E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Madayantika

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 10 November
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Comprehensive review on Madayantika (Lawsonia inermis L.)

Adiga A.1, Gandhi A.2*, Pradeep.3, L Hegde P.4
DOI:

1 Anoosha Adiga, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

2* Aditi Gandhi, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

3 Pradeep, Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

4 Prakash L Hegde, Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

Ayurveda, Indian system of medicine is gaining importance throughout the world due to its novel healing approach. Nature has gifted us with abundant medicinal plants to create disease free and healthy life. Dravyaguna is one unique branch explained in Ayurveda which deals with herbal drugs along with their properties, action and its application in different diseases. Madayantika (Lawsonia inermis L.) is one such plant which is cultivated throughout India owing to its commercial value. It is a shrub with leaf, flower, roots and seeds as its useful parts. It is mainly useful in Kustha (Skin diseases), Kamala (Jaundice), Shwitra (Vitiligo), Jwara (fever), etc. It is also used as fungicidal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic and anticancerous effects. It is also known for its cosmetic use as a colouring agent for hair, nails, etc. Hence an effort is made to review the drug Madayantika (Lawsonia inermis L.)

Keywords: Ayurveda, Dravyaguna, Madayantika, Henna, Mehendi

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Aditi Gandhi, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		Anoosha Adiga, Aditi Gandhi, Pradeep, Prakash L Hegde, Comprehensive review on Madayantika (Lawsonia inermis L.). J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(10):204-210.
Available From
https://www.jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2134

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-09-20 2022-09-22 2022-09-29 2022-10-06 2022-10-13
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 16%

© 2022by Anoosha Adiga, Aditi Gandhi, Pradeep, Prakash L Hegdeand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

The basic concept of Dravyaguna explained in Ayurveda which involves the compilation of innumerable herbs with their Nama Jnana (Nomenclature), Rupa Jnana (Morphology) and Gunakarma (Properties and actions). The worldwide demand for natural dyes is now a days of great interest due to increased awareness on therapeutic properties of dyes. Natural dyes are derived from naturally occurring sources such as plants, insects, animals, and minerals. Several synthetic colourants have been banned because they cause allergy like symptoms or are carcinogens. Although known for long time for dying as well as medicinal properties, the structure and protective properties of natural dyes have been recognized only in the recent past. Many of the plants are used for dye extraction.[1] Madayantika is one of such drugs explained in Dravyaguna which is useful in both disease condition and also used for cosmetic purpose. It is botanically identified as Lawsonia inermis L. belonging to the family of Lythraceae. It is widely used as a colouring agent. Henna commonly being known as lawsone or hennotannic acid, a red-orange pigment, is the chief constituent of henna leaves.[2] This plant is a small elegant bush indigenous to India and is often cultivated as a source of Henna for cosmetic purpose. It is widely used in a variety of religious and ritualistic ceremonies of Hindu and Muslim communities in India.[3] It is also ingredients in many hair colouring formulations. This article is made to compile the literary review on the drug Madayantika.

Materials and Methods

Botanical name: Lawsonia inermis.L. Syn. Lawsonia alba[4]

Family: Lythraceae

Nirukti: Madayantika cures insanity and intoxication.[5]

Paryaya[7]
It imparts red colour to the nails and hence commonly called Mehendi.[6]

Raktharanga - Imparts red colour when applied.

Dahahantri - It helps in relieving from burning sensation.

Yavanestada - Liked by Europeans.

Ragangi - Imparts attractive colour.

Rakthagarbhi - Contains red colouring pigment in it.

Nakharanjani - Imparts colour to the nails if applied.

Medhini - Acts as memory enhancer.

Vernacular names[8]

English - Henna
Hindi - Mehendi
Kannada - Madarangi, Goranti
Malayalam - Mailanchi
Marathi - Mendi
Telugu - Goranta, Kuravamum
Tamil - Marudani, Abnam
Gujarati - Mehndi

Part used[9] - Patra (Leaf), Pushpa (Flower), Mula (Roots) and Beeja (Seeds)

Habitat: It is indigenous to India and dwells very well in tropical and subtropical region of the country and is often cultivated as a source of Henna for cosmetic purposes.[8] Indigenous in Arabia and Persia.[10]

Morphology[10]
A glabrous much-branched shrub. Young branches sometimes 4-gonous, the older terete, often spinescent. Lateral branches 4-gonous, often ending in a spinous point.

Leaves opposite, shortly petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, entire, elliptic or broadly lanceolate, acute or obtuse, often mucronate, base tapering; petioles very short or 0.

