E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Santarpana

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2023 Volume 8 Number 3 March
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

A Review on Etiopathogenesis of Santarpana and Apatarpana Janya Vyadhi

Radhika Rani V.1*, Hirulal M.2
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.3.24

1* V Radhika Rani, Assistant Professor, Department of Roga Nidana Evam Vikrti Vijnana, Sri Kalabyraweshwara Ayurvedic Medical college, Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

2 Mahesh Hirulal, Associate Professor, Department of Roga Nidana Evam Vikrti Vijnana, SDM College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

Santarpana and Apatarpana are the two types of effects in the body by the regular exposure to Brimhana and Langhana Ahara, Viharas respectively. In present scenario incidence of non-communicable diseases are increasing and are the risk factors for many systemic illnesses and mortality. A detailed understanding of non-communicable diseases is need of the hour. Those Dravyas which are predominant of Prithvi and Ap Mahabhoota will cause Brimhana and Dravyas which are predominant of Agni, Vayu and Akasha will cause Langhana. Santarpana Nidanas will vitiates predominantly Agni, Kapha and Meda leading for Santarpanotha Vikaras. From contemporary understanding these can be studied under over nutritive disorders. On the other hand, improper or excessive exposure to Apatarpana Ahara and Vihara leads to the vitiation of Vata and leads to increased Rookshata in Rasa Dhatu leading to Utharothara Dhatu Kshaya and manifesting the Apatarpana Janya Vikaras. These can be studied as nutritional deficiency disorders. Here an attempt is made to study the Santarpana and Apatarpana Nidana, Samprapti and Vikaras in detail.

Keywords: Santarpana, Apatarpana, Nutritional Deficiency Disorders, Langhana, Brimhana

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
V Radhika Rani, Assistant Professor, Department of Roga Nidana Evam Vikrti Vijnana, Sri Kalabyraweshwara Ayurvedic Medical college, Hospital and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		V Radhika Rani, Mahesh Hirulal, A Review on Etiopathogenesis of Santarpana and Apatarpana Janya Vyadhi. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2023;8(3):129-133.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2348

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2023-02-02 2023-02-04 2023-02-11 2023-02-18 2023-02-25
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 17%

© 2023by V Radhika Rani, Mahesh Hirulaland Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Ayurveda explains everything in universe is made up of Panchamahabhuta. The concepts like Dravya, Guna, Karma, Samanya and Vishesha were explained to understand the cause-and-effect theory in detail. Ayurveda has explained the importance of proper intake of food in the maintenance of health.[1] All Ahara Dravya were made up of Panchamahabhuta and human body is also made up of Panchmahabhuta. Guna, Karma and Prabava of Dravya will affect the body in different ways. Santarpana and Apatarpana are two effects seen on body by different Ahara and Vihara. In extreme pathogenicity, these will turn to Vyadhi. The same concept is used to treat these Vyadhi by adopting the opposite modality viz. Santarpana Chikitsa in Apatharpanotha Vyadhi and Apatharpana Chikitsa in Santarpanotha Vyadhi.[2]

Santarpana 

Santarpana     Word Meaning[3,4]
§     Santarpayati Indriyani Iti
§     Triptikaarake
§     Preenanam
§     Brimhana Hetuka
Apatarpanam   §     Langhanam
§     Karshanam

Santarpana can be explained as the nourishment of Dhatus and Indriyas up to its saturating level. Brimhana is mentioned as the synonym of Santarpana[5]

Apatarpana can be explained as the undernourishment of Dhatus and Indriyas. Langhana is mentioned as the synonym of Apatarpana[6]

Santarpana Janya Vyadhi

Brihat Trayees has explained that the improper or excessive exposure to Santarpana (Brimhana) can lead to various disorders. They are termed as Santarpana Janya Vikaras.

Nidana

Ahara Dravya containing Snigdha, Madhura, Guru, Pichila Guna will lead to Santarpana.[7] Excessive use of Navanna, Navamadya, Anupa and Varija Mamsa, Gorasa and Paistika will do Santarpana.[8] Vagbhata included Ksheera, Sarpi and Sita as Santarpana Nidana.[9]

These all Nidanas contains high calories and lipids. These will lead for over nourishment if taken in excessive quantity.

