[8,9] Although the formulation Shirisharishta is mentioned in the context of Visha Chikitsa by Acharya Govinda Das in Bhaishajya Ratnavali (72/72-74),[10] various recent studies proved the effectiveness of this formulation in the ailments of respiratory system also, especially allergic in origin.[11]

Aim and Objective

1. To prepare three samples of Shirisharishta by using three parts i.e., Twak (bark), Kastha (sapwood) and Sara (heartwood).

2. To analyze all the three samples in terms of their pharmaceutical and analytical parameters to develop fingerprint profile for the Shirisharishta.

Materials and Methods

Shirisharista is prepared as per method described in Bhaishajya Ratnavali[12]

SN Ingredient Botanical Name Part used Form used Ratio
1. Shirisha Albizia lebbeck Bebth Twak/ Kastha/Sara Yavakuta 50 Pala
2. Pippali Piper longum Fruit Churna 1 Pala
3. Priyangu Callicarpa macrophylla Flower Churna 1 Pala
4. Kushtha Saussurea lappa Root Churna 1 Pala
5. Ela Elettaria cardemos Seed Churna 1 Pala
6. Nilini Indigo feratinctoria Roots Churna 1 Pala
7. Haridra Curcuma longa Rhizome Churna 1 Pala
8. Daruharidra Berberis aristata Wood Churna 1 Pala
9. Nagar (Shunthi) Zingiber officinale Rhizome Churna 1 Pala
10. Nagkeshar Mesua ferrea Male stamens Churna 1 Pala
11. Guda Jaggery Organic - 200 Pala
12. Jala (w/w) - Portable water - 512 Pala

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Preparation of Kwatha: The raw drugs Shirisha Twaka, Kastha and Sara were collected separately. The fresh collected were subjected to shade drying up to constant weight obtained then size reduction (Yavakuta preparation). Then the Yavakuta of the raw drug were mixed with the mentioned quantity of water in a stainless steel vessel and subjected to overnight soaking of 12 h after that constant mild heat was applied to the vessel sufficient to facilitate the evaporation on continuous stirring up to the volume reduced 1/4th of the initial quantity. Then it was strained with double folded cotton cloth and collected in a separate vessel.

Preparation of Prakshepa Dravya (Adjuvants)

The Prakshepa Dravya (Krishna, Priyangu, Ela, Nagkeshar, Daruharidra, Shunthi, Haridra, Nilini, Kustha) was dried shade, cleaned and processed to coarse powder form individually. Weighed the mentioned quantity of the Prakshepa Dravya and mixed well.

Preparation of Sandhana Patra (Fermenting Vessel)

The fermenting vessels (Porcelain and Glass Jars) were properly washed with detergent, rinsed well with sufficient quantity of warm water. After cleaning, the vessels were properly dried to avoid any contamination. Dried vessels were subjected to Dhoopana (Fumigation) for 20 minutes.

Preparation of Sandhan Drava (Fermenting media)

The Kwatha prepared was allowed for self-cooling. Guda (Jaggery) was added in the Kwatha in three equal batches, 1/3rd was added on the same day. This solution was filtered through a double folded cotton cloth. The rest amount of Guda (Jaggery) was added at the interval of 15 days in two parts.

Preparation for Fermentation

The Jaggery was poured in to the fumigated fermenting vessels Prakshepa Dravya (adjuvants) was added in the vessels accordingly and stirred properly till they get wetted completely with the fermenting media. Vessels were closed by respective lids to prevent entry of any contaminant. Determination of proper initiation of fermentation was done by regular examination on 3rd, 5th, 8th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th day without disturbing the fermenting media.

List of Rasapanchaka (factors determining the function of this formulations) of ingredients of Shirisharishta

SN Name Rasa Guna Virya Vipaka Karma
1. Shirisha[13] (Albizia lebbeck) Kashaya, Tikta, Katu Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna Ishad Ushna Katu Tridoshahara, Vishaghna, Shwasahara
2. Pippali[14] (Piper longum) Katu, Madhura Laghu, Snigdha, Tikshna Anushnasheeta Madhura Kapha- Vatashamaka, Kushthaghna, Shwasahara, Kasahara
3. Priyangu[15] (Callicarpa macrophylla) Tikta, Kashaya, Madhura Guru, Ruksha Sheeta Katu Tridoshahara, Rakthashodhaka, Sthambhana
4. Kushtha[16] (Saussurea lappa) Tikta, Katu, Madhura Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshna Ushna Katu Vaatakapha Shamaka, Lekhaniya, Kaasahara, Shwasahara, Hikka Shamaka
5. Ela[17] (Elettaria cardamomum) Katu, Madhura Laghu, Ruksha   Katu Kapha-Vatahata, Deepana, Rochana,
6. Nilini[18] (Indigofera tinctoria) Tikta Laghu, Ruksha Ushna Katu Kapha- Vataghna, Krimihara
7. Haridra[19] (Curcuma longa) Tikta, Katu Ruksha, Laghu Ushna Katu Kapha-Vataghna, Kushthaghna, Jwaraghna
8. Daruharidra[20] (Berberis aristate) Tikta, Kashaya Laghu, Ruksha Ushna Katu Kapha-Pitta Shamaka, Krimihara
9. Shunthi[21] (Zingiber officinale) Katu Laghu, Snigdha Ushna Katu Vata-Kapha Hara, Dipana, Shwasa Hara, Kasahara, Hikka Shamaka
10. Nagakeshara[22] (Mesua ferrea) Kashaya, Tikta Ruksha, Tikshna, Laghu Ushna Katu Kapha-Pittahara, Shothahara, Dahahara
11. Guda          

