Table 10: Nyagrodadi Gana according to Acharya Sushruta [18]
| SN | Name of the drug | Botanical Name and Family |
|---|
| 22. | Nyagrodha | Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae) |
| 23. | Udumbara | Ficus glomerata (Moraceae) |
| 24. | Ashwattha | Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) |
| 25. | Plaksha | Ficus lacor (Moraceae) |
| 26. | Madhuka | Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae) |
| 27. | Kapeetana | Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae) |
| 28. | Kakubha | Terminalia arjuna (Combretaceae) |
| 29. | Amra | Mangifera indica (Anacardaceae) |
| 30. | Koshamra | Schleichera trijuga (Sapindaceae) |
| 31. | Chorapatra | Angelica glauca (Apiaceae) |
| 32. | Rajajambu | Eugenia jambolana (Myrtaceae) |
| 33. | Kakajambu | Eugenia operculate (Myrtaceae) |
| 34. | Priyala | Buchanania lanzan (Anacardaceae) |
| 35. | Madhooka | Madhuca indica (Sapotaceae) |
| 36. | Rohini | Myrica nagi (Myricacae) |
| 37. | Vanjula | Salix caprea (Salicaceae) |
| 38. | Kadamba | Anthocephalus cadamba (Rubicaeae) |
| 39. | Badari | Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) |
| 40. | Tinduki | Diospyros embryopteris (Ebenaceae) |
| 41. | Shallaki | Boswellia sarrata (Burseraceae) |
| 42. | Rodhra | Symplocos racemosa (Symplocaceae) |
| 43. | Shabara lodhra | Symplocos crategoides (Symplocaceae) |
| 44. | Bhallataka | Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae) |
| 45. | Palasha | Butea monosperma (Fabaceae) |
| 46. | Nandivruksha | Thespesia populnea (Malvaceae) |
Stambana as Shadupakrama
Of all the treatment modality listed in Ayurveda, Shadvidopakrama holds prime importance. It is said that one who is specialized in all six types of Upakrama like Snehana, Swedana, Langhana, Brihmana, Rukshana and Stambhana is said to be real Physician.Stambhana is one of the Upakrama mentioned in Shadvidhopakrama which is explained by Acharya Charaka.[19]
Sheeta Guna Lakshana: Hladana, Stambhana, and power to overcome Murcha, Daha, Trushna are said to be properties of Sheeta Guna and predominantly constituted by Vayu and Jala Mahabhuta.[20]
Ruksha Guna Lakshana: Dravya Shoshana, Stambhana and Kharatwa are the properties of Ruksha Guna.[21]
Kashaya Rasa Guna: Sheeta, Shoshana, Stambhana, Ruksha and Laghu. Drugs which possess Kashaya Rasa, Ruksha, Sheeta, Laghu Guna act as Stambhana Dravyas.[22]
Analysis of Grahi and Sthambana Karma
Acharya Sushruta opines that Grahi Dravyas are Vayu Mahabhuta Pradhana.
According to Acharya Sharangadhara, the Dravashoshana of Grahi is brought by Ushna Guna. To resolve this discrepancy, Adamalla says that Grahi can be understood in two ways, Ama Grahi, and Pakwa Grahi. This is also known as Ushna Grahi and Sheetha Grahi respectively.[23] In the case of Amamala or Apakwamala, Deepana, Pachana followed by Dravashoshana happens with the help of Ushna Guna. So, this is called Grahi or Ushna Grahi. In the case of Pakwamala, there is no need for Deepana and Pachana Karma, only Dravashoshana is needed, attained by Vata Dosha. Hence called Sheetha Grahi. Sheetha Grahi is also known as Sthambana.[24] Therefore, Grahi Karma differs from Sthambana Karma in performing Deepana and Pachana.
Discussion
Sthambana is applicable in excess flow of all Srotas and Grahi is restricted to Purishavaha, Udakavaha and Annavaha Srotas. Grahi does Deepana and Pachana Karma followed by Dravashoshana. Therefore Grahi Dravya aids in digestion along with the absorption of water and electrolytes from the gut. Whereas Sthamabana Dravyas do the absorption of excess water as well as decreases the intestinal motility in case of diarrhoea. Stambhana Karma can also be employed in cases of excessive bleeding. Stambhana Dravyas due to Sheeta and Ruksha Guna helps in the vasoconstriction of the vessels and there by checking the bleeding. These are used in case of conditions, when there is Atipravratti of Dosha, Dhatu and Mala. Eg: Atipravratti in case of Atisara, Grahani, Shweta Pradara etc.
Conclusion
Both Stambana and Grahi Karma helps in checking excess flow, but the mode action depends upon the Panchamahabuta and the Rasapanchaka of the drugs. The application part of Grahi and Stambhana is emphasized by Adamalla commentary of Sharangadhara Samhitha. Stambhana which means arresting excess flow can be employed in Atipravrutthi of Mala, Raktasrava etc. While Grahi Karma mainly revolves around absorption of excessive fluids especially in Annavaha Srotas. Various Dravyas mentioned under Stambhana and Grahi Karma in Bhavaprakasha Nighantu have been enlisted in this study.
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