E-ISSN:2456-3110

Research Article

Panchanan Rasa

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 8 AUGUST
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

A Pharmaceutical Study on Panchanan Rasa

Bhargava S1*, Awasthi V2, Singh O3
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.8.3

1* Satyam Bhargava, Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Vimla Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2 Vivek Awasthi, Vice Principal and HOD, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Vimla Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

3 Omvir Singh, Principal and HOD, Dept of Dravyaguna, Vimla Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Rasa Shastra is a specialized branch of Indian system of traditional medicine which mainly deals with the use of metals, minerals and herbs along-with the application of varied principles of Alchemy. Panchanan Rasa a chief reference from Rasa Ratna Sammuchya 14/09 was taken for Hridya Roga. It is a herbo-mineral preparation made finally with the use Kharal Yantra so called Kharaliye Rasayan, & is given after proper Mardan only in powder form with vehicle indicated for administering it. In recent scenario Hridya Roga is becoming a major concern disease every 1 in 10 person is suffering from sudden/chronic heart/artery disease with varied etiology & also patients are not able to afford such costly intervention to manage it, so effort is made to do pre-clinical study on the formulation & get some data to go for further clinical study in future.

Keywords: Rasa Shastra, Panchanan Rasa, Kharaliye, Hridya Roga, Alchemy

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Satyam Bhargava, Assistant Professor, Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Vimla Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Bhargava S, Awasthi V, Singh O, A Pharmaceutical Study on Panchanan Rasa. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(8):20-28.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3444

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-07-11 2024-07-22 2024-08-02 2024-08-12 2024-08-24
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 12.28

© 2024by Bhargava S, Awasthi V, Singh Oand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana branch of Ayurveda, a broad science of medicine, emphasizes following standard pharmaceutical procedures when developing medicines. Most of the basic principles of are like Shodhana, Jarana, Marana, and Bhavana etc. are an integral part of drug development. They help improve the properties of the medicine & make the medicine more suitable, attractive & palatable. This pharmaceutical science has the following characteristics, namely immediate effectiveness, small doses & wide therapeutic applicability, regardless of constitutional differences. An attempt was made to establish pharmaceutical procedure for preparation of the research formulation i.e., Panchanan Rasa. In this section all the processes adopted for the preparation of Panchanan Rasa with explicit detail of procurement of raw material quantity, duration, materials & methods along with timely observed and recorded values are presented.

Need of study

Herbal medicines are indicated in Hridya Roga, but the work on Rasa Aushadhi has not been so far much explored, Panchanan Rasa has been mentioned in Rasa Ratna Samu-Chya for the treatment of Hridya Roga, as per our knowledge is concerned there has been no pharmaceutical and analytical study on Panchanan Rasa, so there is need for establishing its pharmaceutical and analytical process, so this study has been taken.

Review of literature

It is one of the potent herbo-mineral drugs and the detailed description of ingredients, usage, properties, method of preparation, and therapeutic effect of Panchanan Rasa is mentioned in Rasa Ratna Samuchchya, Hridya Roga Chikitsa chapter 14/09.[1]

Aim and Objectives

To conduct pharmaceutical study to assess the formulation development procedure of formulation.

Materials and Methods

Materials[1]

  • Parad (Mercury [Hg])
  • Gandhak (Sulphur [S])
  • Amla (Phyllanthus emblica)
  • Draksha (Vitis Vinifera)
  • Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
  • Khajur (Phoenix dactylifera),

Were obtained from Rasa Shashtra Pharmacy of Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt. Ayurveda Institute Bhopal MP & was purified as per classical methods.

