E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Niragni Sweda

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 10 OCTOBER
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Critical Approach on Niragni Sweda

Preethu S1*, Ganesha B U2, Deepashree HP3
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.10.23

1* Preethu S, Internee, Rajeev Institute of Ayurvedic Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

2 Udaya Ganesha B, Professor and HOD, Dept of Panchakarma, Rajeev Institute of Ayurvedic Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

3 Deepashree HP, Associate Professor, Department of Prasuti Tantra and Stree Roga, Rajeev Institute of Ayurvedic Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Hassan, Karnataka, India.

Swedana (Sudation) is the process of inducing sweat through various methods. It can be done generally to the whole body and also can be localized to specific part of the body only. For example Bashpa Sweda (Person made to sit in the steam chamber and made to perspire) can be done to the whole body whereas Nadi Sweda (steam is passed through a tubular structure and sudation is done over specific part of the body) can be done to a specific part only where there is pain, etc. It’s of two types namely Sagni Swedana (sudation with fire) and Niragni Swedana (sudation without fire). Niragni Swedana is performed without the help of fire. It’s a type of Swedana (Sudation) where indirect involvement of heat is present. It has wide range of applicability where it can be used in healthy individual and diseased also. It is a procedure which acts as both purificatory therapy and palliative therapy. Niragni Sweda (sudation without fire) can be employed in all age groups right from neonates to the old age respectively. According to Acharya Charaka, Acharya Sushruta, Acharya Vagbhata & other Acharyas it’s of various types such as Vyayama, Ushnasadana, Gurupravarana, etc. These measures can be easily followed regularly compared to Sagni Swedana.

Keywords: Niragni Swedana, Sudation therapy, Vyayama, Upanaha, Atapa

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Preethu S, Internee, , Rajeev Institute of Ayurvedic Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Hassan, Karnataka, India.
Email: 		Preethu S, Ganesha B U, Deepashree HP, Critical Approach on Niragni Sweda. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(10):139-147.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3951

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-09-14 2024-09-24 2024-10-04 2024-10-14 2024-10-24
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 13.47

© 2024by Preethu S, Ganesha B U, Deepashree HPand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Ayurveda is the science of life which not only cures the disease, but also helps in maintaining the health of the healthy individual through rejuvenation therapies and many more. Ayurveda is not only applicable for the grownups but also throws light on the minute entities viz. health of Shukra (sperm) and Shonita (ovum) and its union. And hence through following Ayurveda regularly one can maintain their health being Niramaya (Free from Diseases) and also increases the Ayu (longevity) of an individual. Swedana (sudation) is one such procedure which can be followed by people of all age, in almost all the circumstances with very few exceptions. Swedana (sudation) is indicated in pediatric age group also as mentioned by Acharya Kashyapa in Kashyapa Samhita such as Hastha Sweda (Sudation done by rubbing both palms and applying over the specific area) and many more.

Niragni Swedana (Sudation without the use of fire) is one such Swedana (Sudation) that can be implemented in mild to severe diseases according to Bala (strength), Prakruti (Nature), Agni (Digestive power), etc. of the person. The procedures of Niragni Swedana (Sudation without the use of fire) can be followed easily as a routine regularly in healthy individuals too. Niragni Swedana (Sudation without the use of fire) can be indicated mainly in Kaphaja (morbid humor) Vyadhis (Diseases). For Example Vyayama (Physical exercise) can be performed regularly in certain cases of Sthoulya (Obesity).

As the procedures of Niragni Swedana (Sudation without the use of fire) can be done independently by the patients with minimal assistance, it can be indicated in various cases according to the conditions. Literally Sweda means sweat. It is the Mala of Medas (fatty tissue). In Panchakarma (Pentabio purification) Swedana means the procedure by which person is made to perspire. Swedana is one among the Shadvidhopakrama. It is Poorvakarma of Shodhana and Pradhana Karma of Vata Kaphaja Vikaras.[1]

Review of Literature

Swedana can be understood as, Physiological process of sweating: In physiological process the sweating occurs naturally through the methods of doing exercise, sun basking etc.

Therapeutic procedure: The process of the physiological sweating in particular disease conditions with specific steps.