Flowers numerous in terminal panicled cymes. Calyx-tube short, lobes 4, spreading, broadly ovate. Petals 4, very shortly clawed, inserted at the top of the calyx tube, less than 1.3 cm. across, fragrant, white or rose - coloured, in large terminal pyramidal panicled cymes; pedicels short, slender. Calyx 3-5 mm. long, broadly campanulate; lobes 2.5-3 mm. long, ovate, acute Petals. Stamens 8 (rarely 4), inserted at the base of the calyx-tube in pairs opposite the calyx-lobes; anthers broadly oblong. Ovary subglobose, 2-4-celled; ovules many, placentas axile; style thick, slightly longer than the stamens; stigma capitate.

Capsule globose, 6 mm. diameter, stalked in the base of the calyx-tube, coriaceous, irregularly breaking up, ultimately 1-celled. It is slightly veined outside, supported by the persistent calyx and tipped with the style.


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Seeds closely packed on a central placenta, angular, pyramidal. They are trigono-pyramidal, about 2.5 mm. long, externally subtuberculate.

Microscopy[11]
Petiole - shows concavo-convex outline. Epidermis consisting of single layered cells covered by thick, striated cuticle; below epidermis 2 to 4 layered collenchyma and 3 to 4 layered parenchyma having intercellular spaces; pericycle 2 to 4 layered, stele bicollateral; cambium a thin strip presents between xylem and phloem; phloem consisting of usual elements. Xylem mostly composed of tracheids and vessels.

Midrib - shows upper and lower epidermis covered externally by thick and striated cuticle; epidermis followed by 2 to 4 layers of collenchymatous cells, circular in shape with angular thickening beneath which are 3 or 4 layers of parenchymatous cells, isodiametric with intercellular spaces; stele crescent-shaped, consisting of usual elements traversed by medullary rays; phloem fibres seen in the phloem region; a few parenchymatous cells contain rosette and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.

Lamina - shows upper and lower epidermis composed of tangentially elongated cells covered externally by a thick striated cuticle; some large epidermal cells form mucilage sacs projecting into adjacent palisade zone; anomocytic stomata distributed on both surfaces; mesophyll composed of 1 to 3 layers of palisade tissue and 2 to 4 layers of spongy parenchyma; palisade cells filled with chloroplasts, spongy parenchyma oval to circular in shape, oil globules present in palisade and spongy parenchyma; rosette and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate also present in spongy parenchyma; mesophyll traversed by vascular strands composed of xylem surrounded by phloem with a patch of sclerenchymatous fibres on abaxial side. Average stomatal index 10 to 15 and 15 to 18 in upper and lower surface the respectively. Palisade ratio 5 to 8 on both surfaces; vein islet number 30 to 45.

Powder - Dark brown; shows fragments of thin-walled, parenchyma cells, wavy thin-walled epidermal cells in surface view, anomocytic stomata, rosette and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, a few oil globules and vessels showing spiral thickenings.

Rasa Panchaka[7]
Rasa (Taste) - Kashaya (Astringent), Tikta (Bitter)

Guna (Properties) - Laghu (Lightness), Ruksha (Dryness)

Veerya (Potency) - Sheeta (Cold)

Vipaka (Biotransformation) - Katu (Pungent)

Karma (Action) - Shoshaka (Adsorbent), Kushtaghna (Prevents skin diseases), Kandughna, (Antipruritic), Jwarahara (Antipyretic), Dahahara (Reduces burning sensation), Vranahara (Wound healing).

Doshaghnata - Kaphapitta Shamaka

Phytoconstituents: Lawsone, Esculetin, Faxetin, Isoplumbagin, Scopoletin, Betulin, Betulinic acid, Hennadiol, Lupeol and its related compounds like lacoumarin, laxanthone I, II and III. Flavone glycosides, two Pentacytic triterpenes are the chief components reported from the various parts along with components of essential oil and seed oil.[9]

The leaves and stem bark contains Lawsone (2-hydroxy 1,4- naphthaquinone) and Polyphenolic compounds like Lalioside, Lawsoniaside B, Daphneside, argimonolide, gallic acids, etc. Stem bark, seeds and the essential oils from the leaf and flower contains Terpenes and terpenoids like 30-dehydroxylupane, Lupeol, Betulin, Betulinic acid, etc. Whole plant contains Xanthones (Laxanthone 1, Laxanthone 2 and Laxanthone 3), Bezopyrone (Fraxetin) and other chemical constituents like carbohydrates, proteins, fibres and trace metals like Copper, Nickel, Manganese, etc. The leaves contain flavonoids like Quercitin, Apigenin, Luteoline, etc.[3]

Pharmacological actions[9]
Root: The roots are refrigerant, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, abortifacient and trichogenic.

