E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Role of Tridosha

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 5 May
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Conceptual study of role of Tridosha during Antenatal Period

C Khendkar J1*, M Jadhav G2, Sant S3
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.5.30

1* Jayashree C Khendkar, Phd Scholar, Dept of Kriya Sharir, Government Ayurved College, Nanded, Maharashtra, India.

2 Gopal M Jadhav, Assistant Professor, Dept of Stree Rog Prasuti Tantra, Government Ayurved College, Nanded, Maharashtra, India.

3 Sampada Sant, PhD Guide, Dept of Kriya Sharir, Government Ayurved College, Nanded, Maharashtra, India.

Ayurveda primarily focuses on preventive as well as promotional health. It believes in principles of Tri-dosha (three fundamental bio-energies as well as vitiating factors or pollutants) theory. Tridosha theory is fundamental framework of Ayurveda. These three bio-energies namely Vata, Pitta and Kapha, when in equilibrium support body like tripod and when vitiated cause various diseases. A journey of every living creature starts from womb of mother (Beejanda) and travels towards outer world (Brahmanda). This travel of a cell from womb to universe is nothing but true scenario of life. This mysterious and marvelous starting of life journey has many transformations and adaptations which a living being come across in their life span. Human conception takes place in fallopian tube and then Garbha (fetus) is carried forward in the uterus for further growth and development. Garbhini Avastha (gestational period) is a very complex state of body which involves multiple adaptations necessary for uninterrupted supply of necessary nutrients to support fetal growth and development. Tridosha plays a significant role during Garbhini Avastha to aid woman in accustomed situations. These are responsible for normal growth and development as well as responsible for abnormal entities like congenital malformations. Current study focuses on significance of role of Tridosha during Garbhini Avastha or antenatal period with abnormal clinical conditions.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Tridosha, Garbhini Avastha, Garbha

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Jayashree C Khendkar, Phd Scholar, Dept of Kriya Sharir, Government Ayurved College, Nanded, Maharashtra, India.
Email: 		C Khendkar J, M Jadhav G, Sant S, Conceptual study of role of Tridosha during Antenatal Period. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(5):179-185.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3167

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-03-16 2024-03-26 2024-04-06 2024-04-16 2024-04-24
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 23.01

© 2024by C Khendkar J, M Jadhav G, Sant Sand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Ayurveda is an ancient medical science that has developed gradually and established time-tested principles which can be validated in modern era also. Constant research of investigators, testing in different ways and proving it with logical reasoning made Ayurveda to establish strong fundamentals.[1] It is an ancient medical science which includes everything about life from birth to death. It primarily focuses on preventive as well as promotional health. It believes in principles of Tri-dosha (three fundamental bio-energies) theory.

Tridosha term is derived from Sanskrit word - Tri means three and Dosha means vitiating factors or pollutants. These three bio-energies are namely - Vata, Pitta and Kapha.[2] Their existence can be recognized based on their Gunas or qualities they have. They support right body function when in right amount and destroy right body function when in excess or deficient. They are responsible for physiological function taking place in the human body and are also capable of causing diseases.[3] Whole body is abode of Tridosha, which brings about good and bad results according to their normal and abnormal state. The Doshas ensures that all the Panchamahabhutas (five fundamental constituents of universe) are held together and exert their functions in synergism for the optimum function of the human body. According to Acharya Sushruta, health is a state of equilibrium of Dosha, Dhatu, Agni and Mala.[4] The balance between three Doshas is very important for comprehensive wellbeing and health of an individual. Existence of man depends upon balanced state of body and mind whose foundation is Tridosha. These are present in everyone, but their proportion varies which causes diversity in physique, mental status or temperament and proneness to disease.

A journey of every living creature starts from womb of mother i.e., from Beejanda to Brahmanda. This travel from womb to universe is life. There are many transformations and adaptations which a living being come across in their life span. So, starting of life journey is mysterious and marvelous. As we know, conception takes place in a fallopian tube and then Garbha or fetus is carried forward in the womb of a mother for further growth and development. Pregnancy is a precious period of any woman’s life. Life of a woman is not complete

without experiencing golden phase of motherhood journey. In Ayurveda, care to be taken in Garbhini Avastha of female is beautifully explained by a quote - ‘She should be treated just like a completely oil filled vessel as the slightest movement can cause oil spilling out of it, in the same way slightest stimulation can harm mother and fetus both.[5] Pregnancy is a beautiful journey in which woman gets converted into mother. Within a short span of nine months, several physical, physiological as well as psychological changes occur in the body. Women get less time to adopt with the situation inside her. These changes are required for ensuring growth and development of growing fetus. This is a transitional period which makes women to grow into mother. Pregnancy is a complex state of a body which involves multiple adaptations necessary for continuous supply of needed nutrients to support growth and fetal development. Tridosha plays a significant role during Garbhini Avastha to aid woman to accustomed situations.