Swedana is of 2 types namely,

1. Sagni Swedana - 13
2. Niragni Swedana - 10

Niragni Swedana classified into various kinds according to different Acharya,[2]

Classification

According to Acharya Charaka,01. Mridu Sweda02. Madhyama Sweda03. Mahan Sweda
According to Acharya Charaka,
01. Ruksha Sweda
02. Snigdha Sweda
03. Snigdha Ruksha Sweda
On the basis of properties of Drug used,
01. Snigdha Sweda
02. Ruksha Sweda
According to Acharya Sushruta,
01. Tapa Sweda
02. Upanaha Sweda
03. Ushma Sweda
04. Drava Sweda
On the basis of use of Agni,
01. Niragni Sweda
02. Sagni Sweda
On the basis of Site of Sweda,
01. Ekanga Sweda
02. Sarvanga Sweda
On the basis of site of Dosha,
1.  Snigdhapurvaka Ruksha Sweda
2.  Rukshapurvaka Snigdha Sweda
On the basis of Action,
01. Samshaman Sweda
02. Samshodhana Sweda
On the basis of route of administration,
01. Bahya Sweda
02. Abhyantara Sweda
08 Types of Sweda
01. Hasta
02. Pradeha
03. Nadi
04. Prastara
05. Sankara
06. Upanaha
07. Avagaha
08. Parisheka
07 Types of Sweda
01. Loshtha
02. Bashpa
03. Agnijvata
04. Ghati
05. Jala
06. Phala
07. Baluka[3]

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10 Types of Niragni Sweda

Vyayama, Ushnasadana, Gurupravarana, Kshudha, Bahupana, Bhaya, Upanaha, Krodha, Ahava, Atapa

Definition of Niragni Swedana

Swedana (sweat) performed without the help of fire. It’s a type of Swedana (sweat) where indirect involvement of heat produced from the body without association with fire.

General Indications of Niragni Sweda

Niragni Sweda is indicated in vitiated Kapha (morbid humor) and Medha (vitiated fatty tissue) along with Vata (morbid humor)[4]

Classification of Niragni Sweda

According to different Acharyas Niragni Swedana (sweat produced without fire) is classified into different types.

SNAcharya Charaka[5]Chakradatta[6]Acharya Sushruta[7]Ashtanga Hrudaya[8]Ashtanga Sangraha[9]Sharangadhara Samhita[10]Bhavaprakasha Samhita[11]
1.Vyayama (Physical exercise )Nivata Graha (Residing in a place where ventilation is minimal)Nivata (Residing in a place where ventilation is minimum)Nivata Graha (Residing in a place where ventilation is minimal)Nivata Sadana (Residing in a place where ventilation is minimal)Ushna Graha (Staying in warm houses)Ushna Graha (Staying in warm houses)
2.Ushna Sadana (Staying in warm houses)Ayasa (Physical exertion)Atapa (Exposure to sunlight)Ayasa (Physical exertion)Guru Pravarana (Covering with warm clothes)Ravi Kirana (Exposure to sunlight)Ravi Kirana (Exposure to sunlight)
3.Guru Pravarana (Covering with warm clothes)Guru Pravarana (Covering with warm clothes)Guru Pravarana (Covering with warm clothes)Guru Pravarana (Covering with warm clothes)Muhur- Muhur Madhyapana (Repeated intake of alcoholic compounds)Niyudha (Physical exertion in form of fighting)Niyudha (Physical exertion in form of fighting)
4.Kshudha (Fasting)Bhaya (By inducing fear)Niyudh (Fighting)Bhaya (By inducing fear)Vyayama (Physical exertion)Marga Gamana (Physical exertion in form of walking)Marga Gamana (Physical exertion in form of walking)
5.Bahupana (Excessive intake of substance of warm potency like alcohol)Upanaha (Applying medicinal packs with bandage)Adhwa (Running)Upanaha (Applying medicinal packs with bandage)Kshudha (Fasting)Guru Pravarana (Covering with warm clothes)Guru Pravarana (Covering with warm clothes)
6.Bhaya (By inducing fear)Ahava (Physical exertion in form of fighting)Vyayama (Physical exercise)Krodha (By inducing anger)Atapa (Exposure to sunlight)Chinta (Mental exertion)Kshudha (By fasting)
7.Krodha (by inducing anger)Krodha (By inducing anger)Bharaharana (Weight lifting)Ahava (Physical exertion in form of fighting)Niyudha (Physical exertion in form of fighting)Vyayama (Physical exertion)Chinta (Mental exertion)
8.Upanaha (By applying medicinal pack with bandages)Bhuripana (Excessive intake of alcohol)Amarsha (Anger)Bhuripana (Excessive intake of alcohol)Adhva (Physical exertion in form of running)Bhara Vahana (Physical exertion in form of weight lifting)Vyayama (Physical exertion)
9.Ahava (Physical exertion)Kshudha (Fasting)Kshudha (Fasting)Bhara Harana (Physical exertion in form of weight lifting)Bhara Vahana (Physical exertion in form of weight lifting)
10.Atapa (Exposure to sunlight)Atapa (Exposure to sunlight)Atapa (Exposure to sunlight)Amarsha (By inducing anger)
11.Bhaya (By inducing fear)