Leaves: Leaves are refrigerant, vulnerary, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, constipating, depurative, liver tonic, haemotonic, styptic, febrifuge and trichogenic.

Flowers: Flowers are intellect promoting, cardiotonic, refrigerant, soporific, febrifuge and tonic.

Seeds: Seeds are antipyretic, intellect promoting and constipating.

Pharmacological activity[3]
Anti-inflammatory study, antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant activity, Wound healing activity,


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Antitumor activity and cytotoxicity, Analgesic activity, Antipyretic activity, Antidiarrheal activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Diuretic activity, Immunomodulatory activity, Hypoglycemic activity, Bone reabsorption activity, Antiparasitic activity.

Rogaghnata[12]
Kushta (Skin diseases), Prameha (Diabetes mellitus), Raktapitta (Bleeding disorder), Kamala (Jaundice), Raktatisara (Hematochezia), Hridroga (Cardiac disorders), Mutrakrichra (Dysurea), Bhrama (Giddiness), Vrana (Ulcer), Atidaha (Burning sensation).

Amayika Prayoga
1. Prameha (Diabetes mellitus) - In Raktameha, paste of Madayanti mixed with honey should be taken with cold water.[13]

2. Raktapitta (Intrinsic hemorrhage) - Cooled decoction of Madayanti root is added with sugar and honey checks intrinsic haemorrhage.[14]

3. Rajayakshma (Tuberculosis) - Madayanti is taken with root, flower, leaves and tender leaves for 1 month continuously will be useful in [15]

4. Yoniroga - The leaves of Vasa (Adhatoda vasica Linn.), Roots of Matulunga (Citrus medica), leaves and seeds of Madayantika and Pippali Kunjika is taken in equal quantity along with Saindhava Lavana (Rock salt) and Madya helps in relieving Yonishoola (Gynecological disorders).[16]

Formulations
1. Mahaneela Taila in Palitya (Greying of hair) and all types of Shirorogas (Head diseases) especially[17,18]

2. Mahapanchagavya Ghritha (Ghee) is indicated in Shwayathu (Edema), Gulma (tumour) Udara (Ascitis), Arshas (Haemorrhoids), Pandu (Anaemia), Kamala (Jaundice), Haleemaka (advanced form of Jaundice), Graharoga (Diseases caused by microbes) and Chathurthaka jwara (Pyrexia).[19]

3. Mahapadma taila (oil) indicated in Vatarakta (Gouty arthritis) and Jwara (Pyrexia).[20]

4. Madayantika Churna (Powder) in Twak Vikara (Skin diseases).[7]

5. Madayanti Kashaya (Decoction) is indicated in Yoniroga (Gynecological disorders).[21]

Ethnomedicinal use: Lawsonia inermis Linn. is used medicinally in Indo China, the Philippine Islands, French Guiana, West and North Africa.

Leaf: The leaves have a bitter bad taste. The leaves are emetic, diuretic and an expectorant. It favour the growth of the hair. It is useful in headache, lumbago, bronchitis, boils, ulcers, stomatitis, ophthalmia, syphilitic sores, amenorrhea, scabies, leukoderma, diseases of the spleen. The leaf paste is applied externally in case of Headache. The fresh leaves are made into paste using Vinegar and rubbed over the feet in case of burning feet. In Annam, the leaves are used in the treatment of leprosy, jaundice, and more especially herpes. The aqueous infusion of the leaves applied to the external surfaces of the body was used as a prophylactic against certain skin diseases which are quite prevalent in the eastern tropical and semi-tropical countries. Paste of the leaves applied to prevent skin inflammation, diarrheal infusion and renal lithiasis, while leaf decoction was found useful in wound cleaning and healing.[10] Traditional users used Henna leaves to treat bacterial infection and burn wound.[3] Henna was extensively used for dying silk and wool.[22]

Seed: The seeds are antipyretic and helps in treating insanity (Ayurveda). The seeds are tonic to the brain (Yunani).

Bark: The bark is given in jaundice and in enlargement of the spleen. The decoctions are applied to burns, scalds, etc. The decoction of the bark is given as an emmenagogue in Guinea.

