E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Forgotten Grains

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 7 JULY
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Millets: Forgotten Grains with Potential Health Benefits in Ayurveda w.s.r. to Kodrava

Suman1*, Joshi NK2
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.7.35

1* Suman, Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Swasthvritta, Chaudhary Braham Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan Khera Daber Najafgarh, New Delhi, Delhi, India.

2 Neeraj Kumar Joshi, Assistant Professor, Dept of Swasthvritta, Chaudhary Braham Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan Khera Daber Najafgarh, New Delhi, Delhi, India.

Small-seeded millets like finger millet (Ragi), pearl millet (Bajra), and foxtail millet (Kangni) have been farmed for thousands of years in dry regions of Asia and Africa due to their endurance. They are rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them significant in traditional diets and health food industries. In Ayurveda, millets are recognised for their balance-promoting characteristics and holistic benefits. Ancient writings like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita outline their health advantages. Millets help reduce inflammation, regulate diabetes, and promote digestion due to their cooling and light properties. Finger millet is recognised for its high calcium content, pearl millet for its iron, making both excellent for bone health and anemia prevention. Their high fiber content also aids in controlling blood sugar and promoting cardiovascular health.
Kodrava (Kodo millet) is acknowledged in Ayurveda for its medicinal and nutritional properties. It balances Vata and Kapha Doshas and is helpful for treating obesity, hemorrhoids, cough, poisoning, and skin diseases. Nutritionally, Kodrava is rich in protein, fiber, phosphorus, riboflavin, and niacin. This historical relevance shows millets' resurgence in modern health, integrating old wisdom with contemporary nutritional science.

Keywords: Food, Health, Kodo, Kodrava, Millets, Millets Recipes

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Suman, Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Swasthvritta, Chaudhary Braham Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan Khera Daber Najafgarh, New Delhi, Delhi, India.
Email: 		Suman, Joshi NK, Millets: Forgotten Grains with Potential Health Benefits in Ayurveda w.s.r. to Kodrava. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(7):230-236.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3608

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-05-15 2024-05-24 2024-06-04 2024-06-14 2024-06-24
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 12.36

© 2024by Suman, Joshi NKand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Millets, a group of ancient grains, have recently garnered attention for their nutritional richness and potential health benefits.

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has recognized the importance of Mil- lets and declared Millets comprising of Sorghum (Jowar), Pearl Millet (Bajra), Finger Millet (Ragi/Mandua), Minor Millets i.e., Foxtail Millet (Kanngani / kakun), Proso Millet (Cheena), Kodo Millet (Kodo), Barnyard Millet (Sawa/Sanwa/Jhangora), Little Millet (Kutki), Brown top millet and two pseudo millets i.e., Buck- wheat (Kuttu), Amaranth (Chaulai)) as Nutri-Cereals for production, consumption and trade point of view.

India celebrated 2018 as "The Year of Millets' and the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) has declared 2023 as International Year of Millets. All these substantiate the importance of millets.

According to fssai Millets

The nutri-cereals-8 Millets are Miracle crops.[1]

Good for the consumer:

  • Address vitamin and mineral deficiencies (iron, zinc, folic acid, calcium, diabetes).

Good for the planet:

  • Thrive on low-fertility soils, reclaim soils, and need no artificial fertilizers.
  • Pest-free, grow better without chemical fertilizers, using eco-friendly manure.
  • Millet fields are biodiverse, climate change-compliant, and ensure food safety.

Aim and Objectives

1. To assess, elaborate, and discuss the millets from various Ayurveda Samhita

2. To learn the fundamentals of nutrition.

3. Correlate the application of Kodrava in Ayurveda and in modern medical science.

Materials and Methods

References pertaining to millets are compiled from modern textbooks and Ayurvedic classics.

Literature Review

In Ayurveda Kodrava Guna

Charaka[2]

सकोरदूषः श्यामाकः कषायमधुरो लघुः । वातलः कफपित्तघ्नः शीतः सङ्ग्राहिशोषणः || च.सू. २७/१६

"Koraḍūṣaḥ (Kodo millet), Shyāmākaḥ (barnyard millet), are astringent and sweet in taste, light (to digest), increase Vata, reduce Kapha and Pitta, are cooling, binding, and drying."

