E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Fagopyrum esculentum

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 2 February
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Neutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum (Linn.) Moench.

Taranjeet K1*, Mishra HS2, Agarwal AK3, Bedar SS4
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.2.14

1* Kaur Taranjeet, Post Graduate Scholar, Pg Department of Dravyaguna, Lh State Ayurveda College Hospital, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2 Mishra HS, Lecturer, PG Department of Dravyaguna, LH State Ayurveda College Hospital, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.

3 Agarwal AK, Professor, PG Department of Dravyaguna, LH State Ayurveda College Hospital, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.

4 Bedar SS, Professor, Department of Samhita Siddhanta and Sanskrit, LH State Ayurveda College Hospital, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Buckwheat is a gluten-free pseudocereal grown annually in hilly regions of India. It belongs to family Polygonaceae and genus Fagopyrum. Buckwheat is adaptable to extreme cold temperature, stress conditions of water making it a sustainable crop. In India, twenty species of buckwheat are cultivated across various hilly regions. Out of these only nine species have desirable nutritional value and two are commonly grown. They are Fagopyrum esculentum (Common buckwheat) and Fagopyrum tartaricum (Tartary buckwheat). Buckwheat has good amount of nutrients and many health benefits. Buckwheat has been used in the gluten free diet for those suffering from celiac disease. It can be used for the prevention of obesity and diabetes as they have high total dietary fibre and soluble dietary fibre. It is commonly used grain in the name of Kuttu in Indian society during fasting. The present study aims at establishing the Neutraceutical and Pharmaceutical utility of potential alternative to conventional food grains as mentioned in the contemporary texts.

Keywords: Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, Kuttu, Neutraceutical, Pseudocereal

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Kaur Taranjeet, Post Graduate Scholar, Pg Department of Dravyaguna, Lh State Ayurveda College Hospital, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Taranjeet K, Mishra HS, Agarwal AK, Bedar SS, Neutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum (Linn.) Moench.. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(2):93-99.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2983

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2023-12-10 2023-12-20 2023-12-30 2024-01-08 2024-01-18
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 20.54

© 2024by Taranjeet K, Mishra HS, Agarwal AK, Bedar SSand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(2)93
Kaur Taranjeet et al. Neutraceutical Pharmaceutical Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum

Introduction

Ayurveda is an ancient medical system that has a holistic approach. There are two fundamental principles of Ayurveda, first is to conserve the health and second to cure the disease. In Ayurvedic classics, Dravya has been classified into two broad categories viz. Aahra and Aushadha Dravya. Aahar Dravya conserves health and Aushadha Dravya fight against diseases. Based on Panchmahabhuta Theory, Scholars of Ayurveda have proclaimed that there is no Dravyas in this Universe which cannot be used as medicine, on the condition that they are used rationally. Along with Aushadha, Sages of Ayurveda has given prime importance to Ahar.

Maximum number of grains used as staple food to meet nutritional requirements are derived from the plants belonging to family Poaceae. There are various other non-poaceous grains also used to meet nutritional requirement being utilized by ethnic groups across the country like seeds of Chenopodium, Amaranthus and Fagopyrum which are pseudocereals. Seeds of Fagopyrum are very famous in the countryside as food material during fasting and festivals.

Table 1: Nutritional profile of Pseudocereals (%)[1]

General Nutritional profile of pseudo-cereals in %
CarbohydratesStarch, fructose Arabinose, Xylose50-80
FibersCellulose, Xyloglucans, Lignin10-25
ProteinsGlobulins, Albumins, Glutellins, Prolamins10-21
Fatty acidsLinoleic, Oleic, Palmitic3-7
Vitamins & MineralsPotassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Calcium, Vit.B6, Folate, Lutein0.8-2.8
Bioactive compoundsPhenolic acid, Phytosterols

The Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) is a gluten free pseudocereal. It contains a broad spectrum of nutrients, the most important of which are carbohydrates, proteins, dietary fibre, lipids, rutin, polyphenols, microelements and macroelements. Buckwheat has an extremely high nutritional value. It is commonly known as Kuttu, considered as a rich food because of its protein quality, high mineral content, healthy and balanced food quality. The flour from buckwheat is commonly called as Kuttu Ka Atta in the northern parts of India which is mainly used as diet during the fasting occasion in some festivals. It is preferred over other dietary substances available during fasting.

