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Review Article

Medicinal Tree Devdaru

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 7 JULY
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

A Critical Review on the medicinal tree Devdaru (Cedrus deodara (roxb) Loud.)

Patel H1*, Joshi PK2, Singh RK3, Kumar Y4, Sahu KV5, Rajwade L6
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.7.20

1* Harsha Patel, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

2 Pravin Kumar Joshi, Professor and HOD, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

3 Rajesh Kumar Singh, Lecturer, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

4 Yashvant Kumar, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

5 Kumar Vikram Sahu, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

6 Lajwanti Rajwade, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud., commonly known as Devdaru, is a sacred and medicinal tree native to the Himalayan region, widely revered in Hinduism. Traditionally, various parts of this tree, including its bark, heartwood, fruit, and seeds, have been used in Ayurveda to treat a range of ailments such as arthritis, respiratory disorders, skin diseases, and digestive issues. This review provides a critical evaluation of the pharmacological properties, therapeutic applications, and chemical constituents of Devdaru. The tree's medicinal properties are attributed to its rich content of terpenoids, flavonoids, and essential oils, which exhibit anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. The ethnopharmacological use of Devdaru spans across multiple regions, with indigenous communities employing it for over forty different diseases. Despite its extensive use, the mechanistic understanding of its effects remains limited, warranting further research in clinical and animal-based models. This paper underscores the therapeutic potential of Cedrus deodara, emphasizing the need for more focused studies to validate its efficacy and elucidate its biochemical mechanisms.

Keywords: Cedrus deodara (Roxb.)Loud., Therapeutic Properties, Formulations and Indications, Rheumatism, Vata disorders, Pharmacological activities

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Harsha Patel, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna Vigyan, Shri NPA Govt Ayurved College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Email: 		Patel H, Joshi PK, Singh RK, Kumar Y, Sahu KV, Rajwade L, A Critical Review on the medicinal tree Devdaru (Cedrus deodara (roxb) Loud.). J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(7):135-141.
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Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-05-19 2025-05-29 2025-06-09 2025-06-18 2025-06-24
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© 2025by Patel H, Joshi PK, Singh RK, Kumar Y, Sahu KV, Rajwade L and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(7)135
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Harsha P et al. A Critical Review on the medicinal tree Devdaru

Introduction

As the name implies, Deodaru is considered a sacred tree in Hinduism. While the second part of the plant's name, "Deva" signifies durum, druid, tree, or truth, the first part identifies divinity, god, or divine.

Living amid forests with plenty of Devdaru trees is a favorite of ancient Indian sages and their families who were devoted to the Hindu god Shiva. Typically found in India's Himalayan mountains, which include those in central India as well as Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttrakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh.

The tree is long, with small leaves and broad, straight branches. The tall, evergreen Cedrus deodara tree is almost 60 meters tall, with slender, horizontal branches that nod at the tips.

Long, glaucous green, acicular, and usually found in dense fasiciles with a few single leaves scattered among them, the leaf is pointed-like and ranges in length from 2.5 to 5 cm.

Bark is grayish or radish brown with vertical and diagonal cracks. Every part is oleaginous, peppery, bitter, and slightly smelly. The Pinacea family includes the genus Cedrus, which is mainly found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Despite the male and the plant is monoecious, female cones growing on different branches. The oval-shaped, 3–6 inch long, brown fruits have a hard or dry coating on them. The first blossoms develop in the fall. Well-drained soils are ideal for growing trees. Young trees are susceptible to frost and chilly winds, even though shade aids in growth.