Sushrut[3]

उष्णाः कषायमधुरा रूक्षाः कटुविपाकिनः । श्लेष्मघ्ना बद्धनिस्यन्दा वातपित्तप्रकोपणाः ।।२२।। कषायमधुरस्तेषां शीतः पित्तापहः स्मृतः । कोद्रवश्च सनीवारः श्यामाकश्च सशान्तनुः ।।२३।। सु.सू.४६/२२-२३

Hot, astringent, and sweet, they are dry and pungent in their post-digestive effect. They reduce Kapha (phlegm) and cause constipation. They increase Vata (wind) and Pitta (bile). Among them, those that are astringent and sweet are considered to be cooling and Pitta-pacifying. Kodrava (Kodo millet), along with Sanīvāra (wild rice) and Shyāmāka (barnyard millet), have a calming effect.

Vagbhat[4]

कङ्गुकोद्रवनीवारश्यामाकादि हिमं लघु॥११॥तृणधान्यं पवनकृल्लेखनं कफपित्तहृत् । कोरदूषः परं ग्राही स्पर्शे शीतो विषापहः।वा.सू ६ / ११-१३

"Kaṅgu (Italian millet), kodrava (kodo millet), Nīvāra (wild rice), Shyāmāka (barnyard millet), and similar grains are cooling and light.

These grasses and grains increase Vata, are scraping in nature, and reduce Kapha and Pitta. Koradūṣa (kodo millet) is highly astringent, cool to the touch, and alleviates toxins."

Bhavprakash [5]

कोद्रवः कोरदूषः स्यादुद्दालो वनकोद्रवः ||१०१||श्यामाकः पित्तहा शीतः कोद्रवो विषपित्तजित् । हिमः स्पर्शे हिमो ग्राही वीर्योष्णो वनकोद्रवः ||१०२|| भावप्रकाश धान्यवर्ग.

Koḍravaḥ (Koḍu millet) is known as Koradūṣa. Uddāla is the wild variety of Koḍrava.

Shyāmāka (barnyard millet) alleviates Pitta, is cool (in potency), and Koḍrava (Koḍu millet) counteracts poison and Pitta. Uddāla is cool to the touch and has a cooling effect, is binding, but its potency is hot.


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Uses of Kodrava according to Samhita
Charak Samhita

According to Charaka Samhita, Kodrava has several uses in different medical contexts:

1.अष्टौनिन्दितीयोध्याय: -मेदोरोग चिकित्सा [6](Medoroga Chikitsa)Kodrava is recommended for the treatment of disorders related to fat metabolism or obesity.
2.अर्शचिकित्सा – रक्तार्श पथ्य [7]
(Arsha Chikitsa)		It is prescribed as a dietary recommendation for the treatment of hemorrhoids or piles.
3.कासचिकित्सा –पित्तज कास पथ्य[8]
(Kasa Chikitsa)		Kodrava is suggested as a dietary therapy for managing cough caused by Pitta dosha imbalance.
4.विषचिकित्सा – विष विकारात पथ्य [9]
(Visha Chikitsa)		In cases of poisoning or toxic conditions, Kodrava is recommended as a dietary option.
5.उरूस्तम्भचिकित्सा– पथ्य [10]
(Urustambha Chikitsa)		It is advocated as a therapeutic diet for the management of stiffness or pain in thighs.

These references highlight Kodrava's versatility in Ayurvedic medicine, where it addresses health issues like obesity, hemorrhoids, cough, poisoning, and muscular stiffness.

Sushrut Samhita

According to Sushruta Samhita, Kodrava is used in various medical contexts:

1.स्थौल्य चिकित्सा[11](Sthoulya Chikitsa)Treatment of obesity or excessive fat accumulation.
2.हिताहितीयाध्याय:- सामान्यतः पथ्यतम[12]
(Hitahitiyadhyaya)		Generally recommended as a wholesome and beneficial dietary option.
3.व्रणप्रश्नाध्याय- वात प्रकोपज कारणे[13]
(Vranaprashnaadhyaya)		Used in cases where Vata aggravation is the cause of wound formation.
4.महावातव्याधिचिकित्सितम् – उरूस्तम्भ पथ्यकर आहार[14]
(Mahavata Vyadhi Chikitsitam)		Prescribed as a therapeutic diet for stiffness or pain in the thighs.
5.कुष्ठचिकित्सितम् – कुष्ट पथ्यकर आहार [15]
(Kushtha Chikitsitam)		Recommended as a therapeutic diet for skin diseases.
6.प्रमेहचिकित्सितम् [16]
(Prameha Chikitsitam)		Used as a dietary recommendation for managing diabetes.
7.विसर्पनाडीस्तनरोगचिकित्सितम् - नाडी व्रण वर्ती चिकित्सा [17] (Visarpanadistanarogachikitsitam)Employed in the treatment of Nadi Vran.
8.क्षुद्ररोगचिकित्सितम्- दारूणक चिकित्सा[18]
(Kshudraroga Chikitsitam)		Used in the treatment of Darunak.
9.वृश्चिक विष चिकित्सा [19]
(Vrishchika Visa Chikitsa)		Prescribed for the treatment of scorpion sting poisoning.
10.स्वस्थवृत्ताध्यायः – वसंत ऋतूचर्या [20]
(Svasthavruttadhyaya)		Included in the lifestyle recommendations for the spring season.

