E-ISSN:2456-3110

Research Article

Conceptual study

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2023 Volume 8 Number 12 December
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Conceptual study of Sira

Manisha MK1*, Anju T2
DOI:10.21760/jaims.8.12.26

1* Mahadev Kattikar Manisha, Second Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Shareera Rachana, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady Udupi, Karnataka, India.

2 Thomas Anju, Associate Professor, Department of Shareera Rachana, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady Udupi, Karnataka, India.

Ayurveda is an ancient medical science which have proved for more than 5000 years ago. Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala are regarded as the fundamental elements of the human body. In addition to these components, Sira is a significant entity in which Rasadi Dhatus and Ojas flows from one place to other in the body. It is one among the Marma Vastu. In Ayurveda, the word Sira, Dhamani and Srotas are used interchangeably. All of these structures are present very closely and are minute and serves different functions in the body. Two chapters in Shareera Sthana in particular have been provided by Acharya Sushruta to explain the Sira.

Keywords: Sira, Dhamani, Srotas, Marma Vastu, Ojas, Dhatu.

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Mahadev Kattikar Manisha, Second Year Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Shareera Rachana, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda, Kuthpady Udupi, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		Manisha MK, Anju T, Conceptual study of Sira. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2023;8(12):175-181.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2841

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2023-10-11 2023-10-17 2023-10-27 2023-11-07 2023-11-17
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None declared. Nil. yes 13.32 none

© 2023by Manisha MK, Anju Tand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Sira Shareera is beautifully explained in Shareera Sthana of Sushruta Samhita. The word meaning of Sira is flow, [1] so Sira is the structure in which something flows from one part of the body to another.[2] Rasadi Dhatus and Ojas are flows in Sira from one Avayava to another.[3] It is the Pitrija Bhava.[4] The Moola of Sira is Hridaya and Nabhi. It is one among the of Marma Vastu.[5] In Ayurveda, the word Sira, Dhamani, and Srotas are used interchangeably. All of these structures are present very closely and are minute and serves different functions in the body.[6] In general, Sira nourish the body. The Rasadi Dhatu flows through Sira and nourishes the body.

Materials and Methods

The literature related to Sira is collected from the classical text of Ayurveda and research articles.

Discussion

Utpatti of Sira

Sira are formed from Mridu Paka of Sneha Bhaga of Medas.[7]

Sira is formed from the Rakta Dhatu.[8]

Siramoola

Sira which are present in the body are connected to Nabhi the seat of Prana, similar to the axle hole being surrounded by spokes, from there, they spread to all directions.[9] From the Nabhi, Siras spread upwards, downwards and side wards in the body as that of venations of leaf.[10] There are 10 Moola Siras which are connected to Hrudaya, which carries Ojas throughout the body through these Sira.[11]

Branching pattern of Sira

Sira spread in the body like water channels in a garden.[12] Sira begins at a distance of two Angulas from Hrudaya, when they take their first branch. The second branch emerges at a distance of one Angula from the first branch, the third branch emerges at a distance of half an Angula from the second branch, and additional branches emerge at a distance of Yava and Yavardha, respectively.[13] The branching pattern of Siras are similar to the venations in the leaf which spreads in the whole

body.[14]

Sira Sankhya[15]

Total number of Siras are 700. There are 40 Mula Siras. They are

Vatavaha - 10
Pittavaha - 10
Kaphavaha - 10
Raktavaha - 10

When the 10 Vatavaha Sira carrying Vata arrive at the seat of Vata they divide into 175 number. In the same way each Pittavaha Sira, Kaphavaha Sira and Raktavaha Sira divide into 175 number after reaching their respective Sthana.

Thus, together become 700 in number.

Table 1: list of Sira Sankya according to Sushruta

Type of SiraDivisionSub division
Vatavaha Sira10175
Pittavaha Sira10175
Kaphavaha Sira10175
Raktavaha Siras10175
Total 40700

Classification of Sira based on location[16]

There are 400 Sira in Shakha region, 136 in Koshta and 164 in Jatrurdhwa region.

Shakha

100 in each Sakthi and Bahu.

Vata carrying Sira are 25 in one Sakthi, the same are in the other Sakthi and Bahu. Similar number of Siras present in Vatavaha, Pittavaha, Kaphavaha and Raktavaha Sira.

Koshta

Table 2: List of Sira in Koshta

LocationVatavaha SiraPittavaha SiraKaphavaha SiraRaktavaha SiraTotal
Shroni888832
Parshva 444416
Prishtha 666624
Udara 666624
Vaksha 1010101040
Koshta 34343434136

Jatrurdhwa region

There are 41 Vatavaha, Pittavaha, Kaphavaha and Raktavaha Siras each in Jatrurdhwa region.


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Table 3: List of Jatrurdhwagata Sira

LocationGreevaKarnaJihwaNasikaNetra
Vatavaha144968
Pittavaha1429610
Kaphavaha1429610
Raktavaha1429610

Characteristics of Sira[17]

Vatavaha Sira - filled with Vayu and Aruna Varna (yellowish orange).