Sedentary life style like Cheshta Dweshi, Diwaswapna, Shaiyya Sugha, Asana Sukha Swapna Sukha, Abhyanga, Snana will lead to Santarpana.[10,11]

The combination of high caloric intake and low caloric metabolism will lead to over nourishment to body and leads for many disorders.

Santarpana Janya Vyadhi Samprapti

There is a broad list of Santarpanotha Vyadhi in classical texts. Even though Santarpana is the cause for these all conditions, these all occur due to different Samprapti.

List of Santarpanotha Vyadhi and factors involved in manifestation of these conditions are enlisted below.[12]

Santarpana Janya Vyadhi Factors contributing in Samprapti
Prameha, Atisthoulya Kapha-Medha Dosha Dushya Sammurchana
Pidaka, Kota, Kandu Kusta, Pramilaka Tridosha, Rasa, Twak and Mamsavaha Sroto Dusti.
Pandu Jwara Ama-Rasavaha Sroto Dusti
Klaibya Ama-Rasavaha and Shukravaha Sroto Dusti
Mutrakrchra Ama, Mutravaha Sroto Dusti
Amapradosha Ama – Rasavaha ,Annavaha, Purishavaha Sroto Dusti
Arochaka Gurugatrata Tandra Alasya Sopha Amaja Lakshana
Indriyasrotasamlepa Budhirmoha Kapha-Tama Dosha and Manovaha and different Indriya Srotodusti

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Apatarpana Janya Vyadhi

Nidana: The improper or excessive exposure to Apatarpana (Langhana) leads to the manifestation of certain diseases which are termed as Apatarpana Janya Vyadhi. Excessive intake of all the Vata aggravating Ahara and Viharas will lead to Apatarpana Janya Vyadhi.[13] Ahara containing Ruksha, Laghu, Khara, Sukshma Gunas will contribute in Vata vitiation. Ativyayama, Ativyavaya, Adhyayana, Ratrijagarana, suppression of Kshuth and Pipasa, excessive Kashaya Rasa Sevana and Alpa Ashana are the Viharaja Nidanas. Manasika Nidanas like Bhaya, Shoka will also leads to Apatarpana Janya Vikaras.[14] Specific Nidanas like Sahasa, Vega Sandharana, Vishmashana and Dhatukshaya explained in Rajayakshma context were group of Nidanas which will manifest the Apatarpana Janya Vikaras. Low caloric intake and excessive physical activity will lead to depletion of fat and damage at cellular level. Under nourishment, protein-energy malnutrition can be considered as Apatarpana Janya Vyadhi.

Samanya Samprapti of Apatarpana Janya Vikaras

Nidana Sevanat

↓

Vata Pradhana Tridosha Dusti

↓

Agni Dusti

↓

Increased Rookshata of Rasa Dhatu/Rasa Dhatu Kshaya

↓

Reduced nourishment to other Dhatus

↓

Dhatu Kshaya

↓

Vyadhi

List of Apatarpana Janya Vyadhi[15]

  • Depletion of Jataragni, Bala, Varna, Ojas, Sukra and Mamsa
  • Jwara associated with Kasa
  • Parswa Shoola
  • Arochaka
  • Srotra Dourbalya
  • Unmada
  • Pralapa
  • Hrdaya Vyadha
  • Purisha and mutra sangraha
  • Shoola in Jangha and Uru
  • Parva Asthi Sandhi Bheda
  • Vataja Rogas

The excessive or improper exposure to the Nidanas can lead to the Vata Pradhana Tridosha Dushti which vitiates the Agni and thereby it results in the Rasa Dhatu Kshaya or increased Rookshata of Rasa Dhatu. Progressively it can result in the reduced nourishment to the successive Dhatus that causes Dhatu Kshaya and the manifestation of Apatarpana Janya Vikaras.