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Properties of Shirisharishta

  • Rasa - Katu, Tikta, Madhura
  • Guna - Laghu, Ruksha, Tikshana
  • Virya - Ushna
  • Vipaka - Katu
  • Karma - Tridoshahara[23]

The physico-chemical analysis of the different samples of Shirisharishta from Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha.

1. Organoleptic Characterization

Parameters Sara Kastha Twak
Color Dark brown Dark brown Dark brown
Odor Fruity, pleasant Fruity, pleasant Fruity, pleasant
Consistency Good and Even Good and Even Good and Even
Nature of fracture Smooth Smooth Smooth

2. Determination of pH: The pH value of the trial drug was tested as per the standard protocol.

Determination of pH

  • pH of the Sample Shirisharishta Sara is 4.13
  • pH of the Sample Shirisharishta Kastha is 4.32
  • pH of the Sample Shirisharishta Twak is 4.09

3. Viscosity Index: 100ml measuring cylinder was taken and filled with water, small weigh bead was dropped from the top and the time taken for the bead to reach the bottom was noted. The sample experiment was repeated with the sample with 1mg/ml concentration and time taken by the bead to reach the bottom was noted. Viscosity index was calculated by the given formula,

Calculation:jaims_2130_04.JPG

Results:
Time taken by bead to pass reach the bottom in water = 3.6sec

Time taken by bead to pass reach the bottom in Sample Shirisharishta Sara = 4.1sec

  • Viscosity Index of Sample Shirisharishta Sara = 1.13

Time taken by bead to pass reach the bottom in Sample Shirisharishta Kastha = 3.7sec

  • Viscosity Index of Sample Shirisharishta Kastha = 1.02

Time taken by bead to pass reach the bottom in Sample Shirisharishta twaka = 3.9sec

  • Viscosity Index of Sample Shirisharishta twaka = 1.08

4. Total solids: 250ml capacity glass beaker was dried and put appropriate identification mark on it. The beaker was initially weighed and noted. 100ml of the thoroughly mixed sample was poured, measured by the measuring cylinder, in the beaker. The beaker was placed in an oven maintained at 103°C for 24hours. After 24 hours, when whole of the water has evaporated, beaker was cooled and weighed. The weight of solids in the beaker was calculated by subtracting the weight of the clean beaker determined earlier.

Total Solids = Difference of weight of the beakers / Volume of sample X 1000

Results:
Shirisharishta Sara

The total solids can be calculated using the following method

Weight of the empty beaker (x) = 128.4g

Weight of empty beaker (x) + Sample after drying (y) = 131.1g

Total solids = [(y – x) / Volume of sample x 1000]

= [(131.1 – 128.4) / 100 x1000]

= 27%

Therefore % of Total solids in Sample Shirisharishta Sara = 27%

Shirisharishta Kastha

Weight of the empty beaker (x) = 125.6g

Weight of empty beaker (x) + Sample after drying (y) = 127.4g


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Total solids = [(y – x) / Volume of sample x 1000]

= [(127.4 – 125.6) / 100 x1000]

= 18%

Therefore % of Total solids in Sample Shirisharishta Kastha = 18%

Shirisharishta Twak

Weight of the empty beaker (x) = 130.4g

Weight of empty beaker (x) + Sample after drying (y) = 132.6g

Total solids = [(y – x) / Volume of sample x 1000]

= [(132.6 – 130.4) / 100 x1000]

= 22%

Therefore % of Total solids in Sample Shirisharishta Twak = 22%

5. Specific Gravity: The specific gravity bottle was taken and its weight was noted down. Test sample (1mg/ml) was filled into the specific gravity bottle and its weight was noted down. The difference in weight was divided by the weight of an equal volume of water to give the specific gravity of the sample.

Calculation:jaims_2130_05.JPG

Results:

Empty weight of the bottle = 10.41g

Weight of the Specific gravity bottle + water = 32.1g

Weight of the Specific gravity bottle + Sample = 33.6g (Sara), 32.9g (Kastha) and 33.1g (Twak)

Specific Gravity of Sample Shirisharishta Sara = 0.722 Kg/cm3

Specific Gravity of Sample Shirisharishta Kastha = 0.700 Kg/cm3

Specific Gravity of Sample Shirisharishta Twak = 0.706 Kg/cm3

6. TLC: 10μl samples were prepared 2.5 μl of samples were spotted on TLC plate and allowed to dry. A TLC plate is made up of a thin layer of Silica gel 0.25mm with fluorescent

indicator F254 with Solvent system Chloroform: methanol (9.5:0.5) was used for TLC analysis. The strip or plate is then placed with this end dipping in to the solvent mixture, taking care that the sample spot/zone is not immersed in the solvent. As the solvent moves towards the other end of the strip, the test mixture separates into various components. This is called as the development of TLC plates. The separation depends on several factors, the plate is removed after an optimal development time and dried and the spots/zones are detected using UV chamber and Rf value is calculated using.

