E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Dhava

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2023 Volume 8 Number 6 June
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Dhava (Anogeissus latifolia) : Axle wood from the treasure of Ayurveda

Singh P.1*, Singh V.2, Tiwari R.3, Negi D.4, Pal S.5
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.6.28

1* Pooja Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Agad Tantra, Ankerite Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2 Vasu Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Samhita evum Siddhant, Ankerite Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

3 R.C. Tiwari, HOD and Professor, Department of Agad Tantra, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Rishikul Campus, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India.

4 Deepti Negi, Assistant Professor, Department of Agad Tantra, Dev Bhoomi medical college of Ayurveda and Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

5 Satendra Pal, Assistant Professor, Department of Agad Tantra, Himalayiya Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

Dhava (Anogeissus latifolia), Combretaceae family, commonly known as Bakali or Axlewood, is a prominent herb in Ayurveda which is used as food medicine and other since long ago. This article reviews the various references of Dhava in Ayurvedic texts regarding its therapeutic uses and different formulations. The review also encompasses the pharmacological activities and various folklore uses of this plant. It is medicinally used in the management of several ailments. Till date this plant has been screened out for activities like as anti-oxidants, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer, anti-microbial and wound healing activity. This present review article contains spectrum of information about Anogeissus latifolia under major heads general information, pharmacognostic, chemical, pharmacological, clinical studies with references.

Keywords: Dhava, Bakali, Hepatoprotective, Wound Healing

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Pooja Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Agad Tantra, Ankerite Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Pooja Singh, Vasu Singh, R.C. Tiwari, Deepti Negi, Satendra Pal, Dhava (Anogeissus latifolia) : Axle wood from the treasure of Ayurveda. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2023;8(6):174-183.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2465

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2023-04-24 2023-04-26 2023-05-03 2023-05-10 2023-05-17
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Nil Nil Yes 17%

© 2023by Pooja Singh, Vasu Singh, R.C. Tiwari, Deepti Negi, Satendra Paland Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Dhava is the Sanskrit word referring to धवति पाण्डु धूयते वा प्रमेहादिः अनेन इति ।

‘Dhava’, is a large to moderate sized tree, common throughout Nepal, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and India in deciduous forests of the Himalayas and South Indian Hills. It is an important medicinal plant used in different Ayurvedic preparation. A brief description about this plant is.

Taxonomy[2]

Subkingdom: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)

Superdivision: Spermatophyta (Seed plants)

Division: Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)

Class: Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)

Subclass: Rosidae

Order: Myrtales

Family: Combretaceae (Indian Almond family)

Genus: Anogeissus

Species: Anogeissus latifolia ( Roxb. Ex DC.) Wall.

Classical Names[3]

Dhurandhara, Dhava, Pishach-Vriksha, Nandi Taru, Dhata, Sdhira, Gaura.

Vernacular Names[3]

Eng- Button tree, Dindiga tree, Ghatti tree, Axel wood; Hindi- Dhaura, Dhava, Bakali, Dhon; Beng- Dhaoya, Dhawa; Guj- Dhavdo; Kan.- Bejjalu, Dinduge, Dindal; Mal.- Malukkanniram, Vellanava; Tel- Chirimanu, Tiruman, Cerimanu, Sirikarra; Arabic- Kanti; Oriya- Dohu, Chobu; Raj- Goldia, Dhaukra, Dhokri, Dau; U.P & North West Himalaya- Bakli, Dhauri.

Table 1: Ayurvedic Properties[3]

Properties P.V Sharma A.P.I Data based on medicinal plants
Rasa Kashaya Madhur, Kashaya Kashaya
Guna Laghu, Ruksha Ruksha, Guru Laghu, Ruksha
Veerya Sheet Sheet Sheet
Vipaka Katu Katu Katu
Doshkarma Kaph-Pitta Shamka Pitta- Kaphahar Kaph-Pitta Shamka

Rogaghnata: Kshata, Varna, Shotha, Atisar, Pravahika, Raktarsha, Raktapitta, Raktavikara, Prameha, Kustha.