Classification

Scientific Classification

Kingdom - Plantae

Division - Pinophyta

Class - Pinopsida

Order - Pinales

Family - Pinaceae

Genus - Cedrus

Species - deodara

The drug deodara has been classified under various Varga by Acharyas

SNSamhita / NighantuVarga / Gana
1.Charak SamhitaAnuvasanopag Mahakashaya
Sthanyashodhan Varga
Katuskandha
2.Shushrut SamhitaVata Sansamana
3.Bhavaprakasha NighantuKarpuradi Varga
4.Dhanvantari NighantuGudhuchyadi Varga
5.Kaideva NighantuOushadhi Varga
6.Madanpal NighantuOushadhi Varga
7.Nighantu AadharshaDevdarvadi Varga
8.Saligram NighantuKarpuradi Varga
9.Priya NighantuChandanadi Varga
10.Raj NighantuChandanadi Varga

Synonyms

SNSynonymsCSSSNi.Aa.Bha.Di.RNDNKNBha. Ni.MPLSN
1.Kilimam--++-+++--
2.Daru--+-+++---
3.Devdaru+++--+++++
4.Drukilima--++---+-+
5.Paribhadrak---+------
6.Pitadaru--++------
7.Pitadrum--+------+
8.Putikashta--+++----
9.Bhadradaru---+--++-+
10.Shukrapadapa---+-----
11.Suradaru--+-----++
12.Suraha--+--++-++
13.Surakashta--+-------
14.Devkashta----+-+--+
15.Bhadrakashta----+-+-+-
16.Agnigdhadaruk----+-----
17.Kasthadaru----+-----
18.Sukashtha----+-----
19.Mahadaru-----+----
20.Snehaviddha-----+----
21.Snigdhadaru----+-----
22.Shambhava----+-----
23.Bhutihari----+-----
24.Rudravata----+-----
25.Amaradidaru----+-----
26.Shivadaru----+-----
27.Mastadaru-----+----
28.Darvindradaru-----+----
29.Surbhuruha-----+----
30.Krimila--------+-
31.Kshakradaru--------+-
32.Snehavriksha--------+-

(CS- Charak Samhita, SS- Sushruta Samhita, NA-Nighantu Adharsha, RN- Raj Nighantu, KN- Kaidev Nighantu, DN- Dhanwantari Nighantu, BHA. NI.- Bhavaprakash Nighantu, SN- Saligram Nighantu)


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The synonyms help us for better understanding of morphology, Habitat, Pharmacology, Guna, Karma and useful parts of Deodara, the term Deodara is mentioned in Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Madan Vinod, Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Nighantu Adharsh, Raj Nighantu, Madanpal Nighantu, Kaiyedev Nighantu, Dravyaguna Vijnana vol. 2 vegetable drug (Prof. P.V. Sharma), Ayurvedic Pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants Dravyaguna Vigyan.

Synonyms with interpretation

The synonyms compiled from various Samhitas and Nighantus can be grouped as those describing the habit, morphology features and description of fruit, leaf bud, flower, latex and bark.

Synonyms

1. Kilimam - The wood is very light.
2. Daru - It is useful in constipation.
3. Devdaru - It signifies the God. It is superior.
4. Dukilimah - It secrets resins.
5. Paribhadraka - Consumption of Devdaru helps in overall well-being of the person
6. Pitadaru - Its wood is yellow in colour.
7. Pitadruh - Heartwood is yellow in colour. Its beauty is soothing to the eye.
8. Putikastha - a) wood has pungent smell. b) The heartwood is holy, diminishes foul smell.
9. Bhadradaru - Its wood is superior.
10. Shakrapadapah - It is the tree of Indra.

Therapeutic Properties and Action

The pharmacotherapeutic properties and action of Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Linn. have been compiled from Bhavaprakash Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu, Kaideva Nighantu, Raj Nighantu, Madan Vinod Nighantu, Madanpal Nighantu, Bha. Di., Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Nighantu Adarsha, and Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API), Ayurvedic Pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plant Dravyaguna Vignyan (Vd.V.M.Gogte).

As described in above mentioned Nighantu and text book are possess

Guna - Laghu, Snigdha
Rasa - Tikta, Katu
Vipaka - Katu
Virya - Ushana
Dosha Karma - Kaphavatahara

Therapeutic Indication

The drug Cedrus deodara has been described to be potent in treating Vatavikara, Vibhandha, Adha-mana, Sotha, Jwara, Hikka, Swasa, Kasa, Amado-sha, Prameha, Kandu, Arsha, Vedanayuktavikara, Vrana, Karnaroga, Raktadosha, Slipada, Kaphaj-roga, Bhutagrahadosha etc.