Rf = Distance moved by compound /distance moved by solvent.
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7. Total microbial Count: 100μl of sample was homogeneously mixed with 1 ml of buffer peptone water and serial dilutions were prepared up to 10-2 following the standard protocol. An aliquot of 0.1 ml from 10-2 dilution was spread onto nutrient agar (NA) plate to enumerate the total bacterial count and potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate for the estimation of fungal count. Then the NA plate and potato dextrose agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 to 24 hours and at 25°C for 48 to 72 hours, respectively.

Total Bacterial count: There are few colonies seen at 10-1 dilution in Shirisharishta Sara, Shirisharishta Kastha and Shirisharishta Twak, but no colonies were found at 10-2 dilution in the samples.

Total Fungal count: There were no colonies seen at 100 dilutions (100 - Without dilution) in Shirisharishta Sara, Shirisharishta Kastha and Shirisharishta Twak samples.

jaims_2130_08.JPGjaims_2130_09.JPG

8. Alcohol content estimation

Extraction of Ethanol from Sample: 5ml of sample was taken in a distillation flask and diluted with 25ml water. Distillation is carried out till about 2ml less than the total volume was collected. Water was added to make up the volume to original test volume of liquid. Distillate was further taken for ethanol quantification.

Preparation of Dichromate Reagent: 10% w/v of Potassium Dichromate was prepared in 5M of Sulfuric Acid.

Preparation of Standard: Standard Ethanol solutions were prepared from 0.8% to 7% using water.

Procedure: 500μl of standard solution / sample (Distillate) was taken and 500μl of Dichromate reagent was added. The mixture was shaken gently for 1 min and incubated for 10 mins at room temperature. Absorbance of the resulting green colour reaction product was measured at 595nm. Standard Curve was plotted and alcohol content in sample was calculated.

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9. Reducing sugar estimation: 3ml of standard/sample was taken in a test tube and 3 ml of DNS reagent was added. Mixture was heated in boiling water bath for 5 mins and cooled to room temperature. Absorbance was measured at 510nm. Amount of reducing sugar present in the sample was calculated using the standard glucose curve.

Calculation: jaims_2130_12.JPGjaims_2130_13.JPG


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10. Non-reducing sugar estimation: 1ml of standard/sample was taken in a test tube and 4 ml of Anthrone reagent was added. Mixture was heated in boiling water bath for 8 mins and cooled rapidly under running tap water. Absorbance was measured at 630nm. Amount of total sugar present in the sample was calculated using the standard glucose curve. Total non-reducing sugar was calculated using the following formula.

Calculation

Total Sugar % = Glucose conc. (μg/mL)*100

Volume of Sample (mL)

Non-reducing sugar % = Total Sugar – Reducing Sugar

jaims_2130_15.JPGjaims_2130_16.JPG

Discussion

Medicinal plants become rare, endangered and threatened (RET) day by day due to unscientific collection and harvesting practices. One of the causes for plant death is collection of used parts like root and heartwood of the plant. The need of the time is thus to find out alternative part of use for saving the plant species. At the same time, it should also be taken in account that the prepared formulation should have equal physic-chemical properties and biological activities.

Arishta Kalpana are widely in practice because of its long shelf life and fast in action. Shirisharishta is popular formulation that is been used as a Shaman Chikitsa in Visha, Vishaja Vyadhis, Shwasa, Kasa etc. This formulation is help to maintain doshas in Sama-Avastha because of Samavoga Visheshata (the combination possessing special actions). Majority of the drugs are Katu, Tiktha, Kashaya Rasas with Laghu and Rukshaguna and has Ushna Veerya and Katu Vipaka. The drugs like Pippali, Haridra, Nilini, Nagakeshara, Shunti are commonly used drugs in Acute toxic pathological conditions. Because of its Ushna Virya and Katuvipaka it has quick action on Visha. Shirisha, Pippali, Nilini, Haridra are well known for its Vishaghna property and has been mentioned in classics. The formulation also has other properties like Dipana, Pachana, with Tikshna and Vyavayi Guna which helps in fast action of the drugs. The present study was planned to observe the effect of Shirisharishta prepared by Twak, Sara and Kastha from Shirisha.

  • The specific gravity of Shirisharishta (Sara) sample is more due to presence of more solid in it.
  • The higher total solid content in Shirisharishta (Sara) and Shirisharishta (heartwood) samples indicates solubility of more water and alcohol soluble active principles.
  • The highest alcohol content in Shirisharishta (heartwood) suggests that heartwood is the best part of use for preparation of Shirisharishta, and it is also strengthen the view of Acharya Charaka for including Sara (heartwood) of Shirisha (A. lebbeck) as Asava Yoni (source for fermentation).

Reference

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4. Shastri A.D., Bhaishajya Ratnavali, 15th ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; 2002;72/72-74:765., Sahasrayoga7/44


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