Karma: Raktarodhaka, Vranaropana, Shotha-hara, Stambhana, Shonita Sthapana, Mootrasanghraniya, Rasayana, Vishaghna

Doses: Decoction- 50 to 100 ml

 Gum- 0.5 to 1 gm.

Historical Aspect: Historical aspect of Dhava was described in different Kalas. It is divided into three Kala.

1. Vedic Kala

2. Samhita Kala

3. Nighantu Kala

1. Vedic Kala[4]

भद्रातप्लक्षात्रिस्तिश्ठिस्यश्रृत्थात् खदिरात् धवात् ।। (अर्थव.5/5/958)

2. Samhita Kala: Ayurveda’s perfect evolution was seen during the Samhita Kala. The Samhita Kala is the main landmark in the history of Ayurveda.

a. Charaka Samhita (1000-1500 B.C): In Charaka Samhita Dhava is not described in any Mahakashaya. But it is mentioned in Sutra, Vimana, Chikitsa Sthana for treating the disease by the name Dhava.

Table 2: Showing Dhava formulation from Charaka Samhita[5]

SN Formulation Disease / Properties References
1. Siddhtam Churna- Pradeha Kustha, Kilasa, Bhagandar, Arsha, Apachi, Pama Charaka Sutra 3/3-7
2. Kashaya Skandh (Basti) Kapha Evam Pitta Vikara Charaka Vimana 8/144
3. Unnis Balaadi Rasayana Anti-aging and Rejuvenation Charaka Chikitsa 1-2/12
4. Amalaka Bramha Rasayana Jra vyadhi prashmnm Buddhi indriya Balpradam Charaka Chikitsa 1-3/3
5. Dwitiya Indrokta Rasayana Sarvaroga Prashmna, Vishaghna Charaka Chikitsa 1-4/15
6. Chandanadi Taila Jwara Charaka Chikitsa 3/258
7. Kapha- Prameha Nashaka Yoga  Kapha-Prameha Charaka Chikitsa 6/27-29
8. Vata-Kapha Kusthaghna Lepa Kustha Charaka Chikitsa 7/125
9. Raktarsha Parishechna Yoga Raktarsha Charaka Chikitsa 14/214
10. Khadiradi Lepa Kapha Yukta Visarpa Charaka Chikitsa 21/88
11. Saptachhadi Yavagu Evam Kwatha Mutra-Krichha Charaka Chikitsa 26/57
12. Uddumbaraadi Taila Yoni Vyapad Charaka Chikitsa 30/74
13. Kariraadi Kwatha Yoni Vyapada Charaka Chikitsa 30/82
14. Shallaki Aadi Sneh Pichhu Yoni Vyapada Charaka Chikitsa30/108



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b. Sushruta Samhita (1000 B.C- 5th century AD)

In this Samhita Acharya Sushrut mentioned Dhava under different Gana, Agada and as a Jala Shodhaka Oushadha in different Sthana for treating disease.

Table 3: Showing Dhava formulations from Sushrut Samhita[6]