Kaiyedev Nighantu - Kasa, Swasa, Hikka, Kapha and Vatanashaka, Jwara, Prameha, Vibhandha, Adha-mana, Kandu, Shopha, Raktavikara and pinas.
Raj Nighantu - Kaphavata Nashaka, Bhuta Dosha-paham
Madanpal Nighantu - Adhamana, Jwara, Sotha, Hik-ka, Kandu, Kaphavata Nashaka.
Charak - Hikka, Shwasa
Sushruta - Jwara, Sotha
Vagabhatta - Kaphaj Kasa
Harita - Vatajanyavrana
Chakradatta - Slipada
Bhavprakash Nighantu - Hridagatvata
Vangasen - Kaphajanyagandamala, Slipada
Shodhal Nighantu - Kushta, Karnashula, Pillane-traroga
Rasahridaya Tantra - Pinasaadiroga, Kustha

Vernacular Names

Sanskrit - Bhadradaru, Surabhuruha, Amaradaru, Devakashtha, Daru, Suradaru,Indradaru, pitradu, suraha, surakashtha, putikashtha
Assam - Shajar Tuljeen
Bengali - Devdaroo
English - Deodar, Himalayan Cedar
Gujrati - Devdar, Teliyo Devdar
Hindi - Devdar, Devdaroo
Kannada - Deevdar
Kashmir - Dadar, Dar, Deodar, Diar
Malayalam - Devataram
Marathi - Devdar, Telya Dedaroo
Punjabi - Diyar, Dewdar
Tamil - Tevadaram, Tevadari
Telgu - Devdaree

Chemical Constituents

Dihydromyricetin, Cedrine, Deodorine, Cedrinoxide, Kaempferol glucoside, Polyphenolic lignoids, Cedeodarine, Sesquiterpenes (a&b-Himochalene, Himachaloletc), P-methylacetophenone, atlantone, Lignins, Tannins, B- sitosterol, Abietic acid derivatives, Oleic , Ascorbic acid, Essential oil from wood.


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Varieties

There is 2 varieties according to Raja Nighantu

1. Devdaru - Cedrus deodara
2. Sarala Deodaru - Pinus longifolia

Officinal Parts

Many parts of Deodara has been used for therapeutic purpose which include stembark, heartwood, fruit, seed and leaf.

Dosage

The stem bark, heartwood can be administered as Churna (powder) from- 3-6 gm (API)

Taila - 20-40 drops

Important Preparation and Indications

SNFormulationIndication
1. Agurvadya TailJwara
2. Pippalyadya TailAnuvasanbasti for Arsha, Prolapsed rectum, Mutrakriccha
3. Devdarvadi TailKarnshula
4. Mahanil TailInternal and external application in various disease
5. Sandhavadi TailInVatikyonirog for pain relief
6. Gudhuchayadi TailVataVyadhi, Respiratory Disorders, Wound Healing
7. Amrutadya TailUnmad, Apsmar
8. Gandha TailFracture, dislocation
9. AnutailaVata Vyadhi, Respiratory Disorder
10.Mahavishagarbha TailVatarog, Mahavata rog ,gridhasi , Dandhaaptanak
11.Mahabala TailKushta , Hridaroga, Pandu, Gulma
12.Prasarini TailVatakhapha rog, Gridhasi, kubja
13.Kshara TailPus discharge in ear, Karnashula, Krimi
14.Devdarubaladi TailSarvangavata
15.Chinchadi TailVata Vyadhi
16.Prabhanjanavimardan TailVata Vyadhi
17.Karpasayadi TailApbahuka, Sarvangavata, Ardit, Pakshaghat
18.Kottammcukkadi TailVataroga
19.KalyanakgritaApasamar, Jwara, Kasa, Swas, Vatarakta, Unmad
20.HriveradigritaArsha, Atisara, Grahani, Pandu, Jwar, Aruchi etc.
21.Katukadhya GritaRaktapitta, Jwara, Daha, Arsh, Bhagandar
22.Vyoshadi GritaVata Vyadhi
23.Tryushanadya GritaKasa, Jwara, Pliha, Aruchi
24.Panchagvaya GritaVishamajwara
25.Pathadi GritaSwarabheda, Kasa, Swasa
26.Devdarvadi GritaUdavart, Vataj rog
27.Kalyanak GritaKshaya, Kasa, Swasa, Jwara
28.Siddharathak GritaSlow poisoning, Krimi, Kushta, Vishamjwara
29.Nil GritaLA in skin disease
30.Lasunadi GritaVatajgulma
31.Indukanta GritaVatavyadhi, Gulma, Shula
32.Kiratadhya ChurnaGrahani , Gulma, Shula, Aruchi, Jwara, Kamala, Mukharoga
33.Sudarshan ChurnaJwara, Pliha, Gulma
34.Rashanairandadikwatha ChuranaEkangavata, Sarwangavata
35.Devadarubaladi ChuranaUdar roga, Krimi roga
36.Devdaruvyadi ChurnaAamavata
37.Punarnavadi MandurPandu, Arsha, Grahani,Vishamajwara
38.Mandur VatakPandu , Arsha, Grahani