Buckwheat is often farmed in North India as a rainy season crop, planted in July, and harvested in October. It is typically sown in Nilgiris in April and harvested in August.

Methodology

To know nutritional properties of grain Fagopyrum esculentum (buckwheat), a literary search on online databases, online and offline books were done. To evaluate and study classical aspect of Buckwheat, all classical texts available in institutional library were also explored. Research websites and databases like Pub med, Research gate inspected closely for pharmacological properties and nutritional properties investigated for buckwheat.

Observations

Distribution: Common buckwheat is one of the oldest domesticated crops from Asia. It is reported to be first domesticated in South China between 4,000 and 5,000 years back. Cultivated buckwheat was introduced from Southern China to other Asian nations, Europe, Africa, and North and South America.[2] Presently the plant is distributed in Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Zaire, Reunion and Botswana); Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russian Federation, Iraq, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam); Europe (Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Ukraine, Poland, Austria, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Bulgaria; Australia (Australia and New Zealand); Northern America (Canada and United States) and Southern America (Brazil and Cuba)[3], however, China, Russian federation, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Kazakhstan, France, USA, Poland, Brazil, Japan, Canada, Korea and Bhutan produced the larger quantities of buckwheat in the World from 1961-2010.[4]

It is believed to be a native of Central Asia. In India, Buckwheat is grown majorly as minor grain crop particularly in the higher altitudes of Himalayas from Kashmir (Udhampur, Ladakh) to Sikkim, Khasi hills, Manipur, in Nilgiris up to 620-3700 m altitude, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand (Pithoragarh, Almora and Chamoli).

Morphology: This is an annual herb, up to 1 m tall, branched and glabrous. Leaves are petiolate, blades are ovate-triangular to triangular,


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(2)94
Kaur Taranjeet et al. Neutraceutical Pharmaceutical Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum

2-8 cm long, with acuminate tips, bases are cordate; upper leaves are smaller, sessile. Inflorescences are terminal and auxiliary, branch in dense corymbose or paniculate cyme. Flowers are white or pink, 6 mm in diameter; pedicel is 2-3 mm long, articulate; perianths are 3 mm long. Fruit a 3 cornered achene, 0.2 – 0.4 inch long with keeled edges, varying in colour from silvery grey to brown or black.[5]

Taxonomic classifications:

  • Kingdom: Plantae
  • Subkingdom: Viridiplantae
  • Super division: Embryophyta
  • Division: Tracheophyta
  • Subdivision: Spermatophytina
  • Class: Magnoliopsida
  • Superorder: Caryophyllanae
  • Order: Caryophyllales
  • Family: Polygonaceae
  • Genus: Fagopyrum
  • Species: Fagopyrum esculentum Moench

Traditional Uses

1. Common buckwheat is consumed in many different preparations in different countries.

2. It is primarily eaten as a noodle soba in Japan.

3. Buckwheat flour is typically used with wheat flour in Europe and North America to make pancakes, biscuits, noodles, cereals, and is also used as a meat extender.

4. In Southeast Asia buckwheat is a staple food in many hilly areas. The flour is used to make chapattis, it is utilized during fasts and religious events.

5. Buckwheat is used to make alcoholic drinks.

6. The liquor made from Tartarian buckwheat is said to have therapeutic properties.

7. According to reports, buckwheat is utilized in China to make vinegar.[6]

8. Buckwheat is consumed by humans and animals in different forms corresponding to different types of preparations like flour, whole seeds, sprouts, shoots and honey.

9. Buckwheat farming produces a lot of honey, which has a strong flavour and a dark colour. Foods are sweetened with it, primarily pastries. One hectare of buckwheat typically yields 125 kg of honey and the best cultivars produce 150 to 300 Kg/ha.

10. Young shoots can be eaten 10 days after germination, while sprouts can be eaten in salads two days after germination.

11. Patients with anaemia were given leaves cooked in an iron vessel. The cooked leaves were also used to cure constipation.