SN Formulations Disease/ Properties Reference
1. Rakta Skandana Rakta Ati Pravriti Sushrut Sutra 14/36
2. Vrana Ropana Vrana Sushrut Sutra 36/28-29
3. Saalsaraadi Gana Kushta, Meha, Pandu Sushrut Sutra 38/12
4. Mushkaadi Gana Medo Roga Shukradosha, Pandu. Sushrut Sutra 38/20
5. Daruna Karma Vrana Sushrut Chikitsa 1/86
6. Vrana Ropana Sadhyo Vrana Sushrut Chikitsa 2/64
7. Dhava Ghrit Paka Pittaj Kustha Sushrut Chikitsa 9/7
8. Saalsaraadi Kashaya Maha Kushta Sushrut Chikitsa 10/3-4
9. Sarvamantha Kalpa Maha Kustha Sushrut Chikitsa 10/ 7-10
10. Saalsaraadi Leha Prameha Sushrut Chikitsa 12/10
11. Shilajeet Pryog Vidhan Madhu Meha Sushrut Chikitsa 13/11
12. Kaphaja Vridhi Pralepa Kaphaja Vridhi Sushrut Chikitsa 19/ 12
13. Kaphaja Updansha Lepa Kaphaja Updansha Sushrut Chikitsa 19/33
14. Dhavadi Sidha Taila Shook Dosha Sushrut Chikitsa 21/ 10
15. Ajkar naadi Asthapana Basti Parishrava Vyapada Sushruta Chikitsa 34/17
16. Dushita Jala Shodhaka Oushadhi Jala Shodhana Sushrut Kalpa 3/9
17.  Kshara Agada Sarva Visha Sushrut Kalpa 3/3
18. Maha Sugandhi Agada Visha Sushrut Kalpa 3/22
19. Dhavaadi Agada Vishwambhra Visha Sushrut Kalpa 8/51
20. Netra Prasadana Anjana Drishtigat Roga Sushrut Uttartantra 17/96
21. Amrakapithadi Swarasa Poorana Karnagat Roga Sushrut Uttartantra 21/47
22.   Dhavadi Taila Pitta Evam Rakta Pratishyaya Sushrut Uttartantra 24/29
23. Palankshaadi Ghrit Paan Revati Bala Griha Sushrut Uttartantra 31/5

c. Astanga Samgraha ( 6TH century AD ):

In this Samhita, Acharya Vridha Vagbhata mentioned Dhava in different Sthana for curing diseases.

Table 4: Showing Dhava formulation from Astanga Samgraha[7]

SN Formulation Disease Reference
1. Asanaadigana Shvitra, Kustha, Krimi, Pandu, Prameha Astanga Samgraha Sutra 16/13-14
2. Mushkaadigana Gulma, Meha, Ashmari, Pangu, Arsha. Astanga Samgraha Sutra 16/26
3. Netra Tarpana-Put-Paka Netra Roga Astanga Samgraha Sutra 33/8
4. Dhavaadi Kwatha Kaphaja Mutraghaat   Astanga Samgraha Chikitsa 13

d. Astanga Hridaya (8th Century AD)

In this Samhita Acharya Laghu Vagbhata mentioned Dhava in different Sthana for treating diseases.

Table 5: Showing Dhava formulation from Astanga Hridaya[8]

SN Formulation Disease Reference
1. Asanaadigana Shvitra, Kustha, Krimi, Pandu, Prameha Astanga Hridaya Sutra 15/19
2. Mushkaadigana Gulma, Meha, Ashmari, Pangu, Arsha Astanga Hridaya Sutra 15/32
3. Netra Tarpana-Put-Paka Netra Roga Astanga Hridaya Sutra 24/18
4. Dhavaadi Kwatha Kaphaja Mutraghata Astanga Hridaya Chikitsa 11/12
5. Rodhraadi Kashaya Kaphaja Prameha Astanga Hridaya Chikitsa 12/7
6. Mushkaadi Kashaya Kaphodar Astanga Hridaya Chikitsa 15/68
7. Dhavaadi Lepa Kaphaja Visarpa Astanga Hridaya Chikitsa 18/15
8. Chitrakaadi Lepa Kustha Astanga Hridaya Chikitsa 19/86
9. Pindaanjana Linga Naash Astanga Hridaya Chikitsa 14/31
10. Dhavaadi Nasya Taila Pittaja Pratishyaya Astanga Hridaya Chikitsa 20/12
11. Shunthiaadi Rasayana Yoga Vyaadhi- Jra Vimukta Astanga Hridaya Chikitsa 39/105

3. Nighantu Kala

After a long pause, Ayurveda was again revived to its glory in Nighantu period. Nighantu had mainly described Bahya-Lakshana means morphological characters of Dhava.

