E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Chikitsa Siddhant

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 7 JULY
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Importance of Shad Padartha in Chikitsa Siddhant (Principles of Treatment)

Singh VP1*, Ram M2, Tapsi RN3
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.7.16

1* Vivek Pratap Singh, Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Samhita Evum Siddhanta, Rajkiya Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya Evum Chikitsalaya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2 Manohar Ram, Reader and HOD, Dept of Samhita Evum Siddhanta, Rajkiya Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya Evum Chikitsalaya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

3 Ram Nihor Tapsi, Reader, Dept of Samhita Evum Siddhanta, Rajkiya Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya Evum Chikitsalaya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

The Term 'Padartha' comprises two terms namely 'Pada' and 'Artha'. Pada refers to any object, a word or an inflected word or the stem of noun in the middle cases. The term ‘Artha’ refers to aim, purpose or meaning Thus the term Padartha denotes the meaning of any specific term. All Padartha in the universe are classified as existent (Bhava) or non-Existent (Abhava) termed “Sat” and “Asat” Respectively, Charak Samhita and Vaisheshika philosophy, classifies these Bhava Padartha into six Padartha but with alterations in sequence. Charak Samhita being a medical text focuses on the clinical aspect of the concept, Shad Padartha are Samanya, Vishesha, Guna, Dravya, Karma, Samvaya. “Samanya Vishesh Siddhanta” is one such major principle of Ayurveda Chikitsa Siddhant (Principles of Treatment) which helps to maintain body in healthy equilibrium.

Keywords: Shad Padartha, Samanya Vishesh Siddhanta, Guna Dosha, Dhatu

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Vivek Pratap Singh, Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Samhita Evum Siddhanta, Rajkiya Ayurvedic Mahavidyalaya Evum Chikitsalaya, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Singh VP, Ram M, Tapsi RN, Importance of Shad Padartha in Chikitsa Siddhant (Principles of Treatment). J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(7):122-124.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3561

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-05-09 2024-05-22 2024-05-27 2024-06-06 2024-06-16
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© 2024by Singh VP, Ram M, Tapsi RNand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Vivek P Singh et al. Importance of Shad Padartha in Chikitsa Siddhant

Introduction

In Caraka Samhita, Şhad Padārtha are described as 'इत्युक्तं कारण'' i.e., these Şhad Padartha are cause of Dhatu Samya or normal state of body which is the purpose of Caraka Samhitā as 'धातुसाम्यक्रिया चोक्ता तन्त्रस्यास्य प्रयोजनम् (च. सू. 1/53).

The concept of Şhad Padārtha is useful to maintain Dhātu Sāmya in normal individual and obtain the condition of Dhātu Sāmya in diseased person.

A) Samanya: सर्वदा सर्वभावानांसामान्यंवृद्धिकारणम्। ह्रासहेतुर्विशेषश्चप्रवृत्तिरुभयस्यतु॥ (Ch.Su.1/44)

Similarity of all substances is always the cause of increase and dissimilarity the Cause of decreases both effects by their application.

Types of Samanya:

Dravya Samanya: Similar substances are the cause of increase. E.g. Body muscles increase by eating flesh.

Guna Samanya: सामान्यमेकत्वकरं ॥ (Ch.Su.1/45)

Similarity brings Unity. E.g. - Drinking milk causes Sukra Vridhi i.e., increase in Sukra Dhatu because Sukra and milk both shares similar Guna.

Karma Samanya: तुल्यार्थताहिसामान्य॥ (Ch.Su.1/45) Similarity carries the sense of Equal.

E.g. - Running increases Vata Dosha because both shares common Guna, i.e., “Chala” Guna for Karma.

B) Vishesha: ह्रासहेतुर्विशेषश्च॥ (Ch.Su.1/44) Dissimilarities are the cause of decrease.

Types of Vishesha

Dravya Vishesha: Dissimilarities in substances are cause of decrease. Example: Gavedhuka consumption increase Laghuta perhaps decreases weight.

गवेधुकान्नं कर्शनीयानाम्

Guna Vishesha: विशेषस्तुपृथक्त्वकृत् ॥ (Ch.Su.1/45)

Dissimilarity causes diversity, Example - application of oil in Vataj Sandhi Shoola.

Karma Vishesha: विशेषस्तुविपर्ययः ॥ (Ch.Su.1/45)

Dissimilarity carries sense of unequal or sense opposite to equal. e.g. physical exercise increases Vata Dosha perhaps decreases Kapha Dosha.

C) Guna (Property): समवायी तु निश्चेष्टःकारणं गुणः ॥ (Ch.Su.1/51) Guna (Property) is related with inherence (to Dravya), is devoid of action and is Asamvayai (non-inherent) cause (of its effect).

Types of Guna:

सार्था गुर्वादयो बुद्धिःप्रयत्नान्ताःपरादयः गुणाःप्रोक्ताः ॥ (Ch.Su.1/48)

Sense objects (Sabda, Sparsa, Rupa, Rasa, Gandha) properties beginning with Guru, knowledge, qualities ending with Pryatna are Guna. Guna’s are classified as: Sartha or Artha Guna, Gurvadi Guna, Adhyatmika Guna, Paradi Guna.

