E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Communicable diseases

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2023 Volume 8 Number 4 April
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Rasayan as a Public Health Tool at the time of Communicable Disease

Dorage P.1*, Thatere A.2, Singh R.3
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.4.24

1* Priyanka Dorage, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, Government Ayurved College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

2 Ashish Thatere, Guide & Assistant Professor, Department of Kayachikitsa, Government Ayurved College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

3 Ramraj Singh, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, Government Ayurved College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Communicable diseases are illness caused by infectious agent or its toxins that spread from an infected person to normal person through the direct or indirect transmission. In Ayurved, communicable diseases are clearly mentioned under a broad term Janpadodhwansa and Aupasargik Roga according to Charak and Sushrut respectively. Most of the concepts of Janpadodhwansa are like etiology, mode of transmission and principles of prevention of outbreak etc. Are more likely corresponding to current theories about epidemic and pandemic. Immunity of an individual plays a major role in action of the infectious agent and development of further disease. “Rasayan Chikitsa” is therapy which produces the best quality of Rasaadi Sapta-Dhatus by increased Agni producing further the good quality of Ojas. Due to which the optimum Vyadhikshmatva is achieved, it further helps in controlling the disease condition. Rasayan also increases the longevity, mental, physical communicable diseases strength and improve quality of life. Activities of Rasayan botanicals on immune mechanisms and its antiviral activity provide a sound logic to use of these botanicals as a preventive major in the communicable diseases. Rasayan acts on both main manifestation of any diseases that is Manasika (psychosomatic) by Aachar Rasayan and Sharirik (body) by drug therapy. This review focuses on how communicable diseases can be prevent and control by Rasayan and how Rasayan help to improve public health. It also focuses on complications of communicable diseases which is major current challenge (in terms of Post COVID-19 syndrome) for Global Health system.

Keywords: Communicable diseases, Janpadodhwansa, Rasayan, Vyadhikshmatva, Ojas, Agni

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Priyanka Dorage, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Kayachikitsa, Government Ayurved College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
Email: 		Priyanka Dorage, Ashish Thatere, Ramraj Singh, Rasayan as a Public Health Tool at the time of Communicable Disease. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2023;8(4):141-146.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2411

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2023-02-25 2023-02-27 2023-03-06 2023-03-13 2023-03-20
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 16%

© 2023by Priyanka Dorage, Ashish Thatere, Ramraj Singhand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Communicable diseases are an illness that readily communicated by transmission of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, Fungai etc. from an infected individuals, vector, animal or inanimate environment to a human host or susceptible animal.[1] Communicable diseases transmitted by two ways either direct or indirect. In direct transmission, an infectious agent or toxin is transferred from an infected person to a susceptible host by droplet spread or direct contact. Droplet spread refers to transmission by direct spray over a few feet, before the droplets fall to the ground. The spray can be short or large-range aerosols produced by coughing, sneezing or even talking. Direct contact occurs through kissing, skin-to-skin contact, sexual intercourse, vegetation harbouring, bodily fluids, blood products and soil infectious organisms. Transmission of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors) is called as Indirect transmission.[2]

In Ayurved, communicable diseases are clearly mentioned under a broad term Janpadodhwansa [3] and Aupasargik Roga [4] by Charak and Shushruta respectively. Most of the concepts of Janpadodhwansa like aetiology, mode of transmission and principles of prevention of outbreak are more likely corresponding to current theories about epidemic and pandemic.

There may be common factors like Vayu (air), Jala (water), Desha (place) and Kala (season) which are more lethal in their consecutively increasing order[5], when contaminated, may lead to various diseases of a particular place, termed as “Janapadodhwansha”.[6] Adharma (unrighteousness) is the root cause of vitiation of all this factors and is led by Pragyaparadh.[7] “Janapada” refers to living beings inhabited area and “Dhwamsa” refers to destruction, hence the destruction of a particular habitat due to Sankramika-Roga is a Janapadodhwansha. Janapadodhwansha specifies the disease of large number of people within a specific region from disease probably infectious and communicable in nature.[3]

Shushruta has mentioned the diseases which communicate from one person to another under the term Aupasargika Roga. Kushtha (skin diseases),