Table 6: Showing information of Dhava In Nighantu[9-13]

SN Nighantu Paryaya Guna-Karma Varga
1. Kaiyadeva Nighantu [9] (15th Cent. A.D) Dhava, Nanditaka, Shaktakhya, Bharodvah, Kashaya-Madhur, Tvakka, Sthira, Gaur, Dhurandhar. Rasa - Kashya, Madhur Virya - Sheetal Doshakarma - Kapha-Pittahar Roghanta - Prameha-Pandu Nashaka Oushdha Varga  
2. Bhavaprakash Nighantu[10] (16th Cent. A.D) Dhava, Dhat, Nanditaru, Gaur, Dhurandhar     Rasa - Madhur, Kashaya Virya - Sheeta Doshakarama - Pitta-Kaphahar Roghanta - Prameh, Arsh, Pandu Vataadi Varga
3. Raj Nighantu[11] (17th Cent. A.D)   Dhava, Dradtaru, Gaur, Kashayk, Madhurtwak, Dhavl, Shuklavriksha, Pandur, Pandutaru Rasa - Kashaya, Katu Doshakarama - Kapha-Vata Nashak, Pittaprakopaka Roghanta - Deepan Prabhadraadi Varga
4. Shaligraam Nighantu [12] (19th Cent. A.D) Dhava, Pishachavriksha, Shaktakhya, Dhurandhar Rasa - Katu, Kashaya Doshaghnta - Kapha-Vata Nashak, Pittaprakopaka Roghanta – Deepan, Pandughna Phala Varga
5. Priya Nighantu[13] (20th Cent. A.D) Dhava, Gaur   Rasa - Kashaya, Madhur Virya - Sheeta Doshaghnta - Kapha-Pittashamaka Roghanta - Prameha, Arsha Shraadi Varga



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4. Chikitsa Grantha - Bhaisajya Ratnawali (18th century AD)

This Chikitsa Grantha was composed by Shri Govind Das ji.

Table 7: Showing formulation of Dhava from Bhaisajya Ratnawali[14]

SN Formulation Disease References
1. Dashvidha Shleshmaj Prameh Yoga Prameha B. Ratnawali 37/20-22
2. Sarjaadi Kwatha Prameha B.Ratnawali 37/32
3. Salsaraadi Leha Prameha B. Ratnawali 37/56
4. Salsaraadi Niryuh Medo Roga B. Ratnawali 39/58-65
5. Aaragvadhadi Kwath Kustha B.Ratnawali 54/64
6. Aaragvadhadya Tailam Kustha B.Ratnawali 54/275

Modern Aspect:

Botanical Description[3]

A tree, upto 33.0 m high. Leaves elliptic-obtuse with red petiole, entire, rounded at both ends. Flowers minute, greenish yellow, in globose heads on short axillary peduncles. Fruits yellowish-brown or reddish- brown, small, shining, beaked, winged, one seeded. Seeds wedge shaped.

Distribution

Sub-Himalayan tract and Shiwalik hills and in the hills throughout India, ascending to 1200m.

Parts Used: Bark, fruit, leaf, gum, root.

Cyclicity[15]

Flowering and Fruiting:

Leaf Fall - February to May

Flowering - June to September

Fruiting - December to March

Reproduction

Propagation Technique - Soak seeds in cold water for 24 hours.

Dispersal

Dispersers: Wind

Pollinators: Bee, Insect.

Ethnobotany[16]

It is important timber and its leave and bark are used for tanning.