Flower: The flowers are placed under the pillow for soporific action. The infusion of the flower cures headache. The oil and essence are rubbed over the body to keep the body cool. In the Konkan, the leaf-juice mixed with water and sugar is given as a remedy for spermatorrhea, and with milk in the condition known as "hot and cold fits." An infusion of the flowers is given for headache, and is a good application to bruises. Poultice of the bruised leaves, or fomentation with an infusion of the leaves, are much employed as a local application to braises, sprains, and other diseases. An extract prepared from the leaves and flowers is given in leprosy. The flowers of the plant are still used in preparing a delicate highly esteemed perfume of the East.

Root: The decoction prepared from the roots are used as an abortifacient. In Cambodia, the roots are considered diuretic. They are given in gonorrhea and in bronchitis. The root of the henna plant was upheld as a specific in leprosy and also in drying up certain ulcers of the mouth and gums.


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Fruit: The fruit is claimed to be emmenagogue. The primordial use of henna appears to have been more a matter of hygiene than that of augmenting beauty. Another property of this infusion was said to be that of producing a cooling sensation to the part applied, acting gently on the sweat-glands, reducing their activity, benefiting both health and comfort.[10]

Dose[8]
Leaf juice: 5-10 ml
Leaf powder: 1-3g

Controversy - Dalhana has commented Trayantika as Madayantika in Prameha Chikitsa.[23] Hemadri had mentioned Madayantika as Yuthika (Jasminum auriculatum Vahl) in the commentary of Raktapittahara Kashaya.[24] Bhavamishra[25], Shodala Nighnatu[26], Nighantu Shesha[27], Dhanwantari Nighantu[28], Abhidana Manjari[29], Hridaya Deepika Nighantu[30] and Madanapala Nighantu[31] has mentioned it as a synonym for Mallika. Indu has commented Alambusha (Bryophytum sensitivum) as Madayantika in Kushtha Chikitsa as a Rasayana Dravya[32] and also Dhataki (Woodfordia fruiticosa) as Madayantika in Pittaja Mukharoga[33]. Astanga Nighantu had mentioned it as Dhataki.[34] Even though different sources are mentioned as Madayantika in the classics, by considering its property of colouring property, it can be clearly identified as Lawsonia inermis L.

Adulterants and substitutes[9] - Leaves are sometimes adulterated with leaves and twigs of other shrubs. Henna powder is adulterated with different organic and inorganic articles like sand, stems and fruits of henna plant and husks of paddy Oryza sativa L. and moong Vigna mungo (L).

Propagation and cultivation - Plant grows on any type of soil, from light loam to clay loam, but does best on heavy soils which are retentive of moisture. It tolerates little alkalinity in the soil. Propagation is done by seeds and cuttings. Seeds are sown in nursery beds kept flooded with water for some days before sowing. They are first soaked in water for 20-25 days with frequent changes of water for sprouting and then sown in March-April. When seedlings are 1.5 to 2 ft high, they are transplanted in the field (in July-August) after cutting out roots and shoots. They may be planted singly or 2-3 together in holes at a spacing of 30 cm in irrigated lands and 18 cm in unirrigated

lands. Daily irrigation is necessary in the initial stages. Nothing is taken from the first-year crop, but afterwards double crop is yielded every year, one in April- May and the other in October – November.[9] Henna produces maximum dye content in summer when the temperature ranges between 35℃- 45℃.[3]

Toxicity: Four extracts of the drug were found to be nontoxic. Lethal Dose of the extract was more than 1000 mg/kg.i.p. in albino mice. Among the plants causing dermatitis, the drug was found to give a positive patch test in only 1 out of 6 patients tested[9] An acute oral toxicity study of Henna root was performed in the Sprague- Dawley Rat according to the OECD Guidelines N 401(1981). The calculated oral median lethal dose was >2000 mg/kg bw. An acute dermal toxicity study of Henn root was conducted in Wistar rats according to OECD Guidelines 402(1987). Median lethal dose for Henna root was >2000 mg/kg/bw. Lawsonia inermis showed no irritative potential for the skin after a single occlusive application for 24 hours in Wistar rats, when tested for acute dermal toxicity.[35] Skin irritation was not noticed when tested in Wistar albino rats for acute dermal toxicity. Teratogenicity- No clinical signs, no abortions and no mortalities were recorded in 100 pregnant Sprague Dawley rats administered with Henna Gastric lavage.[36]