12. The buckwheat leaf was also traditionally used for choking, ulcers, haemostasis, soaking wounds, improving the functions of sight and hearing.

13. The plant was also traditionally used to cure diabetes, periodontitis, high blood pressure, and gum bleeding.[7]

Phytochemical Analysis

  • The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Fagopyrum esculentum showed that it contained alkaloids, amino acids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phlobatannins and tannins.[8]
  • The fruits and leaves were found to contain 1.3 and 4.7 percent rutin, respectively.[9]
  • Average mineral and vitamin contents of buckwheat were: calcium 110 mg/100g, iron 4 mg/100g, magnesium 390 mg/100g, phosphorus 330 mg/100g, potassium 450 mg/100g, copper 0.95 mg/100g, manganese 3.37 mg/100g, zinc 0.87 mg/100g, thiamine 3.3 mg/kg, riboflavin 10.6 mg/kg, pantothenic acid 11.0 mg/kg, choline 440 mg/kg, niacin 18.0 mg/kg, pyridoxine 1.5 mg/kg and tocopherols 40.0 mg/kg.[10]

Nutritional Potential

When compared to other cereals, buckwheat has a good number of nutrients and is an outstanding source of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive substances. The nutritive value (%) of buckwheat in comparison with most commonly consumed crops in India is given in following table. (Table no. 2)





J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(2)95
Kaur Taranjeet et al. Neutraceutical Pharmaceutical Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum

Table 2: Nutritive values (%) of buckwheat and other Major Crops.[11]

Nutritive ComponentBuckwheatWheatRiceJowarBajraRagi
Carbohydrate71.56477.273.860.559.0
Protein13.314.47.512.114.57.3
Lipids3.42.32.44.65.11.3
Dietary Fibre10.012.13.711.87.019.1
Ash2.11.90.61.82.03.0
Energy343.0322.0356.0334.0348.0321.0

Starch - Starch is a major content of buckwheat ranges from 59% to 69% of the grain composition, with 15%-25% of amylose and 7%-35% resistant starch and the remaining proportion is Amylopectin.[12]

Protein - Buckwheat has a protein composition that ranges from 11% to 14% and contains an adequate amount of each necessary amino acid.[13] Buckwheat is rich in lysine, arginine and aspartic acid.[14] Due to its high quantity of amino acids including lysine (5% - 6%), threonine, arginine (9.2% -10%), tryptophan, and sulphur-containing amino acids. buckwheat protein has a high digestibility coefficient of 80%.[15]

Lipids - The overall lipid content of buckwheat ranges from 1.5% to 3.7%, with the embryo making up the majority (7 - 14%) and the hull the minority (0.4% - 0.9%).[16] The major amount of fatty acids in Buckwheat is 95% of Palmitic, Oleic and Linoleic acid.[17]

Vitamins and minerals - Buckwheat is rich in minerals especially Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Phosphorous, Iron, Manganese, Selenium, Copper and Zinc. Additionally, it also contains a good concentration of Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Pyridoxin, folate and ascorbic acid.[18]

Flavonoids - Flavonoids are the secondary metabolites and naturally occurring antioxidants in the food which have physiological health benefits. The major flavonoid present in Buckwheat is Rutin, also called as Vitamin P, which is present in a higher concentration in Tartary Buckwheat as compared to the Common Buckwheat. The other flavonoids in Buckwheat are quercetin, vitexin, orientin, isovitexin and isoorientin. The amount of flavonoid in a plant relies on a number of variables, including the growth phases of the plant, soil location, environmental fluctuations, climate changes, size and shape of the seed, colour of the flower, and time of sowing.[20]

Table no. 3: Vitamin and Nutrient Profile of Grains (mg/100g)[21]

VitaminBuckwheatWheatRiceJowarBajraRagi
Thiamine (Vit.B1)0.0030.410.410.380.840.42
Riboflavin (Vit .B2)0.010.10.040.150.250.19
Pantothenic Acid (Vit.B5)0.011-1.091.251.7-
Choline0.44-----
Niacin (Vit.B3)0.0185.14.34.32.81.1
Pyridoxine (Vit.B6)0.00150.57-0.210.76-
Tocopherol (Vit.E)0.04-19.012.01.022.0
Ca110.0---42.0320.0
Fe4.0---11.09.5
Mg390.0138.090.0171.0137.0137.0
P330.0---296.0180.0
K450.0284.0-131.0390.0408.0
Cu0.950.680.140.461.50.47
Mn3.372.290.590.783.35.49
Zn0.872.71.41.63.12.3