D) Dravya (Substances including drugs) यत्राश्रिताःकर्मगुणाःकारणसमवायियत्तद्द्रव्यं ॥ (Ch.Su.1/50)

Dravya substances including drug is that where actions and properties are located and which is material cause (of its effect).

Types of Dravya

खादीन्यात्मामनःकालोदिशश्चद्रव्यसंग्रहः। सेन्द्रियंचेतनंद्रव्यंनिरिन्द्रियमचेतनम्”॥ (Ch.Su.1/48)

In short, Akasha etc. (Akasa, Vayu, Tejas, Jal and Prthivi), Self (Atma), mind (Mana), time (Kaal) and Space are Dravyas (Substances). Dravya having sense organ is sentient while that without it is insentient.

E) Karma (action) संयोगेचविभागेचकारणद्रव्यमाश्रितम। कर्तव्यस्यक्रियाकर्मकर्मनान्यदपेक्षते ||(Ch.Su.1/52)

The causative factor in conjunction disjunction, located in Dravya and performance of that to be done is Karma (action), Karma does not require another factor.

Types of Karma

As per therapeutic perspective - Vamana, Virechana, Niruh Vasti, Anuvasna Vasti and Nasya also the other Karma´s: Utkshepana, Apakshepan, Aakunchan, Prasaran, Gaman.

Samvaya (Inherence)

समवायोऽपृथग्भावो (भूम्यादीनांगुणैर्मतः। सनित्योयत्रहिद्रव्यंनतत्रानियतोगुणः॥ (Ch.Su.1/50)

Samvaya (Inherence) inseparableness of Prithivi etc. Dravya with their Guna (properties) this is eternal because no Dravya (substances) is devoid of Property.


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Vivek P Singh et al. Importance of Shad Padartha in Chikitsa Siddhant

Samanya in Chikitsa

Aushada (drugs) and Aahar (diet) having Katu, Tikta, Kashaya, Ruksha, Laghu and Sheeta Guna offer relief in Vatakshaya as these Guna increases Vata under the concept of Guna Samanya.

Similarly, Amla, Lavana, Katu, Kshara, Lavana, Ushna and Tikshana Dravya help to cure Pitta Kshaya while Snigdha, Madhura, Guru and Sandra Dravya used in Shleshmakshya. Khseera (milk) also increase Kapha due to its similar Snigdhadi & Madhuradi Gunas.

Karma Samanya also works for managing Dosha balance, since similar activities increases similar Gunas in body. Physical activities (running and floating) increases Vata due to their Chalatva Guna Samanya thus helps in Vatakshaya while relaxing body or sleeping increase Kapha due to their Sthiratva Guna.

Vishesha in Chikitsa

The treatment regime of Vata, Pitta and Kapha must possess opposite Guna i.e., dissimilar Guna with their respective Guna. Aushada (drugs) and Aahar (diet) having Madhura, Amla, Snigadha and Ushna Guna offers relief in Vatavriddhi as these Guna increases Kapha under the concept of Guna Vishesa similarly Aushada (drugs) and Aahar (diet) having Katu, Tikta, Kashaya, Ruksha, Laghu and Sheeta Guna offer relief in Kaphavriddhi. Gavedhuka (wheat) consumption increase Laghuta perhaps decreases weight. application of oil in Vataj Sandhi Shoola decreases pain as oil contains dissimilar Gunas. Physical exercise increases Vata Dosha perhaps decreases Kapha Dosha.

jaims_3561_01.JPG

Discussion

Samanya means similarity and Vishesh means dissimilarity Similarity of all substances is always the cause of increase and dissimilarity the Cause of decreases both effects by their application. The balanced equilibrium state of Sharir Dosha, Dhatu, Mala and Agni, etc. results healthy body although Disease mainly arises due to the disturbance in equilibrium. The balance of these biological entities can be established using Dravyas possessing similar and dissimilar attributes. Many diseases can be cured effectively using this concept of similarity and dissimilarity and the specific Gunas and Karmas of Dravyas play key role in the concept of Samanya Vishesh Siddhanta. Samanya Vishesh Siddhant based on the qualities of substances which either increases or decrease quality and quantity of Dravya, Guna and Karma. Therefore, specific Dravya (food and medicines, etc.), Guna (Guru, Laghu, cold and dry, etc. properties of Dravya) and Karma (exercise, Yoga, swimming, and sleeping, etc.) helps to treat various diseases and maintain equilibrium of Dosha, Dhatu, Mala and Agni.

Conclusion

Any disturbance in Doshas, Dhatus and Malas leads to disease and equilibrium of these leads to health. This process is done by the Vriddhi and Kshaya in Dhatus. This process can be normalized by the continuous uses of similar and dissimilar Bhavas which is possible by Samanya-Visesha Siddhanta directly and all the Shad Padartha indirectly.

References

1. Sastri K, Chaturvedi G, editors. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharti Academy; Agnivesha, Charak Samhita, Vidyotini, 2020.

2. Sastri A, editor. Sutrastahan. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana; Susruta, Susruta Samhita, Ayurvedatatvasandipika, 2020.

3. P. V. Sharma. Charaka Samhita with English Translation, Chaukhamba Orientalia Varanasi, 7: 1-2.

4. Sharir kriya vigyanam – Dr Nandini dilip dhargalkar; Chaukhamba Sanskrit Samsthana, 2015.


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