These references show Kodrava's wide use in Ayurvedic medicine, including treatments for obesity, wound healing, skin diseases, urinary disorders, and seasonal lifestyle recommendations.

Vagbhat Samhita

In Vagbhata Samhita, Kodrava is mentioned in various chapters for different medical purposes:

1.स्नेहविधिमध्यायः – स्नेह्व्यापद चिकित्सा [21](Snehavidhimadhyaayah)Prescribed in the treatment of Snehavyapad.
2.गर्भव्यापदं शारीर - आम जन्य गर्भव्यापद – पथ्य[22]Garbhavyapadam Sharira: Recommended as a wholesome dietary option for common Aamjanya Garbhvyapad during pregnancy.
3.अर्श निदानम् – उदावर्त हेतू [23]
(Arsha Nidanam)		Mentioned as a therapeutic diet for hemorrhoids, especially when caused by udavarta.
4.कासचिकित्सितम् – पित्तज कास [24]
(Kasa Chikitsitam)		Used in the treatment of cough, especially when it is due to Pitta aggravation.
5.छर्दिहृद्रोगतृष्णाचिकित्सितम्- तृष्णाचिकित्सितम्। [25]
(Chardihridayrogatrishnachikitsitam)		Utilized in the treatment of thirst, possibly related to heart disease or vomiting.
6.उदरचिकित्सित- जलोदर पथ्य [26]
(Udarachikitsitam)		Prescribed as a dietary remedy for dropsy or ascites.
7.कुष्ठचिकित्सितम् [27]
(Kushthachikitsitam)		Included in the treatment of skin diseases.
8.वातव्याधिचिकित्सितम् - ऊरुस्तम्भे [28]
(Vatavyadhi Chikitsitam)		Used for treating stiffness or pain in the thighs.
9.सर्वाक्षिरोगप्रतिषेधमध्यायः- नेत्र पथ्यकर [29]
(Sarvakshirogapratishedhamadhyaayah)		Recommended as a dietary option for promoting eye health.
10.मुखरोगप्रतिषेधमध्यायः - कफज गलगंड[30]
(Mukharogapratishedhamadhyaayah:)		Mentioned in the treatment of oral diseases like Galaganda (goiter) caused by Kapha.
11.शिरोरोगप्रतिषेधमध्यायः – दारुणक [31]
(Shirorogapratishedhamadhyaayah)		Utilized in the treatment of dandruff.
12.शिरोरोगप्रतिषेधमध्यायः – पलितचिकित्सा[32]
(Shirorogapratishedhamadhyaayah)		Possibly employed in the treatment of hairfall.

These references highlight Kodrava’s diverse Ayurvedic uses, including treatments for digestive disorders, respiratory ailments, skin diseases, and pregnancy-related conditions.

In Modern

Kodomillet (Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn) is a nutrient-rich, gluten-free grain high in carbs, protein, fiber, vitamins, iron, and calcium. It helps regulate blood sugar and aids digestion.


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Versatile in porridges, pilafs, salads, and baked goods, it may also combat oxidative stress. Thriving in harsh conditions with minimal water, Kodo millet is a nutritious, adaptable, and eco-friendly choice.

NutrientQuantity (per 100g)
Moisture11.6 g
Protein10.6 g
Fat4.2 g
Fiber10.2 g
Ash2.95 g
Calorific value346 kcal
Carbohydrate59.2 g
Minerals4.4 g
Calcium27 mg
Phosphorus188 mg
Iron0.5 mg
Riboflavin0.09 mg
Niacin2.0 mg

This table format clearly organizes Kodo millet’s nutritional information, making it easy to read and compare components.

Here are some points that denote Kodrava as Kodo millets:

Synonymous Usage: Kodrava, also known as Kodo millet, is referred to interchangeably in Ayurvedic texts and modern scientific literature, indicating they are the same grain.
Botanical Identification: Kodrava is scientifically identified as Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn., confirming its classification as Kodo millet.

