Introduction

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It affects children across the globe, often continuing into adolescence and adulthood, impacting academic performance, social interactions, and daily functioning. Research indicates that children born prematurely are at a higher risk of developing ADHD due to disrupted neurodevelopment, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for executive functions such as attention control, decision-making, and impulse regulation. Current treatment modalities for ADHD primarily involve pharmacological interventions, including stimulant and non-stimulant medications, alongside behavioral therapy. While these approaches have demonstrated significant benefits in symptom management, they also present notable drawbacks. Medications can lead to side effects such as insomnia, appetite suppression, mood swings, and dependency concerns.

Additionally, the cost and accessibility of long-term therapy sessions pose challenges for many families. Consequently, there is a growing interest in alternative and complementary therapies, such as yoga, which offer non-pharmacological means of managing ADHD symptoms while promoting overall well-being. Yoga, an ancient practice rooted in mindfulness, breath control, and physical postures, has shown potential in enhancing self-regulation, reducing hyperactivity, and improving focus in children with ADHD.

The practice is believed to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system, reduce stress hormone levels, and enhance cognitive control mechanisms. Emerging research suggests that structured yoga interventions may help children with ADHD by improving attention span, emotional stability, and behavioural responses. However, despite its potential benefits, there is a lack of comprehensive studies evaluating the direct impact of yoga on ADHD patients, particularly among children born prematurely. This study aims to bridge this gap by assessing the effectiveness of a specialized yoga module designed for children aged 10-14 years with ADHD, particularly those born prematurely. By analysing cognitive and behavioural improvements through validated assessment tools,

• Classroom engagement improved, with students displaying better impulse control and reduced disruptive tendencies.
• Parental Observations: Parents noted enhanced emotional regulation, better sleep patterns, and reduced temper outbursts in their children. There was a noticeable improvement in their ability to follow instructions, maintain daily routines, and express emotions constructively.
• Engagement and Retention: All participants completed the program, with 90% showing consistent engagement during sessions. Children expressed enthusiasm for the yoga sessions, demonstrating increased self-discipline and mindfulness over time.

Discussion

The study underscores the potential of Yoga as a supportive therapy for ADHD, particularly in cases linked to premature birth. Yoga’s emphasis on mindfulness, physical postures, and controlled breathing provides children with tools to manage their energy and emotions effectively. Prematurity-related challenges such as underdeveloped executive functioning may benefit from yoga’s structured yet flexible approach, which promotes neuroplasticity and emotional resilience.

The observed improvements in focus and behaviour align with existing literature, highlighting yoga’s role in enhancing self-regulation. The yoga intervention implemented in this study was designed to enhance cognitive function, emotional regulation, and self-discipline among ADHD patients.

The module consisted of a combination of breathing exercises (Pranayama) and Yoga postures (Asanas), each selected for their therapeutic effects on attention, impulse control, and relaxation. The breathing exercises included Nadi Shodhana Pranayama (alternate nostril breathing), Bhramari Pranayama (humming bee breath), Double Breathing, Chandrabhedi Pranayama, and Murchha Pranayama, each performed thrice daily.

These techniques were incorporated to regulate the nervous system, improve oxygen flow to the brain, and reduce hyperactivity. The Asanas practiced were Padmasana (lotus pose), Vrikshasana (tree pose), Sarvangasana (shoulder stand), & Surya Namaskar (sun salutation), each performed twice daily.