Table 8: Showing ethnobotany of Dhava (Anogeissus latifolia)

SN Part of plant Uses References
1. Bark Anaemic conditions, Urinary discharges, Piles. K.R Kirtikar. B.D Basu. Indian medicinal plants,1975, vol.2, p.no.268
2. Bark Astringent, haemostatics, constipating, depurative and useful in vitiated condition of Kapha and Vata. P.K Warrier. Indian medicinal medicinal plants: A compendium of 500 species,1994;4:381
3. Bark Diarrhoea, dysuria, cough, colic, liver complaints, snake bite, skin disease. S.K Jain. Dictonary of Indian folk medicin and ethnobotany, New Delhi,1991;p.no.225
4. Bark Tribals of Udaipur district of Rajasthan uses the bark of the tree in the treatment of fever. A.Nag, P. Galav, S.S Kateva. Indigenous animal health practices from Udaipur Dist., Rajsthan. Indian Journal of traditional knowledge, 2007,6(4):583-588
5. Bark Bark is remedy against cough called ‘Dangya Khokala’. M.V Patil. Ethnobotony of Nashik District.2006;p.no.54.
6. Bark Tribal people of forest of Gundlabranhmeswaram wild life sanctuary apply paste of stem bark on scorpion sting. K.Venkata Ratan, R.R Venkata Raju. Folk remedies for insect bite from Gundlabranhmeswaram wild life sanctuary, Andra Pradesha. Indian jour of traditional knowledge,2008; 7(3); 436-437.
7. Bark Decoction of bark is useful against Cough. S.Pawar,D.A Patil.Ethnobotany of Jalgoan district, Maharashtra.2008;P.no.166
8. Leaf Decoction of leaf is useful in Epileptic fits. S.Pawar,D.A Patil.Ethnobotany of Jalgoan district, Maharashtra.2008;p.no166
9. Gum Gum is used as a tonic and generally consumed after delivery. S.Pawar,D.A Patil.Ethnobotany of Jalgoan district, Maharashtra.2008;P.no166
10. Gum Tribes of Satpura hills, use the Gum with cup of water or milk early morning for lactation. S.D Jagtap, S.S Deokule, P.K Pawar et al. Traditional Ethnomedicinal knowledge confined to Pawara tribes of Satpura hills, Maharastra. Ethnobotanical leaflet,2009;13:98-115.
11. Fruits Fruit is astringent to bowels and cures Kapha and biliousness. K.R Kirtikar. B.D Basu. Indian medicinal plants,1975, vol.2, P.no.268
12. Leaf Juice Leaf juice is given in purulent discharges from the ear. K.R Kirtikar. B.D Basu. Indian medicinal plants,1975, vol.2, p.no.268

Anogeissus Species[17]: Anogeissus (Combretaceae) includes eight species namely listed in table.

Table 9: Showing botanical name of eight Anogeissus Species [according to Scott (1979) and the plant list 2013)

SN  Anogeissus Species
1.  Anogeissus . latifolia
2.  Anogeissus acuminata
3.  Anogeissus bentii
4.  Anogeissus dhofarica
5.  Anogeissus leiocarpus
6.  Anogeissus pendula
7.  Anogeissus rivularis
8.  Anogeissus sericea



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Pharmacognosy[18]

a. Macroscopic: Pieces of bark nearly 4-6 cm in length, 1.5-0.75 cm wide, and 1 or 2 mm thick, recurved, externally pale, hard, recurved, fairly smooth with small ridges, pale brown inner surfaces, smooth but longitudinally striated; fracture clean; faint odour; taste, slightly bitter and astringent.

b. Microscopic: Mature bark consisting outer 7-9 radially arranged cork cell's layers, followed by 20-24 parenchymatous, thin walled cells of phelloderm , consisting prismatic and rosette crystals of calcium oxalate; secondary phloem wide and characterized by numerous patches of sclereids, sieves tubes, companion cells, fibres, sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma; calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains are also present in cell which are circular and have centric hilum of size 6 to 13 µm.

Powder - Light brown in colour, bitter, having circular starch grains with size 6 to 13 µm, prismatic and rosettes of calcium oxalate crystals, simple and septate phloem fibers with thin walled, 155 to 200 µm in length, 10-20 µm in width, thick walled fibers having dimensions of 275 to 340 µm length, 9 to 20 µ in width having 6-11 µ wide lumen; various shaped sclerieds with 80 to 235 µm length, and 25 to 75 µm wide. Parenchymatous cells are also present which are usually thin walled.