Vayama (Physical exercise): One among the Dashavidha Langhana (10 types of fasting therapies)

Acharya Vagbhata[12]Acharya Charaka[13]
IndicationsIndividuals who are strong and who take oily eatables daily should exercise to half of their strength in cold and spring seasons, while in other seasons they should perform a light exercise only.
Indicated in Prameha (diabetes) in the form of Shatapadi Chankramana (to walk 100 footsteps regularly), Urustambha (stiffness in the chest region) in the form of Jalapratarana (swimming) and Sthoulya (Obesity)in the form of Yoga, Guru Pravarana etc.,		-
ContraindicationsThose suffering from diseases of Vata (morbid humor) and Pitta (morbid humor), children, aged & those having indigestion should avoid Vyayama. Contraindicated in Varsha (rainy season), Greeshma Rutu (summer season).Excessive sexual activity, lifting heavy weight, who walks long distance, who is weakened by excessive work, children, elderly, who have Vata (morbid humor) imbalance, who speak loud & too much, hunger, person is thirsty.

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Lakshana (Signs and symptoms)-Sweating, enhanced breathing, lightness of the body parts, feeling of inhibition/resistance in the heart. These are the indication that it’s time to discontinue Vyayama (exercise).
BenefitsLightness of the body, Ability to do Hardwork, Keen digestion, Depletion of the excessive fat, Stable and distinct physique are obtained from Vyayama (exercise).Physical exercise brings about Lightness, ability to work, increases body stability, improves body and mind resistance to discomfort, Dosha (morbid humor) vitiation especially Kapha (morbid humor) or all Tridosha (morbid humor) that vitiated from Agni (digestive fire), Agnivruddi (increased digestive fire).
Complications of Ativyayama (excessive excercises)Too much of exercise could produce thirst, emaciation, severe dyspnoea, bleeding diseases, exhaustion, feeling of debility, cough, fever and vomiting and the like morbid conditions.Tiredness or exertion, mental exhaustion, Dhatu Kshaya (depletion of body tissues), excessive thirst, bleeding disorders such as epistaxis, Pratamaka (breathing difficulties or dyspnoe), cough, fever, vomiting.
Paschat Karma (regimen to be followed after excercise):After the exercises are performed all parts of the body should be massaged comfortably.-
OthersThe individuals who could like an attack of lion on the elephant could meet an untimely death include the following: one who does too much of physical exercise, who keep awake at night, who walk long distances, indulge in too much of sexual intercourse, too much of laughing, speaking and other strenuous activities.-

Ushnasadana (Staying in warm houses): It’s a process in which a non windy room is used of which all the windows and doors are tightly closed. Indicated in Hemanta Rutucharya (winter season). It’s different from Kuti and Jentaka Sweda, as there Agni is used whereas here Agni isn’t used.

Gurupravarana (Covering with warm clothes): It’s a process of Swedana (sweating) in which blanket are covered all over the body.

Kshudha (Fasting): One among the Dhashavidha Langhana (10 types of fasting therapies). Indicated in Jwara chikitsa (treatment of fever). The main aim of Kshudha (fasting) therapy is to create Swedana (sudation) from the body due to fasting for longer duration till Agni (Digestive Fire) correction. Kshudha indicated in GIT disorders like Ajeerna (Indigestion), Agnimandya (Decreased digestive fire), Grahani (Irritable Bowel syndrome), Atisara (Loose stools).

Bahupana/Bhuripana/Muhur-Muhur Madhyapana (Alcohol in excess):

Bahupana (According to Acharya Charaka)

Bhuripana (According to Ashtanga Hrudaya)

Muhur-Muhur Madhyapana (According to Ashtanga Sangraha)

Madatyaya (Alcoholic Intoxication): If Madya (Alcohol) is taken in inappropriate state of time, quantity, improper system leads to Madatyaya (Alcoholic Intoxication):

The Madya has Gunas such as Ushna, Tikshna, Vyavayi, Vikasi that helps in producing Sweat.

Viparitarthakari Chikitsa (opposite line of treatment): Madhyapana (consumption of alcohol): The ailments caused by the drinking of Madhya (alcohol) in Mithya Yoga (normalcy) or in Atiyoga (excessive quantity) or in Hinayoga (decreased quantity) can be cured by taking the Madya in appropriate manner & quantity.