Methods: Pharmaceutical study

Associated drugs and their procurement:

  • Godugdha (Cow’s milk): Amul Dairy, Bhopal
  • Goghrita (Cow’s ghee): Amul Dairy, Bhopal
  • Quick Lime: Local Market, Bhopal
  • Garlic (Allium Sativum): Local Market, Bhopal
  • Saindhava (Pink Salt): Pharmacy of Rasashastra evam Bhaisajya Kalpana, Bhopal
  • Water (RO Water): Pt. Khushilal Sharma Govt Ayurveda College, Bhopal

Following are subdivided into such headings:

  • Processing of Raw Materials
  • Parada Shodhana
  • Gandhaka Shodhana
  • Preparation of Kajjali
  • Preparation of Kwath[5] for Bhavana

Kwath of Amalaki, 1 times Bhavana
Kwath of Yashtimadhu, 1 times Bhavana
Kwath of Draksha, 1 times Bhavana
Kwath of Khajura, 1 times Bhavana

  • Preparation of Panchanan Rasa

Table 1.1: Showing ingredients of Panchanan Rasa

SNIngredientsEnglish NameQuantity
1.Shuddha ParadaMercury100gm
2.Shuddha GandhakaSulphur100gm
3.KhajuraPhoenix dactylifera50ml
4.AmlaPhyllanthus emblica50ml
5.YashtimadhuGlycyrrhiza glabra50ml
6.DrakshaVitis vinifera50ml

Parada Shodhana

Reference: Rasa Tarangini[2]

Principle: Mardana & Prakshalana


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Samanya Shodhana of Parada was carried out in two phases:

  • By Shudha Churna (Quick Lime)
  • By Rasona & Saindhava Lavana

Parada Shodhana by Sudha Churna

Table 1.2: Showing ingredient & quantity

StartingMaterialsQuantityCompletion
30/10/2022Ashodhita Parada500 gm.12/11/2022
Shudha Churna500 gm.

Equipment: Khalva Yantra, Cotton Cloth, Mask, Gloves, Spatula Tray, Plastic Vessel, Hot Water.

Methods

  • Ashodhita Parada (500gm.) & Shudha Churna (500gm.) was taken in a mortar & was triturated for 47 hours with the help of pestle.
    • Shodhita Parada was collected from Shudha Churna by
    • Remaining Shodhita Parada was obtained by Urdhapatana
    • The quantity of Shodhita Parada obtained was 474.15 gm.

Parada Shodhana by Rasona Kalka and Saindhav Lavana

Table 1.3: Showing ingredients & quantity

Date of startingIngredientsQuantityCompletion
12/11/2022Parada (obtained from Shudha Churna)474.15gm.19/11/2022
Rasona (peeled garlic)474.15gm.
Saindhava Lavana (Pink salt)237.07gm.

Equipment: Khalwa Yantra, Cotton Cloth, Mask, Gloves, Spatula Tray, Plastic vessel, Hot water.

Procedure

  • Shudha Shodhita Parada (450gm.) and Rasona Kalka (474.15gm.) were added in the mortar and half the quantity of Saindhava Lavana (237.07gm.) was added and is triturated for 30hrs.
  • Prakshalana of garlic paste was done with lukewarm water for 3 times.
  • Every time, the supernatant water was collected & dried to obtain the Parada.
  • The remaining garlic paste was dried in sunlight & Parada was obtained by scrapping.
  • Urdhvapatan process was also performed to obtain the remaining Parada from the Rasona Kalka.

Gandhaka Shodhana[3]

Reference: Rasa Tarangini

Principle: Dhalana

Equipment’s: Stainless Steel Vessels, Gas Stove, Spatula, Cotton Cloth, Infrared Thermometer.

Date of starting: 14/12/2022

Date of completion: 28/12/2022

Ingredients

Table 3.10: Showing list of ingredients for Gandhaka Sodhana

Dravya taken1st Dhalana2nd Dhalana3rd DhalanaFinal result
Asuddha Gandhaka500gm.457gm.429gm.414gm.
Goghrita500gm.500gm.500gm.
Godugdha1000ml1000ml1000ml

Procedure

  • Ashodhita Gandhaka was crushed in Khalva Yantra to obtain fine powder.
  • of Goghrita was heated & melted in a vessel.
  • Then powdered Gandhakaa was added in Goghrita & stirred continuously till it got completely melted.
  • 1000ml Godugdha was taken in another steel vessel & a cotton cloth was tied over it.
  • Then molten mixture of Gandhaka & Goghrita was poured in to the vessel containing Godugdha through the cloth to filter the impurities.
  • After self-cooling a solid mass with some granular part of Gandhaka was taken out from the vessel & thoroughly washed with hot water to remove the
  • Same procedure was repeated 3 times as per the reference, to obtain Shuddha Gandhaka.