T.L.C: T.L.C. of drug's alcoholic extract on silica gel 'G' plate of thickness 0.2 mm using toluene: ethyl acetate (93:7) under UV light 365 nm shows only one fluorescent zone at Rf. 0.10 (greenish). On spraying with anisaldehyde sulphuric acid reagent and heating the plate for 15 minutes at 105°, spots appear at Rf. 0.10 (black), 0.20 (pink), 0.30 (green), 0.34 (blue), 0.40 (green) 0.44 (pink), 0.50 (blue), 0.56 (blue), 0.65 (black), 0.73 (pink), 0.86 (green), 0.93 (blue). T.L.C. of the alcoholic extract in solvent system toluene : ethyl acetate (90:10) and on spraying with vanillin sulphuric acid reagent show spots appearing at Rf. 0.40 (violet), 0.58 (violet), 0.72 (brownish), 0.87 (violet) and 0.98 (violet).

Constituents: Phenolic compounds such as ellagic acid, flavellagic acid, quercetin, myricetin and procyandin along with gallotannins, shikimic acid, quinic acid, amino acids, alanine and phenylanine.

Leaf:[3] Leaf presents a dorsi-ventral

structure. Walls of epidermal cells in surface view are wavy. Stomata present only on lower surface and ranunculaceous type. Some of the spongy parenchyma cells and idioblast cells possess rosettes of calcium oxalate crystals. Palisade ratio- 12-21; Stomatal index- 20-29.

Phytochemistry

Table 10: Showing phytochemistry of Dhava plant

SN Compound Phytochemical Plant part Reference
1. 3,3’,4-tri-O-methyl ellagic acid Tannin Stem bark, Sapwood, heartwood Reddy et al.(1962) and Reddy et al.(1965b)
2. Gallotannin Tannin Leaves Reddy et al.(1964)
3. Gallic acid Phenolic acid Leaves Reddy et al.(1965a)
4. Chebulic acid Tannin Leaves Reddy et al.(1965a)
5. Trigallic acid Tannin Leaves Reddy et al.(1965a)
6. Leucocyanidin Flavonoid Stem bark Reddy et al.(1965b)
7. Ellagic acid Tannin Stem bark, Sap wood Reddy et al.(1965b)
8. Quercetin Flavonoid Heartwood, root Reddy et al.(1965b) and Bhargava et al. (2013)
9. Myriecetin Flavonoid Heartwood Reddy et al.(1965b)
10. 3,3’,4-tri-o-methyl flavellagic acid Flavonoid Heartwood Reddy et al.(1974)
11. 4,3’-tri-O-methyl flavellagic acid-4’-β-D-glucoside Tannin Stem bark Deshpande et al.(1976)
12. 3-di-O-methylflavellagic acid-4’-β-D-xyloside Tannin Stem bark Deshpande et al.(1976)
13. 3,3’-di-O-methyl ellagic acid-4’-β-D-glucoside Tannin Heartwood Deshpande and Patil(1981)
14. Quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside Flavonoid Root Chaturvedi and Saxena (1985)
15. 3-di-O-methylflavellagic acid Tannin Stem bark Govindarajan et al.(2005)
16. Luteolin-7-O—β- D-galactopyranoside Flavonoid Root Chaturvedi and Saxena (1991)
17. Luteolin Flavonoid Root Bhargava et al.(2013)

Pharmacological Activities [19]

An overview of the modern pharmacological investigations performed on several crude extracts and isolated compounds from the mentioned A.latifolia species are described below:

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective

Govindarajan et al. have tested the antioxidant property of plant extracts and found that it contains good to moderate antioxidant potential. Pradeep et al. studied the hepatoprotective


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activity of hydro-alcoholic extract its activity both in vitro and in vivo. They found that the presence of polyphenols and flavonoids supports its antioxidant potential. The chemical constituents such as high percent of quercetin, gallic acids, rutin and in the extract shows the potent antioxidant activity which is the main causative agents in the hepatoprotective activity of the extract. Quercetin and rutin are also reported to be potential therapeutic agents as they reduce oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and quench free radicals.