Jwara (fever), Shosha (Emaciation), and Netrabhishyanda (conjunctivitis) are examples given under Aupasargika Roga. Different modes of transmission of disease include Prasanga (mutual contact), Gatrasansparsha (skin to skin touch), Nihashwasa (exhaled air), Sahabhojana (eating at common place), Sahashaiya (sharing the sleeping place), Asana (sitting close to each other), using Vastra(cloths), Malya (using garlands) and Anulepana. [4]

As per Shushruta, certain diseases like Jwara (fever), Kasa (cough), Pratishyaya (rhinitis), Shwasa (dyspnoea) and Shirahashoola (headache) affect large number of people of a Janapada or Desha either through polluted or vitiated air or contaminated things like home, bed, seat, vehicle, gems or even through contact of females.[8] Most of these clinical features may be observed in various infections of respiratory tract in current practices population.

Ashtanga Hridaya has been used the term Sanchariroga for the diseases which communicate from person to person. For example, diseases of eye and skin spread from touch, or from a common source like sharing food and sleeping closely. [9]

The prevalence of fear of Global pandemic COVID-19 was reported to be 18.1 to 45.2%. Psychologically, this process of alteration can lead to feelings of fear, insecurity, and anxiety; as a result disease symptom worsens and result in a greater number of deaths. According to Charaka depression is a leading factor in aggravation of any disease. [10]

Effect of Communicable Diseases on Public Health: India comes acrosses a variety of epidemics and pandemics like Cholera, Influenza, Small pox and many more.[11] However newly added infectious disease COVID-19 caused by SARS-COV-2 causing a global pandemic with millions of cases worldwide [12] predicts a high burden of physical, neuro-psychological and social need.[13]Several factors like Globalisation, climate changes, urbanisation, lack of sanitation, poverty, malnutrition, lack of proper health system and immunosuppression lead to natural and easier transmission of infectious diseases in the community.[11] Emergency condition exists, once disease established so overall goals are rapid assessment, outbreak control, surveillance, prevention and management of disease.


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Importance of Immunity in Communicable diseases
The immune system plays a dual role, acting as a resistant by defending the body from infectious agents by fighting against them and acting as a tolerant by enduring the microbes present within the body.[14]

It is found that patients with comorbidities suffer more than the healthy peoples due to low immunity level.[15] Overall the control of infectious agent requires different specialized immune responses, depending on the host tissue and their immune response, they replicate and manifestation of severity of disease occur according to that. During the development of host protective immunity, the adaptive and innate immune systems cooperate in order to efficiently eliminate the infectious pathogens.[16] This suggests that the body’s immune system plays a crucial role in disease development.

The equilibrium state of Dhatu is called Swasthya.[17] The person who is desirous to be healthy should adopt healthy practices related to diet, conduct, and activities. Thus, immunity can be considered in Ayurved as Vyadhikshmatva and Ojas (Sarvadhatu Sara); which depends on the condition of Agni, Dosha, and Dhatu.

The term Vyadhikshmatva (Vyadhi means disease and Kshamatwa stands for potency or ability) is defined as the ability of the body to prevent or resist the development of the disease. The Vyadhikshmatva is of two types 1) Vyadhi Pratibandhakatwa, prevents the onset of disease 2) Vyadhi Balanirodhakatwa, one that withstands the virility of the disease.[18]

So, immunity has important role in manifestation of severity in communicable diseases. High mortality among immune-compromised and those with some underlying pathology implies that the factors that improve Vyadhikshmatva can prevent serious manifestations due to infection Enhancement of immunity plays an important role in maintaining optimum health and preventing such communicable diseases.[16]

Rasayan importance in communicable diseases
Janapadodhwansha can be prevented and controlled by using Panchakarma i.e., purification procedures like Vamana, Virechana, Basti, Nasya and also by Rasayana and obeying the Sadavritta can be

useful in the risk-prone areas to improve immunity and minimize the risk of infection.[19] Rasayana helps in increasing the Vyadhi Kshamatwa. by replenishing the Dhatus (tissues).[20] Ayurveda’s insights of preventive care are based on the concepts of “Dinacharya” [21] (daily regimes) and “Ritucharya”[22] [(seasonal regimes). These help in maintaining physical and mental health, immunity and longevity.