Due to the morbidity caused by the improper digestion and metabolism by Madya (alcohol), he should be given Madya (alcohol) which is wholesome, mixed with Sauvarchala Lavana (salt) added with Bida (salt) & Saindhava Lavana (salt) & which is diluted with juice of, Matulunga and water by a physician mastered in posology to overcome improper digestion and metabolism.[14]

Bhaya (By inducing Fear)

Adravyabhuta Chikitsa (treatment given with the help of immortal things).

By creating the fear to the patient through various methods are adopted to produce sudation.[13] Showing untoothed snakes, lions, elephants, terrifying with criminals, beating, confinement in a dark room. Fear of death is more terrible than fear of physical agony.[15] Acharya Charaka while explaining about management of Basti Vyapad says, frighten the patient by ox, donkey, horse, elephant, lion, servants of king, snakes, Ulka (fiery substance causing fear) or by other threatening things.[16]

Krodha (By inducing anger): The process of inducing sudation by means of producing anger in the patient. One among the Dharaneeya Vega (the urge to be suppressed)


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Upanaha (By applying medicinal pack with bandages)

In which the Swedana is done by using Dravyas (Drugs) as Bandhana (bandaging) is known as Upanaha.[17] It’s the application of warm paste of roots of Vata (Morbid humor) mitigating drugs macerated with a sour liquid and added with more salt and fats, made unctuous and tied on the affected body part.

Godhuma Shakala (Wheat husk) Churna + Yava (Barley) Churna & mixed with Amla Dravyas like Kanjika, Dhanyamla, etc. Mix with any Sneha, Kinva (Sura Beeja), Lavana(salt). And mixed with drugs such as Sugandha Dravyas, (Devadaru, Agaru) Sura, Jeevanti (Leptadenia Reticulata), Shatapushpa Churna (Anethum sowa), Umaya (Atasi Beeja) Churna mixed with Taila are used as Upanaha Sweda. Later tie the leather bag or skin of animals living in Anupa Desha. Ushna Veerya, Skin should devoid of foul smell and body hair. Silk cloth or woolen cloth can be used instead of skin of animals for tying.[18]

Materials used for Upanaha Sweda (By applying medicinal pack with bandages)

Fine powder (Nagaradi Churna/Kottamcchukkadi Churna etc. according to the Doshapradhanyata (predominance of morbid humor)) - 50 to 100gm, Leaves of Eranda (Ricinus communis), Arka(Calotropis procera or Clotropis gigantea) etc. (to cover the area) - qs, Amla Dravya (sour preparations like Dhanyamla/Kanji/Takra) 50-100ml, Oil for Upanaha (poultice) - 50ml, Oil for Abhyanga (oil massage) - 30ml, Saindhava Lavana (salt) - 20-30gm, Bandage cloth (15cm*2cm) - 1, Attendant - 1

Preparation of medicine: Make a paste of powdered drugs using Amla Dravya (sour preparations). Taila (oil), Saindhava Lavana (salt) etc.

Procedure: Apply little oil on the part of the body to be bandaged. Then apply paste on the area. Place Eranda (Ricinus communis) leaves over the paste and then bandage with woolen or thick cotton cloth. Upanaha Svedopayogi Dravya (Ingredients used in poultice): Godhuma Churna (wheat powder), Yava Churna (Barley powder), Amlavarga Dravya (sour preparations), Sneha (unctuous liquid), Lavana (salt), Kinva (supernated part of Sura).[19]

Salvana Upanaha Sveda: The Upanaha rich in salt is called Salvana Upanaha. In this Kakolyadi Gana Dravya, Vatahara Dravya (drugs that decrease the morbid humor), Amla Dravya (sour preparations), Anupa-Audaka Mamsa (meat available in rainy areas & water), Sneha (unctuous preparation), Lavana (salt) in excess quantity is made hot & pasted to the leather strap or silk cloth. Then bandage this to the affected parts.[20]

Pittanubandhi Vata (in vitiation of morbid humor): Kakolyadi Gana, Vatahara Dravya (drugs that decreases morbid humor), Amla Dravya (sour preparations), Ghrita (ghee), Mamsa (meat), Lavana (salt).

Kaphanubandhi Vata (in vitiation of morbid humor): Surasadi Gana Dravyas, Vatahara Dravya (drugs that decreases morbid humor), Amla Dravya (sour preparations), Chaturvidha Sneha (04 types of unctuous preparations), Mamsa (meat), Lavana (salt).