Discussion

Madayantika is botanically identified as Lawsonia inermis L. It is called so because it destroys intoxication or insanity. Authors of Brahatrayi as well as Nighantu have not mentioned it under any specific Varga. But the commentaries of Brahatrayi and Nighantukaras give different identity for this drug as Yuthika, Trayantika, Dhataki, Alambusha, Mallika, etc. Brhatrayis include this as an ingredient in Mahapanchagavya Gritha, Mahaneela Taila, etc. Nighantukaras have given this as a synonym of drugs like Mallika, Alambusha and Dhataki. Acharya Priyavrit Sharma has explained this drug in detail with synonyms and Rasa panchaka and Karma. This drug is mostly cultivated throughout India because of its commercial value. Mainly used in cosmetics as it imparts colour to the nails, skin and the hairs. The nails of Egyptian mummies are dyed using the leaves of Henna.[37] For this reason, it is also called as Nakharanjani, Ragangi, Raktaranga etc. It is mainly indicated in Pittarakta Pradhana


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Vyadhi because of its Sheetha Veerya. A randomized clinical study has shown the effect of application of Henna leaves in prevention of decubitus ulcers.[38] It is a plant also known for its colouring property. Its colouring action is mainly due to a pigment called Lawsone. A study using the dried aqueous herbal extracts of Japa (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis), Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamamsi), Kushtha (Saussurea lappa), Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), Khadira (Acacia catechu) along with powders of Madayantika (Lawsonia inermis L.) and Coffee (Coffea arabica) shown maximum colouring effect on sheep wool fibres as well as on human beings.[39] Ayurveda mainly deals with its therapeutic aspect than cosmetics.

Conclusion

Madayantika is a drug botanically identified as Lawsonia inermis L. mentioned in Samhitas, Nighantus with various identities. Madayantika is used as a cosmetic for hair and nail colouring. It has been cultivated all over India due to its commercial value. It is used both in therapeutics and cosmetics. This drug is used in the treatment of Pittapradhana Vyadhi. It is indicated in Kushtha (Skin diseases), Prameha (Diabetes), Raktapitta (Bleeding disorder), Daha (Burning sensation), Rajayakshma (Tuberculosis), Palitya (Greying of hair), etc. Even though it is mainly used in cosmetics, Ayurveda had explained it with many therapeutic indications.

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14. Pandeya SGS, editor, Gada nigraha of Vaidya Shodala. (ed.1). vol. 2, Raktapitta Chikitsa: verse no.64.New Delhi: Chawkambha Sanskrit Sansthan ;2011, p.300

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17. Acharya YT, editor, (1st ed). Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, Chikitsastana, Trimarmeeya Chikitsa, verse no.262-275. Varanasi: Chawkambha Pratistana; 2013, p 263-75

18. Vagbhata, editor, (1st ed.). Astanga Sangraha, Uttarastana, Shiroroga Pratishedha, Chapter 28, verse no.23. Varanasi: Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series Office, 2012; p 771.


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19. Acharya YT, editor, (1st ed). Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, Chikitsasthana, Apasmara Chikitsa, verse no.21. Varanasi: Chawkhambha Pratistana; 2013, p 485

20. Acharya YT, editor, (1st ed). Charaka samhita of Agnivesha, Chikitsastana, Vatashonita Chikitsa, verse no.112. Varanasi: Chawkhambha Pratisthana; 2013, p 632

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27. e-Nighantu, Nighantu Shesha, Chapter Gulma khanda, verse no.242, https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/e-Nighantu/nighantushesha/?mod=read&h=madayant

28. Kamat SD, Studies on Medicinal Plants and Drugs in Dhanwantari Nighantu, Chapter Amradi varga; Verse no.492, verse no.129, Varanasi: Chawkhambha Suprabharati Prakashan, 2002.

29. eNighantu, Abhidana manjari, Chapter Sankeerna Varga, verse no.1049. https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/e-Nighantu/abhidhanamanjari/?mod=read&h=madayant

30. Sharma PV, Hridaya Deepika Nighantu of Bopadeva, Chapter Ekapada varga, verse no.93, Varanasi; Chawkhambha Amarabharati Prakashan;

31. Shastry JLN, Illustrated Madanapala Nighantu, 1st ed, Chapter Karpuradi Varga, verse no. 76; 2010, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, p.92.

32. Sharma S, editor (3rd ed.), Commentary Shashilekha on Astanga Sangraha of Vriddha Vagbhata. Chikitsa sthana; Kushthachikitsitam: Chapter 21, Verse 23. Varanasi: Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series Office, 2012; p 550.

33. Sharma S, editor (3rd ed.), Commentary Shashilekha on Astanga Sangraha of Vriddha Vagbhata. Uttara tantra; Mukharoga Pratishedha: Chapter 26, verse no.57. Varanasi: Chawkhambha Sanskrit Series Office, 2012; p 761

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Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2022;7(10)210