Pittavaha Sira - warm and Neela Varna (blue).

Kaphavaha Sira - cold, stable and Goura Varna (white).

Raktavaha Sira - neither too hot nor too cold and Rohini Varna (reddish).

Functions of Sira

They perform Akunchana, Prasarana etc. functions of body.[18]

Vatavaha Sira

Prevention of all activities being hindered and the prevention of delusion in mental processes.

When the aggravated Vata accumulates in its own Sira, many diseases of Vata develop in the body.[19]

Pittavaha Sira

Complexion of the skin, taste perception, increases Jataragni, maintenance of health etc.

When Pitta aggravated, Pitta accumulates in its own Sira and many diseases of Pitta develop in the body.[20]

Kaphavaha Sira

Lubrication of the body, stability to joints, increases strength. When Kapha aggravated, Kapha accumulates in its own Sira and many diseases of Kapha develop in the body.[21]

Raktavaha Sira

Supplying nutrition to tissues, bestowing complexion and tactile sensation to the skin. When Rakta aggravated, Rakta accumulates in its own Sira and many diseases of Rakta develop in the body.[22]

These Sira are not distinct, all Sira are Sarvavaha, but depending on the dominance of substance flowing in Sira they are classified so.

Vedhya Sira

Sira which can be punctured for therapeutic purpose.

Total Vedhya Sira are 602.

Avedhya Sira[23]

Sira which cannot be punctured.

Table 4: List of Avedhya Sira

LocationNumber
Shakhas 16
Koshtha 32
Moordha 50
Total 98

Table 5: Avedhya Sira in Shakha[24]

LocationNumber
Jaladhara 4
Bahvi \ Urvi8
Lohitaksha 4
Total 16

Table 6: Avedhya Sira in Koshtha[25]

LocationNumber
Vitapa 4
Katikatarun 4
Parshwa 2
Brihati 4
Udara 4 - on either side of Romarajya
Hridaya 2
Stanamoola 4
Stanarohita 4
Apalap 2
Apastambha 2
Total 32

Table 7: Avedhya Sira in Moordha[26]

LocationNumber
Krikatika2
Vidhura 2
Matrika8
Manya 2
Neela 2
Hanu Sandhi4
Jihva4
Nasa 5
Netra 2
Karna 2
Lalaata7
Shanka 2
Moordhni8
Total 50

Clinical Aspect of Sira

1. When the incision done in wrong place, if Sira are injured then it causes severe pain, delay in wound healing and formation of muscular sprouts.[27]


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2. Sira Dagdha Lakshana are elevated ulcer with black colour and with cessation of Srava.[28]

3. Shalakadi Yantras are used to perform Dahan Karma as it does the Sankochana of Sira and prevent the excessive loss of blood.[29]

4. Sira Shaithilya (emptiness of blood vessels) is seen in Shonita Kshaya.[30]

5. Sira Poornatwa (fullness of blood vessels) is seen in Rakta Vriddhi.[31]

6. During Karna Vyadhana, if Kaalika Sira are injured it causes fever, burning sensation, pain and swelling. If Marmarika Sira are injured it causes pain, fever and nodular swellings. If Lohitika Sira are injured it leads 6.to Manyasthambha, Apatanak, Shiro Graha and Karna Shoola.[32]

7. When Alepa is done in Pratiloma direction medicine enters in the hair follicles, and absorbs in the body through the Swedavaha Sira.[33]

8. Siragata Vrana Lakshana are in fresh wound there is excessive bleeding and in chronic condition there is profuse pus discharge which is thin in consistency, sticky and blackish in colour.[34]

9. Damage of Sira without the involvement of Marma leads to bleeding which resembles Indragopa Kita and vitiation of Vata leading to various diseases.[35]

10. Siragata Vata Lakshana are pain, contraction and dilatation of Sira.[36]

11. Avabahuka is a condition in which aggravated Vata contracts the shoulder joint.[37]

12. Siraja Granthi is a condition in which vitiated Vata does the compression, contraction and drying of the Sira and leads to elevated, tortuous swelling.[38]

13. Snayu, Dhamani, Srotas and Sira is also present in Mamsadhara Kala.[39]

14. Raktadhara Kala is present in the Sira.[40]

15. Sira Jala is present in wrist and ankle.[41]

16. Injury to Mamsavaha Srotas leads to Siragranthi.[42]

17. When Vayu enters the Nimeshini Sira causes excessive movement of eyelids known as Nimesha.[43]

18. When Shabdavaha Sira gets afflicted with Vata and Kapha leads to Bhadirya.[44]

Conclusion

Sira takes origin from the Nabhi, which is seat of Prana, and spread all over the body just like the nave of a wheel supports the spokes. In Ayurveda, the word Sira, Dhamani and Srotas are used interchangeably. All of these structures are present very closely, have got different natures, origin and are minute and serves different functions in the body. Some says all 3 are homologous structure because similarity of their character, function and minute nature of their structure. In most of the Ayurvedic context structure Sira is explained can be congruous to blood vessels and in some cases to nerves. For example, in case of injury or vitiation of Shabdavaha Sira can cause deafness.

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