Pharmacological Potential

Antidiabetic effect

Buckwheat bran extracts inhibited sucrase activity in vitro more effectively than buckwheat. Balb/c mice pretreated with buckwheat bran extracts showed dose-dependent reductions of blood glucose, greater than those observed with control mice, within 60 min following oral sucrose administration. Blood glucose levels in mice pretreated with buckwheat extracts were also significantly lower compared to those in control mice within 30 min following oral administration of sucrose. Rutin, the abundant polyphenols of buckwheat bran extracts, did not lower blood glucose level.[22]

Antistress effect

The antistress potential of extracts of Fagopyrum esculentum (100 mg/kg) was evaluated using forced swimming endurance test. It was found that extracts significantly (p<0.001) increase swimming time in rats. They also showed significant (p<0.001) decreased in blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, plasma cortisol and BUN levels as compared to control stress group.[23]

Wound healing effect

The efficacy of an ointment of honey bee and Fagopyrum esculentum was evaluated in the management of large dermal wound in a male rabbit. The wound was covered entirely


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(2)96
Kaur Taranjeet et al. Neutraceutical Pharmaceutical Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum

by honey and then the fine powder of buckwheat grains was added. The treatment was applied once a day until complete epithelization has taken place. The results showed a complete resorption of inflammatory exudate of wound at 4th day. The percentage of wound contraction has shown a rate of 5.55% at the 4th day, increased to 32.22 and 71.48% at days 7 and 11 and it reached 99.53% at the. The epithelization period was 27 days with a mean healing rate of 200 mm2/ day. [24]

Antioxidant

The methanolic extract of the grains showed in vitro antioxidant activity as evidenced by scavenging of DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assay and reducing power assay. The activity was compared with gallic acid .[25]

Antibacterial

The essential oil from the leaves in different dilutions (1:100, 1:250, 1:500 and 1:1000) exhibited dose dependent antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria viz., Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus anthracis, Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholerae.[26]

Effect on memory

The protective effects of buckwheat hull extract were investigated against toxicant-induced spatial memory impairment and hippocampal neuron injury in rats. The impairment of spatial memory and the decrease in the hippocampal weight were observed after the, trimethyltin administration (8 mg/kg bw, orally to 6-week-old rats). Prolonged supplementation of buckwheat hull extract seemed to reverse these, trimethyltin -induced toxic effects, and also improved the spatial memory of rats.[27]

Antimicrobial effects

An antifungal peptide with a molecular mass of approximately 4 kDa was isolated from buckwheat. It inhibited mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum and Mycosphaerella arachidicola with an IC50 of 35 and 40 microM, respectively. Its antifungal activity was stable between 0 and 70 degrees C, and between pH 1.0/2.0 and 13.[28]

Therapeutic potential

  • Buckwheat contains high-nutritional protein, dietary fiber, resistant starch, rutin, D-chiro-inositol, vitamins, and minerals that are
  • linked to the prevention of mammary and colon cancers by lowering serum estradiol and reducing cell proliferation.[29]
  • Buckwheat protein extracts have the potential to be employed as a functional food to treat constipation, celiac disease, obesity, hypertension, and alcoholism.[30]
  • In gastrointestinal tract illnesses, starch, fiber, a high concentration of polyunsaturated essential fatty acids like linoleic acids, vitamins (B1, C, and E), minerals, well-balanced amino acids, and a low prolamin content play a preventative function.[31]
  • Protein products of buckwheat to diets significantly lower the levels of cholesterol in serum, liver and gallbladder of hamsters and suppress the formation of gallstones by altering cholesterol metabolism.[32]

Toxicity

Buckwheat allergy can sometimes cause severe reactions which is an IgE-mediated immediate type reaction. Most known cases are in young children in Japan. In a screening of 92,680 children, 0.22% had a buckwheat allergy. Buckwheat-allergic patients are often associated with complain about urticaria (nettle rash), dyspnea (difficulty with breathing), facial angioedema, wheezing, asthma, anaphylactic shock and gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and abdominal pain.