Preparation of Kajjali
Reference: Rasa Ratna Samucchya

Principle: Mardana

Equipment’s: Khalva Yantra (Mortar and Pestle), Spoon, Plate.

Ingredients:


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Table 3.13: Showing ingredients & quantity for Kajjali Preparation

Date of startingIngredientQuantityCompletion
29/12/2022Shuddha Parada380gm.04/01/2023
Shuddha Gandhaka380gm.

Procedure

  • of Shodhita Parada & 380gm. of Shodhita Gandhaka were taken in the Khalva Yantra & triturated for 37 hours.
  • Trituration was continued until the Kajjali became black color, lusterless, Varitara & fulfil all criteria of Kajjali as mentioned in AFI.

Preparation of Kwath[5]: Yashtimadhu, Amla, Khajura, Draksha

Name of procedure: Preparation of Kwath

Reference: Sh.Sa.Ma.Kh.9

Date of inception: 31/01/2023

Date of Completion: 04/02/2023

Principle: Kwathan (Boiling)

Equipment’s: Iron Vessel, Spatula, Gas Stove, Cloth, Measuring Jar, Infrared Thermometer

Material:

Kwath Dravya - 40gm.

Portable water - 640ml

Methods:

  • of Yavakuta Kwath Dravya was kept in vessel.
  • 640ml drinking water (16 times of drug) was taken in vessel & kept overnight.
  • Next day to prepare Kwath a vessel kept on mild heat without covering its mouth.
  • Boiling was continued and reduced the quantity up to 1/4th of initial.
  • The mixture was then filtered through double folded cotton cloth and kept in a vessel.
  • Further this Kwatha was used for Bhavana in the formulation.

Preparation: Panchanan Rasa

Name of procedure: Preparation of Rasa with Bhavana, Mardan

Reference: R.R.S. 14/21

Date of inception: 01/02/2023

Date of Completion: 05/02/2023

Principle: Mardana & Bhavana

Equipment’s: Mortar And Pestle, Stainless Steel Plate, Dryer, Spatula

Material: Kajjali, Yashtimadhu Kwatha, Amla Kwatha, Khajura Kwatha, Draksha Kwatha

Methods

Pre-procedure: Main ingredients were taken in Kharal i.e.,

  • Kajjali - 200gm
  • Yashtimadhu Kwatha - 50ml
  • Amlaki Kwatha - 50ml
  • Khajura Kwatha - 50ml
  • Draksha Kwatha - 50ml

Main-procedure

Panchanan Rasa was prepared in mortar & pestle by Mardana procedure, taking Samguna Kajjali was prepared by taking Shuddha Parada & Shuddha Gandhaka. Once Kajjali was prepared, mixture was subjected to each Bhavana of Yashtimadhu Kwatha, Amlaki Kwatha, Khajura Kwatha, Draksha Kwatha. Each Bhavana took one day to complete procedure. Triturate whole mixture to form paste & then mixture was dried in shade to get powder.

Observation

Table 2.1: showing observation of Parada Shodhana by Shudha Churna

Time of TriturationObservations
3 HoursParada started disintegrating into medium sized globules.
On resuming maximum amount of Parada reappeared at the base of the Khalvayantra.
6 HoursMixture of Shudha & Parada turned into light gray color,
Parada seen at the base of Khalvayantra.
9 HoursParada disintegrated in small globules of and light gray color of Shudha Churna was seen.
12 HoursMixture became heavy and grey in color.
18 HoursVery small droplets of Parada were visible on minute observation of the mixture.
21 HoursParada droplets were completely mixed. Dark gray color of mixture was seen.
35 HoursDark gray color of mixture was seen
47 HoursMardana process completed.

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Table 2.2: Showing observation of Parada Shodhana by Rasona & Saindhava Lavana.