AttributeDetail
Common NameKodo Millet
Scientific NamePaspalum scrobiculatum
FamilyPoaceae
GenusPaspalum

Ecology Kodrava

Kodrava, or Kodo millet, thrives in warm climates (25°C to 35°C) with 600-1000 mm annual rainfall, preferring sandy loam soils, and can grow up to 2000 meters. Cultivated in India, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Americas, these resilient millets flourish in poor soil and limited water. Millets, including Kodrava, enhance food security, reduce poverty, and combat malnutrition. They improve health, support rural livelihoods, education, and gender equality. Requiring less water and using clean energy, they promote climate resilience and biodiversity, advancing UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Prime Minister Modi's Shree Anna project promotes millets to improve farmers' income and public health, supported by government policies, research funding, and infrastructure development, restoring millets as a nutritious and sustainable food source.

Ayurvedic Principle of Healthcare and the Role of Kodo Millets

“स्वस्थस्य स्वास्थ्य रक्षणं, आतुरस्य विकार प्रशमनं। (चरक संहित सूत्र ३०।२६)”

The Ayurvedic principle outlined in Charaka Samhita emphasizes dual objectives of healthcare: preserving health of individuals who are already healthy and treating ailments of those who are unwell. This holistic approach underscores importance of preventive medicine in maintaining overall well-being while also addressing specific needs of patients who require medical intervention.

Kodo millets play a significant role in promoting health and well-being, aligning with Ayurvedic principle. They serve a dual purpose:

Preservation of Health: Kodo millets are rich in nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, promoting digestive health, boosting immunity, and supporting optimal bodily functions. Consuming Kodo millets as part of a balanced diet helps maintain good health and prevents various diseases.

Treatment of Ailments: Kodo millets possess therapeutic qualities according to Ayurveda, with cooling properties (Sita Virya) that can balance Pitta Dosha. This makes them beneficial in managing conditions such as hemorrhoids, cough, and skin issues. Additionally, their ability to bind and retain fluids (Grahi property) aids in managing ailments like diarrhea and excessive mucus production.

By incorporating Kodo millets into one's diet, individuals can adhere to principles of Ayurvedic healthcare by both preserving their health and addressing specific health concerns through therapeutic properties of these nutritious grains.

Culinary Uses of Kodrava

Millets, rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, promote health and aid digestion. Their gluten-free nature makes them perfect for various dishes like kodo millet kheer, dhokla, appapam, paniyaram, adai, payasam, khichari, and methi rice. FSSAI's "Millet Recipes: A Healthy Menu for Canteens" encourages healthier eating.


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Kodo Millet Kheer: Creamy dish with kodo millet, milk, sugar, and almonds.

Kodo Millet Dhokla: Steamed snack with black gram and kodo millet, served with chutney.

Kodo Millet Appapam: Crispy breakfast with kodo millet, coconut, and rice flakes.

Kodo Millet Paniyaram: Savory dish with vegetables and urad dal.

Kodo Millet Adai: Spiced snack with kodo millet and dals, served with chutney.

Kodo Millet Payasam: Dessert with nuts, milk, sugar, saffron, and kodo millet.

Kodo Khichari: Spicy stew with kodo millet, moong dal, and vegetables.

Kodo Millet Methi Rice: Dish with fenugreek leaves, spices, and kodo millet, served with raita.

Discussion

The traditional Ayurvedic wisdom, along with modern scientific research, shows benefits of Kodo millets. This mix underlines Ayurveda's relevance in today's healthcare and the potential of traditional grains like Kodo millets in addressing current health concerns. Emphasizing their nutrient-rich composition, talk urges for adding Kodo millets into modern diets to boost general health and well-being. Kodo millets are also environmentally friendly, thriving in arid circumstances and boosting soil health and biodiversity, coinciding with global initiatives to address climate change and food security. The article underlines the importance of government funding, research collaboration, and global awareness, highlighting initiatives like Prime Minister Modi's "Shree Anna" campaign. It envisions future opportunities in millet research, advocacy, and investment, striving to explore the full potential of Kodo millets for sustainable development, nutrition security, and public health improvement.

Conclusion

Kodrava, or Kodo millet, combines ancient Ayurvedic wisdom with modern science, offering significant health benefits and supporting environmental conservation. Rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, it aids digestion, manages diabetes, and reduces inflammation.

Its culinary versatility makes it a nutritious, gluten-free alternative to rice or wheat. Kodrava's sustainable cultivation aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), promoting food security, economic opportunities for farmers, gender equality, and reduced chemical use. Initiatives like Prime Minister Modi's "Shree Anna" highlight Kodrava's potential to enhance health, agriculture, and global food systems, fostering a sustainable and nutritious future.

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Suman et al. Millets: Forgotten Grains with Potential Health Benefits in Ayurveda
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