Research Question

Does Tridosha plays significant role in Garbhini Avastha?

Aim

To study significant role of Tridosha in Garbini Avastha.

Objectives

1. To study the literature related to Tridosha during Garbhini Avastha.

2. To find out probable significance of Tridosha in Garbhini Avastha.

Materials and Methods

For this article, various references are collected from classical Ayurveda texts, commentaries, modern literatures, research journals available in institutional central library. Online databases are reviewed and analyzed to frame this article.

Review of Literature

Concept of Tridosha

Tridosha means three pollutants or vitiating factors. These bioenergetics are made up of qualities which


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support right body function in right amount and destroy right body function in case of excess or deficiency condition. Physiological functions of body depend on them, but they are also capable of causing disorders. Whole body is abode of Tridosha which brings about good and bad results according to their normal and abnormal state.[6] They are namely - Vata, Pitta and Kapha.

Vata Dosha

The composition of Vata includes Akasha and Vayu Mahabhuta. It mostly stays in lower aspect of body. Its qualities are Ruksha (dry), Laghu (light), Sheeta (cold), Khara (rough), Sukshma (minute) and Chala (unstable).[7] Vata is mainly responsible for movement in the body.

Pitta Dosha

The composition of Pitta includes Agni Mahabhuta. It lies in the middle part of the body. Its qualities are Sneha (oily), Teekshna (piercing), Ushna (hot), Laghu (light), Visra (bad smell), Sara (movement) and Drava (liquid form).[8] Pitta is mainly responsible for digestion and transformation.

Kapha Dosha

The composition of Kapha Dosha includes Jala and Prithvi Mahabhuta. It lies roughly in the upper part of the body. Its qualities are Snigdha (oily), Sheeta (cold), Guru (heavy), Manda (slow), Slakshna (slimy), Mrutsna (viscous) and Sthira (stable) [9]. Kapha is mainly responsible for stability and bonding.

The Doshas ensure that all Mahabhutas are held together and exert their functions in synergism for the optimum function in human body. Doshas are made up of the same elements (Panchmahabhutas) which forms our body i.e., Akash, Vayu, Agni, Jala and Prithvi. These three doshas are considered as three pillars of the body. The body is kept healthy by balance between them is maintained. When these Doshas are balanced, they support body. When they are vitiated or disturbed, they cause pathogenesis and cause many diseases. Balance of three Doshas is very important for comprehensive well-being and health of an individual.

Garbhini Avastha

Garbha is formed by union of Shukra, Shonit and Aatma in a womb of a woman according to Ayurveda.

[10] And Garbhini means a woman who carries Garbha or fetus. Avastha means phase. So, it is the phase or span in the woman’s life when she is pregnant.

Garbhini Avastha or Pregnancy is a precious period of any woman’s life. Life of a woman is not complete without experiencing golden phase of motherhood journey. In Ayurveda, care to be taken in Garbhini Avastha of female is beautifully explained by a quote - ‘She should be treated just like a completely oil filled vessel as the slightest movement can cause oil spilling out of it, in the same way slightest stimulation can harm mother and fetus both.’ Pregnancy is a beautiful journey in which woman gets converted into mother. Within a short span of nine months, several physical, physiological as well as psychological changes occur in the body. Women get less time to adopt with the situation inside her. These changes are required for insuring growth and development of growing fetus. This is a transitional period which makes women to grow into mother. Pregnancy is a complex state of a body which involves multiple adaptations necessary for continuous supply of needed nutrients to support growth and fetal development.

Role of Vata Dosha in Garbhini Avastha

1. Tantrayantradhara[11] - The term ‘Tantrayantradhara’ may be interpreted either as sustainer of the organs of the body (Tantra) or the sustainer of the joint (Yantra) of the body. In Garbhini, as many transformations are occurring in her body Vata helps her to sustain stress of pregnancy.

2. Pravartak Chesthanam[11] - It prompts all type of actions. It triggers cell division after conception in embryo. In Garbhini, after conception, Sadyogruhit Garbha Lakshanas (early features of conception) appear which include fatigue, languor, thirst, heaviness in thighs, retention of menses and quivering in the vagina, etc.