Triturating TimeObserved changes during Parada Shodhana
1 HourMixture of Rasona and Saindhava was formed but Parada was clearly visible.
3 HoursParada started to disintegrate & mix with the garlic paste forming small globules.
6 HoursGarlic paste changes to light greyish color
9 HoursColor of paste was dark grey & few small particles of Parada was visible.
18 HoursDark grey color of mixture was seen.
25 HoursParada was homogenously mixed in the mixture & no Parada droplets were visible.
28 HoursParada was homogenously mixed in the mixture but Mardana was continued, color of garlic paste turned to blackish gray.
30 HoursMardana process completed.

Table 2.3: Showing Organoleptic characters of Parada after Shodhana

ParameterCharacteristics
ColorShiny white
AppearanceBright and shinny
ConsistencyLiquid
OdorNot specific

Table 2.4: Showing observation during Gandhaka Shodhana

ParameterBefore ShodhanaOn heatingAfter Shodhana
ColorBright yellowReddish brownDark yellow
StateCrystalline solidLiquidGranular
TouchKharaSnigdha, Mridu
TasteBitterTasteless
OdorPungentGoghrita

Table 2.5: Showing the observation during the Mardana process of Kajjali

Time of Trituration (Hours)Observation
0Parada + Gandhaka
3Minute Parada particle was seen in Gandhaka
6Parada was completely mixed with Gandhaka, but shine of Parada could be seen
9Mixture became greenish black.
12Mixture became dark grey in color. Shine of Parada was seen.
15Soft texture of mixture with shiny particles.
20Mardana was continued to attain complete Lakshana of Kajjali.
24Attained Rekhapoorna & Slakshnatwa. Dark black color was seen.
34Nischandratwa was observed.
37Showed completion of Kajjali Lakshana

Table 2.6: Showing Organoleptic examination of Kajjali

ParameterCharacteristics
ColorBlack
FormFine powder
TasteTasteless
OdorMild Pungent
TouchSoft and Smooth
AppearanceAnjana Sadrasha

Observation


  • Kwatha attained brown color.
  • Kwatha became soft because of soaking in water whole night.
  • To prepare Kwatha the temperature was to be maintained is 80-85℃.
  • The whole procedure was completed in 1hr.

Table 2.7: Showing Bhavana for Panchanan Rasa

Bhavana no.Bhavana DravyaBhavana Dravya QuantityTime taken for Bhavana
1stYashtimadhu Kwatha50ml1 hr.
2ndAmla Kwatha50ml1 hr.
3rdKhajura Kwatha50ml1 hr.
4thDraksha Kwatha50ml1 hr.
Total = 04200ml4 hours

Results

Table 3.1: Showing result of Parada Shodhana by Shudha Churna

ParameterWeight
Initial wt.500gm.
Wt. Obtained by Vastragalan and Urdhapatana474.15gm.
Total wt. Obtained474.15gm.
Loss of wt.25.85gm.
Loss of wt. %5.17%

Table 3.2: Showing result of Parada Shodhana by Rasona and Saindhava Lavana.

ParameterWeight
Initial wt.474.15gm.
Wt. obtained by Prakshalana, Scrapping & Urdhvapatana445.23gm.
Loss of wt.23.32gm.
Loss of wt. %4.92%

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Table 3.3: Showing loss during Purification of Parada.

ParameterWeight
% Loss in 1st Shodhana5.17%
% Loss in 2nd Shodhana4.92%
Total Loss of wt. %10.09%
Total no. of days taken21 days

Table 3.4: Showing result during Gandhaka Shodhana.

ParameterWeight
Ashodhita Gandhaka500gm.
Shuddha Gandhaka414gm.
Total loss of wt.86gm.
Total loss of wt.%17.2 %
Total no. of days15

Table 3.5: Showing result during Kajjali preparation.