Kevala Vata (in vitiation of morbid humor): Veshavara (meat preaparations), Vatahara Dravyas(drugs that decreases morbid humor), Amla Dravyas (sour preparations), Chaturvida Sneha (04 types of unctuous preaparations), Mamsa (meat), Lavana (salt).[21]

Ahava (Physical exertion)

Ahava (according to Acharya Charaka),
Niyudha (according to Acharya Sushruta)
Physical exertion due to boxing or fighting.

Atapa (Exposure to sunlight)

Atapa- According to Acharya Charaka
Ravikirana - According to Sharangadhara Samhita, Bhavaprakasha Samhita.
Sweda (sudation) produced by the heat of the sun but not due to the direct fire.

Indication: In the context of Shwitra (leucoderma) Acharya Charaka explains that Virechana (purgation) is mainly administered. Snehapana (consuming unctuous preparation) with Malapu (Ficus hispida) Swarasa (Kakodumbarika) mixed with jaggery should be taken & should be exposed to sun. It’s continued for 03 days. During, if he gets thirst he should take liquid gruel. Indicated in Hemantha Rutucharya (winter season) & Shishira Rutucharya (winter season).


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Contraindicated in Vasanta Rutucharya (spring season), Varsha Rutucharya (rainy season) & Sharad Rutucharya (autumn season).[22]

Discussion

The Niragni Sweda (Sudation without fire) is milder when compared to Sagni (Sudation with fire) Sweda (Sudation). It will not produce complication especially in Santarpana Janya Vikaras. Above mentioned description about Vyayama (Physical exercise) has been taken from the context of Dinacharya, we can consider for the healthy well being regular Vyayama (Physical exercise) is advised according to the individual capacity and when we consider Vyayama (Physical exercise) as a therapeutic depends upon the individual diseased condition. For example, Sthoulya (Obesity) considering as a disease specific Vyayama (Physical exercise), it is duration, types will vary according to the individuals.

Ushnasadana is indicated in Hemanta Rutucharya (winter season) as there will more wind blowing which may leads to chills and leading to Vata Prakopa (vitiation of morbid humor) in the body. As both therapeutic and physiological Gurupravarana is indicated during Rutimaticharya (Regimen followed during Menarche) and Sutikacharya (Regimen followed for around 03months after parturition of baby) to remove the excess Kapha Dosha (morbid humor). Kshudha is indicated in Jwara chikitsa (treatment of fever) in Mandagni (diminished digestive fire). The main aim of Kshudha (fasting) therapy is to create Swedana (sudation) from the body due to fasting for longer duration till Agni (Digestive Fire) correction. In Vataja Jwara (Fever of morbid humor) Langhana (Fasting) is strictly prohibited. Madhyapana, because of it’s 10 Gunas (attributes) namely, Laghu (light to digest), Ushna (hot), Tikshna (sharpness), Sukshma (subtleness), Amla (sourness), Vyavayi (pervasiveness or the quality of a substance which first of all pervades the entire body and thereafter gets digested), Ashuga (swiftness), Rooksha (Dryness), Vikasi (expansiveness), Vishada (non-sliminess). It’ll induce Sweda due to Amla Rasa (sour taste), Ushna Guna (hot potency) which is Agni Mahabhuta Pradhana. Madhya (Alcoholic preparations) is Sandhana Kalpana (fermented product), hence induces sweat if consumed in excess.

In specific Madhya (Alcoholic preparations) is not advised as it’s injurious to health. As Acharya Charaka mentioned Bhaya as one of the treatment modalities of Basti Vyapad (complications of Basti), it can be applied practically. As Krodha affects the mental health of the patient and also as mentioned by our Acharyas in Dharaneeya Vega (urges to be suppressed), it may not be able to adopt in the Chikitsa (treatment). As Acharya Vagbhata considered Upanaha in both types of sudations- Agnitapta Upanaha (with fire) or Anagnitapta Upanaha (without fire), but there is difference in the materials used in both. Ahava has the similar action of Vyayama (Physical exercise) by helping in liquefaction of Medas (Fatty Tissue) through sweating. Atapa is also indicated in Vitamin D deficiency and in new borns to prevent Navajata Shishu Kamala (Neonatal Jaundice). It should be taken in stipulated duration and time or if exposed in excess they may lead to Ushmaghaat (Sun stroke).

Conclusion

All the Acharyas have mentioned Niragni Sweda can be employed in Kaphamedavruta Vata conditions but it can be even advised in persons who are debilitated require Sagni Sweda. Niragni Sweda can be employed as regular lifestyle management and also as a therapeutic purpose in various disorders. It is cost effective, can be adopted in clinical practice without any risk or complications even at OPD and IPD Level anticipating encouraging result.

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