Antiulcer and Antimicrobial Activity

The bark has been tested as anticancer agents. The hydroalcoholic extract is reported to have gastro protective activity, the possible mechanism is due to decreased on SOD and with concomitant increase in catalase activity. The leaf extracts have shown moderate antifungal and antimicrobial activity. These effects are also reported by volatile oil of the plant because of the presence of ellagic acids, gallic acid and its derivatives.

Wound Healing Activity: Govidarajan et al. studied wound healing activity of AL extracts and found a decrease in the epithelization period, along with a visibly decreased scar area which justifies the use of A. latifolia in Indian traditional systems of medicine for various skin diseases, such as sores, boils and itching.

Antihelmintic Activity: Various extracts of bark and leaf of AL were tested for anthelmintiic activity against earthworm model. All the extracts have moderate to effective anthelmenthic activity. Among all extracts, chloroform extract of bark and pet ether extract of leaf showed potent anthelmenthic activity.

Gum Exudates: The AL plant produces sufficient amount of gum known as Ghatti gum which is gray to reddish gray in color. This gum mainly consists of calcium salts of high molecular weight polysaccharides which on hydrolysis yields arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose and glucuronic acid. The physicochemical study of this gum showed high viscosity which solely depends upon pH of the medium. Kaur et al. studied the rheological and structural characteristic of the gum and found that the molecular weight of is approximately 8.94X107 g/mol. The gummy solution at low concentration exhibits pseudoplastic, time dependent shear thickening behavior.

Ghatti gum has been extensively evaluated as sustained release polymer due to its high gelling property. Parvathi et al. recently studied hypolipidemic activity of this gum.

Antidiabetic Activity: Antidiabetic potential was investigated through streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NIN)- induced type II diabetes. Aqueous extract of stem bark at 100 and 200 mg/kg was evaluated using glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, orally) as a positive control. Significant changes were seen in body mass, blood glucose level and HbA1c when related to the diabetic control. Plant revealed potent sugar reducing activity (Parvathi et al., 2009c).

Hypolipidaemic: Hypolipidaemic potential was investigated through streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZNIN)-induced type 2 diabetes model of the aqueous extract of stem bark at 100 and 200 mg/kg, orally using glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, orally) as a positive control. Significant reduction was observed in: cholesterol at 100 mg/kg (124.00 mg/dl) and 200 mg/kg (146.30 mg/dl); triglycerides at 100 mg/kg (130.7 mg/dl) and 200 mg/kg (150.5 mg/dl) in comparison to diabetic control. In case of HDL significant elevation was observed at 100 mg/kg as 29.17 mg/dl and at 200 mg/kg as 26.88 mg/dl when compared to diabetic control. By referring to these values LDL and VLDL calculated which were found to be 55.36 mg/dl and 22.01 mg/dl at 100 mg/kg; 79.75 mg/dl and 25.58 mg/dl at 200 mg/kg, respectively. (Parvathi et al., 2009a).

Cytotoxicity: The cytotoxicity of 95% ethanolic extract of stem bark and leaves were determined in 9 human cancer cell lines including cancers of lung, prostate etc. It was also found that A. latifolia was strongly active against various cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 10.6-28.7 µg/ml, respectively (Diab et al., 2015)

Miscellaneous: 50% ethanolic extract of stem bark had shown some gross effects on CNS, hypothermia and responded to amphetamine hyperactivity test (Bhakuni et al., 1971).