ParameterWeight
Time duration37 hours
Final weight of prepared Kajjali742gm.
Loss of weight18gm.
Loss of Wt.%2.36 %
Total days taken7 days

Table 3.6: Results of Kwatha preparation

DateBhavanaBhavana DravyaAmountWaterKwathaTimeCompleted
01/02/20231stYashtimadhu40gm640ml80ml1hr02/02/2023
02/02/20232ndAmla40gm640ml80ml1hr03/02/2023
03/02/20233rdKhajura40gm640ml80ml1hr04/02/2023
04/02/20234thDraksha40gm640ml80ml1hr05/02/2023

Table 3.7: Showing the result of Panchanan Rasa

SNParameterQuantity
1.Wt. of Kajjali200 gm.
2.Wt. of all herbal drug160gm
3.Vol. of Yashtimadhu Kwatha50ml
4.Vol. of Amla Kwatha50ml
5.Vol. of Khajura Kwatha50ml
6.Vol. of Draksha Kwatha50ml
7.Final prepared weight of Panchanan Rasa220gm
8.Wt. gain20gm
9.Wt. gain %10%

Discussion

Mercury (Parada) is a vital component in many Rasa Shastra formulations. proper handling, purification, and incorporation of mercury into these medicines require a deep understanding of its properties & reactions. Validity & credibility of Rasa Shastra as a branch of Ayurveda depend on successfully mastering practical aspects of preparation. This highlights importance of tradition, expertise & adherence to established methods in this field.

So here we discuss about pharmaceutical study of drug in stepwise procedure -

  • Sodhana of Parada
  • Sodhana of Gandhaka
  • Preparation of Kajjali
  • Preparation of Panchanan Rasa

Shodhana of Parada

Purification of mercury is a vital process to be carried out, before using it in any of Rasayoga (Herbo-mineral preparation) for internal administration. As Quick lime, Garlic, & Saindhava Lavana are easily available for normal purification of Parada as indicated in text, to make Parada fit for consumption & devoid of any impurities. The total quantity of Parada was taken 500gm & obtained was 474.15gm & loss observed was 25.85gm. Again 474.15gm of Parada was triturated with 474.15gm of Nistush Rasona and 237.07gm of Saindhava Lavana. The loss that was observed was due to spitting of material in Khalvya Yantra, during washing of Parada (Prakshalan) i.e., loss due to Jala Gati. The heat produced due to continuous friction of mortar & pestle along with uniform rising of temperature would seize impurities into quick lime, Rasona & Saindhava Lavana. The obtained Parada was bright, clear & shiny white like mirror after Samanya Shodhana as it has undergone purification procedures impurities got dissolved or absorbed in quick lime with trituration (47hours). With garlic paste & Saindhava Lavana trituration was done for 30hours making it bright in colour. Parada trituration with Sudha Churna, Rasona Kalka & Saindhava Lavana are viable methods. Garlic's sulphur compounds are thought to have chelating properties, which means they can help bind to heavy metals like mercury & facilitate their removal from body.


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This chelation process is considered beneficial in reducing the toxic effects of heavy metal poisoning. The use of garlic in the purification of mercury is an intriguing concept. Traditional purification processes aim to remove impurities & make the mercury safer for medicinal use. Garlic's chelating properties could potentially aid in this purification process. Once purified, the mercury can be used in various pharmaceutical procedures and as an ingredient in formulations within Ayurveda and other traditional medicine systems. These formulations are believed to have therapeutic benefits for various health conditions.

It's important to note that while garlic may aid in the purification of mercury, the properties of the resulting purified mercury could differ from its original form. As you mentioned, it's possible that the purified mercury, known as Sodhit Parada may have altered solubility characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract due to interactions with digestive enzymes, changes in pH, & complexion with other biomolecules. This could affect its bioavailability & therapeutic effects.

Sodhana of Gandhaka

After the completion of the Gandhaka Sodhana process (the purification of Sulphur), it is observed that some loss occurs. This loss could be attributed to the filtration of molten Sulphur, as well as the removal of various impurities, including fat-soluble and water-soluble substances, and physical impurities.