3. Vayurvibhajati[12] - Under dominance of Vata, division of cells after fertilization takes place. During the first month of embryonic life Kalal stage is mentioned in Ayurvedic classical texts. Also, it aids in sorting similar cells in a group. For better understanding, we know after fertilization, single cell undergoes multiple mitotic divisions and morula, blastula etc. stages are formed eventually during growth as days passes. Basically, these


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cells are totipotent but then they are further divided into three germinal layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. During second month, classification in Ghana, Peshi or Arbuda stages are mentioned.

4. Sarva Indriyanam Udyojaka [11] - It is regarded as the bearer of the objects of all the sense faculties; it is through Vata that all the sense faculties enjoy their respective objects. The Vata being directly related to tactual perception and the tactual sense faculty being a common factor no sense faculty can enjoy its object without the help of Vata. In embryo, sense organs start developing in third month itself. Then as heart and Chetana Dhatu is expressed in fourth month, Garbhini is termed as Douhridini. As the Garbha is completely dependent on the Garbhini during his life in the womb, his desires are expressed by Garbhini. One should respect Douhrida of Garbhini.

5. Sarv Sharirdhatu Vyuhakara[11] - It segregates all the tissue elements and brings compactness in the body. Differentiation of body parts begins by the appearance of five Pidka in third month. All the major and minor body parts become well differentiated in seventh month.

6. Sandhankara Sharirasya[11] - It brings together different parts of the body. All organs in Garbhini co-ordinates and equilibrium are maintained.

7. Samiranogne Dosha Sanshoshana - It stimulates digestive fire and absorbs the Doshas.

8. Kshepta Bahirmanlanam [11] - It throws out excretory material out of the body of Garbha as well as Garbhini. The metabolic waste formed during the cell division and nutrition is excreted out of the cell with the help of Sukshma and Chala Guna of

9. Stulanustrotasam Cha Bhetta [11] - It creates gross and subtle channels. Vata has Ruksha, Laghu, Khara, Sukshma and Chala qualities which is responsible for formation of various Strotas.

10. Karta Garbhakrutinam [11] - It molds shape of the embryo as explained earlier.

11. Yogavahi property - It means instead of manifesting its own attributes it manifests the attributes of the Dosha with which it is combined.

12. Akasham Vivardhayati[12] - As Vata is made up of Vayu and Akasha Mahabhuta, it is responsible for growth. Due to Laghu and Chala properties, room is created for growth of fetus in the womb.

13. Ucchavasaa Nishwasa[13] (inspiration and expiration) - Ucchavas and Nishwasa are function of Vata Dosha. In humans, fetal breathing movements are detectable at around fifteenth week of gestation.

14. Bahusho Bhinne Yathaswam Bavhapatyata - Multiple pregnancies are occurred due to activity of Vata which divides the products of conception rapidly in early stage.

Role of Pitta Dosha in Garbhini Avastha

1. Maintenance of body temperature - Pitta Dosha has Ushna quality, which helps the body to maintain temperature. Basal temperature rises by around 0.5°C during pregnancy and remains at that level.

2. Digestion - There are two types of digestion. Extracellular digestion represents the process of food digestion. Jathragni is also called as ‘Bhagwan’ or God.[15] This Agni lies inside Pitta and its function of digestion takes place. Digestive fire is required for digestion of food material we eat. So, all the nutrients are absorbed after digestion and provided to all body parts of Garbhini as well as fetus. According to Acharya Harita, Jatharagni starts functioning in fetus in 8th[16]

3. Ushma Pachati - Intracellular digestion occurs inside the cell itself. Pittantargat Ushma is required for Pachana or transformation.[17] At cellular level, this process of digestion can be used for both i.e., for energy extraction and for removing foreign substance out of the cell.

4. Varna - Bhrajaka Pitta is a subtype of Pitta Dosha which lies inside skin and responsible for giving color to skin.[18] During the sixth month of pregnancy Garbha Varna improves on the contrast there is loss of Varna in Garbhini. According to modern literature, increased hormones during pregnancy cause changes in skin pigmentation and cause darkening of skin.

5. Darshanam[16] - Aalochaka Pitta present inside eyes is the cause of vision.

6. Kshudha and Trushna[13] (Hunger and thirst) - Expression of Kshuda and Trushna is due to Pitta. Daily energy requirements are increased by about 250 kcal per day during pregnancy.