In addition, people who are daily in contact with buckwheat or buckwheat products are likely to become allergic to buckwheat. It has been reported that health shop workers, bakers using buckwheat flour and buckwheat noodle makers showed allergic symptoms when handling buckwheat. Besides asthmatic symptoms, buckwheat is the cause of various skin disorders. Because buckwheat is a food often consumed by celiac patients, the incidence of buckwheat allergy among celiac sufferers has been established. Patients with celiac disease combined with other food allergies have an increased buckwheat intolerance of 30%. Normal celiac sufferers show a buckwheat allergy of 1% .[33]

Fagopyrin is naturally occurring substances in the Fagopyrum. Fagopyrin can act as photosensetizers that can cause fagopyrism, which is phototoxic to livestock and humans. Fagopyrin can cause irritating skin disorders i.e., redness


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(2)97
Kaur Taranjeet et al. Neutraceutical Pharmaceutical Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum

and itching of lightly pigmented skin and also digestive upset, neurological disorders and death have been reported. If the affected animal is kept in shade, symptoms usually disappear within days. Fagopyrin is mostly concentrated in leaves. Levels in seeds are low and much of that fagopyrin is concentrated in the hulls. Fagopyrism mainly occur in sheep and pigs especially after heavy consumption of buckwheat silage.

Conclusion

Fagopyrum esculentum is an ideal plant for multiple therapeutic uses due to its chemical constituents and therapeutic properties. Gluten-free diets that remain natural and high in nutrients have been growing increasingly popular. Buckwheat is a minor crop in India, but its consumption increases during Hindu fasting days when people avoid cereal and legume-based diets. Traditional buckwheat grains, however, cannot be used for manufacturing commercial-scale products such as breads and cakes due to a lack of gluten. In most regions of the world, it is included in ethnic recipes or in combination with additional components. Considering requirement of alternative food grains to fight malnutrition, Year 2023 has been observed as International Year of Millets. Buckwheat, a pseudomillet has a potential to alleviate mal-nutrition and may be considered as alternative food grain.

References

1. H, Shams.R, Dash.K.K. et al;2023. A comprehensive review of pseudocereals: Nutritional profile, phytochemicals constituents and potential health promoting benefit. Applied Food Research 3 (2023) 100351

2. Anne-Laure J, Valérie C. Jean-Marie K, Jean-François L and Muriel Q. Is buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) still a valuable crop today? The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology 2012; 6 (Special Issue 2): 1-10

3. S. National Plant Germplasm System, Taxon: Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.https://npgsweb.arsgrin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?16528

4. Anne-Laure J, Valérie C. Jean-Marie K, Jean-François L and Muriel Q. Is buckwheat

(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) still a valuable crop today? The European Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology 2012; 6 (Special Issue 2): 1-10

5. Campbell C.G., 1997. Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench International plant Genetic Resources Institute Canada

6. Campbell C.G., Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench International plant Genetic Resources Institute Canada

7. A, Snafi.A 2017. A review on Fagopyrum esculentum: A potential medicinal plant international organization of Scientific Research journal of pharmacy ISSN NO:2250-3013

8. Abbasi R, Janjua S, Rehman A, William K & Khan SW. 2015; Some preliminary studies on phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of Fagopyrum esculentum cultivated in Chitral, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences; 25(3 Supp. 2): 576-579.

9. Singh, T., Nath, Y. and Handa, K. L. 1960. Rutin from Fagopyrum Res Ind 5,20.

10. Campbell C.G. Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 19. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy 1997

11. Morya G.C., Mishra H.S., Kumar K. Millets: Scientific Revival of Ancient Bhartiya Wisdom, Annapurna Printers, Kokar, Ranchi, 834001, First Edition 2023 Pg.no. 179

12. Sindhu, Ritu, and Bhupendar Singh Khatkar. “Composition and functional properties of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) flour and starch.” IJIRAS, Vol. 3, No. 7, 2016, pp. 154-59