Powdering Sulphur is mentioned as a step in the purification process. This is done to increase the surface area, which facilitates quicker melting of Sulphur. After purification, the Sulphur changes from a crystalline to an amorphous nature. This transformation is attributed to the repeated heating, melting, and sudden cooling process. It's suggested that this amorphous state may be helpful in dissolving impurities present in Sulphur. The color of Sulphur changes from dark yellow to bright yellow with each repetition of the purification process, indicating the removal of impurities. Heating before melting is mentioned as a step that aids in the removal of some impurities through the oxidation process. Sulphur is purified with Ghrita (clarified butter) and milk, both of which have Madhura Rasa (sweet taste) and are considered Jeevaniya Dravya (rejuvenating substances).

This purification process is believed to remove Visha Dosha (toxicity) from Sulphur and incorporate unctuous (unctuous or oily) properties into it, potentially helping to dissolve fat-soluble impurities.

Sulphur is a constituent of proteins, including amino acids like Cysteine, & Methionine. It's involved in the formation of bile acids for fat digestion and absorption, cellular oxygen utilization, and detoxification mechanisms in the body.

Preparation of Kajjali

Kajjali is prepared by using 380 grams of Shuddha Parada and 380 grams of Shuddha Gandhaka. The two ingredients are triturated (ground or rubbed together) for 37 hours to achieve specific characteristics known as "Siddhi Lakshanas," which may include attributes like Nischandra (shiny) and Varitara (soft). It's noted that the trituration process may require slow and firm grinding to attain these desired characteristics. Some loss may occur during the trituration process, which could be due to dusting of Kajjali. This suggests that a careful & controlled process is necessary to minimize loss. Through the trituration process, Parada, Gandhaka, and other metals & minerals present in the ingredients are converted into a very fine, soft powder, similar to Anjana (Collyrium). Kajjali is believed to have the potential to cure various diseases when used properly in combination with other metals or herbs. It's considered the first Murchana (grinding or trituration) of Parada and involves a specific Bandha or bonding process. Kajjali therapeutic impact is suggested to be multidimensional & could involve various mechanisms, including scavenging of free radicals (antioxidant activity), antimicrobial properties, reactivity with other substances, pro-enzymatic effects, or modulation of the immune system.

Preparation of Panchanan Rasa

Kajjali was prepared using equal proportion of Shuddha Parada and Shuddha Gandhaka according to the reference of Rasa Tarangini. The formed Kajjali 200gm was then triturated with decoction of Amlaki, Yashthimadhu, Draksha, and Kharjura 50ml each was given per day respectively, Mardana was continued till the formulation got dried up then it was dried in shade completely and kept in air tight glass bottle.


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Conclusion

Panchanan Rasa is a Kharaliya Rasayan drug indicated for Hridya Roga, to be taken with Amla Churna, Sarkara Churna, and water. Based on the study and the data related to time, observations, and results, we can understand the significant effort and time required to formulate a quality Ayurveda herbo-mineral product in Rasa Shastra and to develop the corresponding pharmaceutical procedures. The data from this study can be used to establish a standard operating procedure for the development of Panchanan Rasa in the future, as well as to initiate clinical trials.

Acknowledgement

I am very thankful to late Dr Anil Nagle Sir (HOD) Dept. of Rasa Shastra Evam Bhaishajya Kalpana, my guide, Dr. R K Pati sir for providing the necessary guidance & facilities for the conduct of this research work.

References

1. Dattatrey Anant Kulkarni, Ras Ratna Sammuchya, Print 1939, Jaya Krishna Das Gupta, Vidya Vilas Press, Benares City.
2. Shastri Kashinath, Rasatarangini, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasi Das 2004: Page No. 79, 5/27-30.
3. Shastri Kashinath, Rasatarangini, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasi Das 2004: Page No.176, 8/7-12.
4. Shastri Kashinath, Rasatarangini, 11th Edition, New Delhi, Motilal Banarasi Das 2004: Page No.16, 2/27-30.
5. Acharya Sharangdhar, Sharangdhar Samhita, Jeevanprada Hindi Commentary By Dr. Shailja Shrivastava, Reprint 2011, Chaukambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Madhyam Khand 2/1-2, Page-135.


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