Role of Kapha dosha in Garbhini Avastha

1. Sthiratva[13] - According to Acharya Charaka,


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in the fourth month of gestation Garbha attains Sthiratva or stability. While in Garbhini, there is feeling of heaviness in body. This is due to Guru Guna of Kapha Dosha. Garbha stays inside womb for nine months.

2. Snigdhatva[13] - During pregnancy, increased hormonal levels (androgens and progesterone) stimulates the oil glands present in the skin to secrete more oil. That keeps skin oily.

3. Sandhibandha[13] - Bandha means bonds, tied up or ligature. Due to Guru, Sthitra, Snigdha Guna of Kapha joints get tied up with strength. Shleshaka Kapha keeps them well lubricated.

4. Gourava[19] - Heaviness is felt in body during fourth month of pregnancy due to Guru Guna of Kapha. The amount of weight gain during whole pregnancy is roughly around 11 to 16 kgs.

5. Balam/ Ojas[20] - Shleshma or Kapha in normal functional state form has been considered as Bala or Ojas. Pramana of Apara Ojas is Half Anjali as per classical texts. It is the key for maintenance of overall health, energy and liveliness. During eighth month of gestation, Ojas becomes unstable, and it travels from mother to fetus and vice versa.

Role of Tridosha in formation of Prakriti

Prakriti stands for temperament or nature of the person, and it is decided at the time of conception.[21] In development of fetus, due to its own reasons Dosha become intensified. This Prakrit or nonpathogenic intensified status of Dosha lasts unchangeable from birth till death is called as Prakriti. By nature, the types of constitution do not get aggravated, perverted, or diminished except at the end of life. Thus, Prakriti is not output of those Dosha, which undergo constant variations. Dosha which remains constant are responsible for Prakriti and they change only at the time of death. According to Acharya Kashyapa, fetal body gets Tridosha during the seventh month of gestation.[22]

Some abnormal clinical conditions during Garbhini Avastha

1. Effects of Vata Prakopaka diet consumption: If Vata vitiating diet is consumed by couple during fertile period or suppresses natural urges, then aggravated Vata leads to Rakta and other Dhatu vitiation which results into hoarseness of voice, nasal voice, deafness.[23]

2. Effects of Pitta Prakopaka diet consumption: Vitiation of Pitta can produce baldness, premature graying of hairs, discoloration of nails, skin and hairs with other Pitta Pradoshaja[24]

3. Effects of Kapha Prakopaka diet consumption: Regular consumption of kapha vitiating food products by pregnant women can cause Kustha (leprosy), Shwitra (leucoderma), Kilasa which is a skin condition, congenital tooth eruption and Pandue. anemia.[25,24]

4. Garbhshosha (intra-uterine growth restriction):[26] This is a clinical condition where no growth of fetus is seen according to gestational period and believed to be caused by Vata Dosha. Acharya Sushruta states that drying of Rasa Dhatu by Vata is cause of Garbhshosha[27] (IUGR).[28]

Observations

The various references sited and described above from ancient Ayurveda texts as well as some online published articles shows that Tridosha which are basic constitutional and functional elements of human body are also responsible for formation of new progeny along with its growth and development. Vata, Pitta, Kapha has their independent roles in the process of fetal development. Tridoshas also responsible for congenital malformations of fetus during intra uterine life.

Discussion and Conclusion

Vata is primarily the Dosha of movement and it is the initiating and controlling factor in so many ways, pregnancy embodies this quality. Pitta Dosha is controller of metabolic activities. It is concerned mainly with digestion and maintaining body temperature. Kapha Dosha possesses grounded quality which is responsible for binding and growth. Prakriti is a unique concept in Ayurveda which determines inherent nature of a person. It is determined at the time of conception by dominant Dosha and cannot be changed till death. Hence, Tridosha plays significant role during Garbhini Avastha as it helps Garbhini to cope with physiological changes taking place inside the body as well as in Garbha for its proper growth and nourishment.

Also, any cause which leads to vitiation of different Dosha


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can lead to congenital malformations as per different Doshas. Hence, it is important to consider different Doshas for fetal growth and development but on other side any excess quantity of Dosha also causes deformities in fetus. So, a sensible clinician should advice dietary and adaptive lifestyle to a pregnant woman or who desires for conception keeping balance state of Dosha in her body, which will not only help her to reproduce a healthy but also physically normal new child for society.

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