Rasayana boosts the immune system by potentiating Oja (essence of Dhatus). Researchers have proved that Amalki, Haritaki, Pippali, Shilajatu increases gamma globulin which help to increase in nonspecific resistance.[23]

Rasayana promotes nutrition by explicitly enriching the nutritional value of Rasa by enhancing Agni, i.e., digestion, metabolism, and absorption (by Strotoshodhan). Consequently, enhance the health of all body tissues. Rasayan increases the longevity, increases mental as well as physical strength, destroys the disease process and decreases the aging process.[24] Guduchi, Ashwagandha and Shatavari are known to modulate the immune system and possess antiviral activities.

Activities of botanicals on immune mechanisms provide a sound logic to use of these botanicals in Post COVID-19 Syndrome treatment. Total 31 major phytoconstituents are identified from Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Asparagus racemosus. Some of the phytoconstituents have a possible role in reducing inflammatory responses which lead to arrest disease progression and prevent organ failure.[25]

The numerous drugs which are Rasayana according to Ayurvedic texts include Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Maricha (Piper nigrum) and Amalaki (Emblica officinale) useful to re-establish immune competency in conditions in severe conditions which compromise the immune system because of their immuno-stimulating properties which help survey and regulate the activity of NK Cells, immunoglobulins, lymphocytes (T & B), macrophages, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), polymorphonuclear cells, and interleukins.[26]

Medhya Rasayana in Fear of Disease
Nagarjuna has mentioned that Medhya drugs mainly act by their Achintya Virya i.e., Prabhava. Medhya Rasayana of Madhur, Tikta Rasa, Ushna Virya improves functional neurological


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Dorage P et al: Rasayan as a Public Health Tool at the time of Communicable Disease

disorder by nourishing five senses, Agni Deepan, Strotoshodhan. Medhya Rasayana drugs like Mandukparni Svarasa, Sankhapuṣpi Kalka, Guduchi Svarasa and Mulethi Churna increases power of reception and power of recalling..

Rasayan Dravya which explain how Rasayan work in Communicable Diseases:

Guduchi: Guduchi acts as an antioxidant and a known immunomodulator.[27] Octacosanol isolated from the plant has been shown to act as an active anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic.[28]

Amalaki: The crude extracts of Amalaki Researches have proven the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities. In Ayurved it is considered to be Balya means impart strength to the body. Amalaki is a rich source of vitamin C[29] which is useful to prevent systemic infection of body.[30]

Maricha: Maricha is a well-known Rasayana which is anti-oxidant which increase the bio availability of the drug and also increases total WBC.[31] it acts as an anti-inflammatory as piperine inhibit the expression of MMP13 and IL6 and also helps in reduced PGE2 [32]

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri): Brahmi acts on the central nervous system and slows down the stress activity. In cases of global distress or epidemic, people usually get paranoid, so it might be helpful to reduce stress and anxiety.[33] An in-vitro study suggests that bacoside-rich ethanolic extracts have anti-inflammatory effects.[34]

Turmeric (Curcuma longa): It is one of the most important spices of India and considered as one of the Rasayana. Curcumin is the main polyphenol separated from turmeric are known to possess an anti-oxidant, anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory activities as it reduces IL-1 and TNF-α.[35] It also targets various inflammatory mediators like cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase which further diminishes the release of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines which suppress the free radical production which leads to ends of further tissue toxicity.[36]

It is also act as NLRP3 inflammation activation inhibitor.[37] It is also had a cytotoxic effect which enhance immunity through T cell stimulation along with anti-metastatic effect.[38]


Tulasi (Ocimum tenuiflorum):

Tulasi is known to be as “Elixir of life”. Tulasi possess anti-pyretic, immunomodulator, anti-analgesic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory property.[39] The studies have shown the increase in natural killer cell and also increase in the percentage of T-helper cells after 4 weeks of intervention on healthy volunteers.[40] The aqueous extract of Tulasi has inhibitory effect on polio virus type 3, entero virus, viral encephalitis, herpes virus.[41] In mild to moderate asthmatic patients, bronchodilator activity of Tulasi has also been reported.[42]

Hot water and Copperized Water

Hot water helps in Aam Pachana (digestion of sludge resulting from undigested food) which establish the Agni (Bio-Digestive Fire) which lead to improves immunity. Water stored in copper vessels acts as a natural antioxidant and helps balance the three Doshas of Vata, Pitta and Kapha and also help in eliminating the residing bacteria in the water.[43],[44]

Conclusion

Rasayan can be best Public Health tool in communicable diseases by increasing immune response of body towards disease also for complication of diseases. It also helps to improve quality of life, mental status which is essential in period of communicable diseases.

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