Discussion

Santarpana Janya Vikaras are given much importance as it is a very common set of disorders in the present scenario. So, the understanding of these Vyadhi, its etiopathology is very much contributory to the science and its clinical application. Most of the Santarpana Janya Nidanas can be observed in causing Prameha. It is mentioned as the first Santarpana Janya Vyadhi. In Prameha, the Nidanas like excessive intake of Ksheera, Navamadya, Anupa and Varija Mamsa, Diwaswapna, Saiyya Sugha etc, Kapha Pradhana Tridosha Dusti takes place. Bahudravakapha is mainly initiating the pathology along with the Dasha Dushyas (Meda, Mamsa, Vasa, Majja, Kleda, Sukra, Rakta, Lasika and Rasa). On favourable combination of Nidana, Dosha and Dushyas, the Bahudrava Kapha spreads all over the body due to Shithilatha of Sharira. As Medas is Abadha or Asamhatha (not properly formed) in this condition and is having similar Guna of Kapha, it mixes initially with Meda and vitiates it. As the Mamsa and Kleda Amsha in the body is also excessive in quantity, Dushitha Kapha along with Meda vitiates Mamsa and produces Pidakas like Sharavika Kacchapika etc., whereas Dushita Kleda in excess are transformed into urine and moves to Basthi and produces Prameha.[16] In Kusta similar Nidanas like excessive intake of Ksheera, Dadhi, Kola,


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Kulatha, Masha, Virudha Ahara Vihara Sevana, excessive oleation etc. can lead to the Shithilatha of Twak, Mamsa, Shonitha and Lasika along with Tridosha Dusti. This Prakupitha Dosha localises in the Twak and produces different types of skin disorders in the body.[17] Sthoulya can be understood as the classical example of Santarpana Janya Vikara. Intake of Guru, Madhura, Sheetha, Singdha Ahara in excess, exposure to Viharaja Nidanas like Diwaswapna, Avyayama, Avyavaya and Achinta etc. Meda is increased and becomes vitiated and produces the Ashta Dosas in Sthoulya. This vitiated Medas obstructs the Vayu, so the movement of Vayu is confined to Koshta, resulting in excessive stimulation of Agni. So, the patient digests the food and becomes a binge eater which will further worsen the condition. This causes the excessive fat accumulation in Sphik, Udara and Sthana which is the Prathyatma Lakshana of Sthoulya.[18]

The etiopathology of Apatarpana Janya Vikaras can be understood by analysing certain diseases like Shosha, Kshaya and Karshya. The fourfold Nidanas like Sahasa, Sandharana, Kshaya and Vishamashana leads to the Vata Pradhana Tridosha Dusti and leads to different Samprapti to manifest Shosha in the body. In the Kshaya Janya Shosha, the Nidanas like excessive Shoka, Chinta, Bhaya, Krodha and intake of Rooksha and minute or lack of food intake leads to Rasa Kshaya and manifests Shosha[19] and if neglected, it can lead to Rajayakshma. In this condition, when already emaciated person excessively indulge in the sexual intercourse, Dhatu Kshaya reaches upto the level of Shukra Dhatu due to the Vata Pradhana Tridosha Prakopa and the complications like Kasa, Swasa, Swarabheda, Shonita Steevana can be observed. This leads to absolute emaciation of the body (Vyadhi Karshitha) and the individual is vulnerable for many disorders as the Ojus is also reduced which will affect the Bala or Vyadhikshamatwa of the patient, if neglected or mismanaged it is fatal. Karshya can be understood as the classical example of Apatarpana Janya Vyadhi. Intake of Rooksha Annapana, Viharaja Nidanas like Langhana, Pramithashana, Nidra Vega Dharana etc. leads to the Vata Dosha Dusti and Rasa Dhatu Kshaya and the Shushkatha of Sphik, Udara and Greeva is observed which is the Prathyatma Lakshana of Karshya.[20]


Conclusion

The diseases mentioned in Santarpana and Apatarpana can also be considered as Kapha Pradhana and Vata Pradhana Avastha of certain diseases. Eventhough Santarpana (Brimhana) and Apatarpana (Langhana) are considered as treatment procedures or effect on the body, if it is improperly administered or followed in an individual it leads to the pathology and formation of various Santarpana and Apatarpana Janya Vikaras. In the whole concept of the Santarpana and Apatarpana, the prime most focus is given to the Guna and Pramana of the Ahara.

So, here the Acharyas have concluded the importance of the proper Ahara Vidhi in the maintenance of health and prevention of diseases.

Reference

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