13. Babu, Subhash, et al. “Production technology and multifarious uses of buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.): A review.” Indian Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 63, No. 4, 2018, pp. 415-27

14. Rauf, Muhammad, et al. “Evaluation of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench germplasm based on agro-morphological traits and the rutin and quercetin content of seeds under spring cultivation.” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol. 67, 2020, pp. 1-19.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(2)98
Kaur Taranjeet et al. Neutraceutical Pharmaceutical Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum

15. Babu, Subhash, et al. “Production technology and multifarious uses of buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.): A review.” Indian Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 63, No. 4, 2018, pp. 415-27

16. Ahmad, Mushtaq, et al. “Buck wheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)-A neglected crop of high altitude cold arid regions of ladakh: Biology and nutritive value.” International Journal of Pure and Applied, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2018, pp. 395- 406

17. Babu, Subhash, et al. “Production technology and multifarious uses of buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.): A review.” Indian Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 63, No. 4, 2018, pp. 415-27.

18. Babu, Subhash, et al. “Production technology and multifarious uses of buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.): A review.” Indian Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 63, No. 4, 2018, pp. 415-27.

19. Santos, Diana I., et al. “Methods for determining bioavailability and bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and nutrients.” Innovative thermal and non-thermal processing, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutrients and bioactive compounds. Woodhead Publishing, 2019, pp. 23-54

20. Rauf, Muhammad, et al. “Evaluation of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench germplasm based on agro-morphological traits and the rutin and quercetin content of seeds under spring cultivation.” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol. 67, 2020, pp. 1-19.

21. Morya G.C., Mishra H.S., Kumar K. Millets: Scientific Revival of Ancient Bhartiya Wisdom, Annapurna Printers, Kokar, Ranchi, 834001, First Edition 2023 Pg.no.182

22. Hosaka T, Nii Y, Tomotake H, Ito T, Tamanaha A, Yamasaka Y, Sasaga S, Edazawa K, Tsutsumi R, Shuto E, Okahisa N, Iwata S and Sakai T. Extracts of common buckwheat bran prevent sucrose digestion. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57(6): 441-445

23. P 7& Ratan P. 2011. Antistress effect of Fagopyrum esculentum in rats subjected to forced swimming endurance test. Pharmacologyonline; 3: 290-296.

24. Zouhir D. 2014. Efficacy of honey bee and Fagopyrum esculentum Moench ointment in the

treatment of sub chronic wound in rabbits: A case control study. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; 9 (1): 14-18.

25. Mann, S., Gupta, D. & Gupta, R. K. 2012. Evaluation of nutritional and antioxidant potential of Indian Buckwheat grains. Indian J Trad Knowl 11, 40-44.

26. Samaiya, G. C. & Saxena, V. K. 1985. Studies on antibacterial activity of essential oil of the leaves of Fagopyrum esculentum. Indian Perfum 29, 169-170.

27. Koda T, Kuroda Y, Ueno Y. et al. Protective effects of buckwheat hull extract against experimental hippocampus injury induced by trimethyltin in rats. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2008; 63(4): 711-716.

28. Leung EH & Ng TB. 2007A relatively stable antifungal peptide from buckwheat seeds with antiproliferative activity toward cancer cells. J Pept Sci; 13(11): 762-767.

29. Liu, Z., Ishikawa, W., Huang, X., Tomotake, H., Watanabe, H., Kato, N., 2001. Buckwheat protein product suppresses 1,2- dimethylohydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats by reducing cell proliferation. J. Nutr. 131(6), 1850-1853.

30. Kato, N., Kayashita, J., Tomotake, H., 2001. Nutritional and physiological functions of buckwheat protein. Recent Res. Dev. Nutr. 4, 113-119.

31. Kreft, I., Srabanja, V., Ikeda, S., Bonafaccia, G., 1996. Dietary value of buckwheat. Research Reports Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Lubljana. 67, 73-78.

32. Nakajoh, M., Kato, N., 2000. A buckwheat protein product suppresses gallstone formation and plasma cholesterol more strongly than soy protein isolate in hamsters. J. Nutr. 130, 1670-1674.

33. Wieslander G, 1996.Review on buckwheat allergy, Allergy.51,661-665.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(2)99