Propagation and Cultivation[3]

The tree grows on a variety of geological formation including sandstone, limestone, metamorphic rocks, trap and laterite. It however, grows best in alluvial soils. It prefers a maximum temp. Of 38  and a minimum of 0- 15 , annual rainfall


Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences 2023;8(6)179
Singh P et al: Dhava (Anogeissus latifolia) Axle wood from the treasure of Ayurveda

625 to 2250 mm. Light and moisture favors successful germination of seeds. In continuous light germination take place in about 48 hours. The optimum temperature for germination is 35 . Germination commences about twenty days after sowing and seedling can be transplanted without any difficulty. The growth of seedling is moderate.

Trade and Commerce

Retail market price: Flower powder Rs. 40/ kg. (1999).

Substitutes and Adulterants

Gum ghatti (gum of Anogeissus latifolia) can be used as substitute for Babbula gum (Acacia nilotica Delile ssp. Indica (Benth.) Brenan.

Formulation and Preparations: Sarjadi Kwatha, Dhatakyaadi Taila.

Conclusion

Using modern techniques research on old misconceived ideas and medicinal species new scientific tools can be established in medicine making. There has been an increasing realization that the herbal drugs are effective but also safer and this has led to the spurt in the use of plant based medicine across the world. This review article contains spectrum of information about Anogeissus latifolia under major heads general information, pharmacognostic, chemical, pharmacological, clinical studies with references.

Reference

1. Sri Bapalal G Vaidya, Nighantu Adarsha, Poorvardha, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy, Varanasi, reprint: 2016, page no. 568.

2. https://plants.usda.gov/java/classificationservlet/source=profile&symbol=ANLA13&display=31

3. Database on Medicinal plant used in Ayurveda (CCRAS), Volume-1, page no.127, 128.

4. Atharva Veda- Kanda-5/Laksha Sukta-5, Shloka- 958, page no. 905.

5. Acharya Agnivesha, Charaka samhita, Vidyotni vyakhya commented by Pandit Kashinath Shashtri, Chaukhmba Bharti Academy, Varanasi, reprint: 2015, 1,2.

6. Acharya Sushruta, Sushruta samhita, edited by Dr. Ambika Dutta Shastri, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, reprint:2010, Poorvardha and Uttrardha.

7. Acharya Vridha Vagbhatta, Astanga Samgraha translated by prof. K.R. Srikantha Murthy, Chaukhmba Orientalia, Varanasi, print :2005, Vol-1 and 2.

8. Acharya Vagbhatta, Astanga Hridaya edited by Kaviraj Atrideva Gupta, Chaukhamba Prakashana, Varanasi, reprint:2019.

9. Kaiydeva, Kaiydeva Nighantu (Pathya-apathya vibhedika) edited by P.V Sharma and Guru Prasad Sharma, Chaukhamba Orientalia, Varanasi, second edition: 2006, page no. 156.

10. Gyanendra Pandey, Acharya Bhavamishra, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy, Varanasi, reprint:2004, page no.539.

11. Narhari Pandit, Raj Nighantu edited by Indradeva Tripathi, Chaukhamba Krishdas Academy, Varanasi, 3rd edition : 2003, page no. 285.

12. Vaidya Shaligram, Shaligram Nighantu bhushnama, Khemraja Shrikrishnadasa Prakashna Bombay, print: II page no. 520.

13. Priyavrat Sharma, Priya Nighantu, Chaukhamba Subharti Prakashana, Varanasi, print: 2004, page no. 136.

14. Govinda Das Sen, Bhaisajya Ratnawali, Vidyotini tika, edited by Shastri Ambika Dutta, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, edition: 2005.

15. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/31049

16. U.H. Patil, Entho-pharmacological Review of a Herbal Drug: Anogeissus latifolia, International journal of pharma sciences and research, Vol.2(1),20011,41-43; ISSN :0975-9492

17. http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Combretaceae/Anogeissus/

18. API Vol-6 Part- I page no.- 75.

19. https://pharmacologyonline.silae.it/files/newssletter/2010/vol2/53.Singh.pdf


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