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39.Shrivestakadi YogaUrustambha
40.ChandraprabhavatiUrinary disorder, joint Pain, kidney disorder
41.PradarantakalohaPradar rog, Shula
42.Devdarvadi KashayamUdavart, Amatisar
43.Dashamuladi KwathaSlipada, Shotha, Udara, Vataroga
44.Rashanadi KwathVatajroga
45.Maharashanadi KwathaJoint Pain, Vataj Rog, Kampvata
46.Devdarv AristhaAshadhyaprameha, Grahani, Arsha
47.Khadira AristhaKushta, Hridaroga, Pandu, Gulma
48.Pushakarmula AsavaCronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder, Bronchitis etc
49.Khadiradhya LepaKhaphaj Visharp
50.Doshaghna LepaLA in Shotha

Therapeutic Uses

The various useful parts of Deodaru can be made into Kwatha, Churna, Paste, Taila, Vati etc. and applied in disease including Vatajnayavyadhi, Sotha, Shoph, Tandra etc.

In Charak Samhita

1. Fumigation in Arshas using Tumburu, Vidanga, Devadaru & Akshata (barley) combined with Ghee.
2. Devadaru, Vaca, Vidanga, Bhutika, and Dhanyaka decoction beneficial for Kaphajaatisara.
3. Paste prepared with Devadaru, Haridra, Dariharidra, Vaca, and Katukarohini taken with honey in Urusthambha.
4. Devadaru decoction recommended for Hikka and Swasa patients;

In Sushrut Samhita

1. Devadaru, Srivesthtaka, Sarjarasa, and Sarala fumigation can aid in the healing of wounds.

2. To assist treat wounds, create Ropana Taila (healing oil) using Devadaru, Kalanusarya (Tagara/Shailaja), Aguru, Haridra, Druharidra, Priyangu, and Rodhra.

3. Septic wounds can be cleaned with oil made using Devdaru, Sarala, Shimshipa, Aguru, and Gandhira.

4. To treat Sushk Akshipaka eye condition, use a collyrium that contains pasted Saindhava, Deadaru, and Shunti with Matulunga juice.

5. In Kaphaja Abhishyanda and Kapha Adhimantha, Devadaru, Balaka, Shumthi, and Kushta were employed as Lepas.

6. Itching and irritation in the eyes can be cured by using a paste produced of Devadaru, Shunti, Musta, Saindava, and Chameli buds mixed with Sura as a collyrium in Kaphaja Abhishyanda.

7. To treat ear pain, make Dipikataila with Devadaru, Kushta, and Sarala.

8. The Tikshna with Deodaru and Citraka useful in Nasaarava disease.

9. The usage of Sarala, Kinihi, Devadaru, Danti, and Ingudi in smoking therapy is beneficial for Kaphaja Pratishyaya.

10. The administration of Galaganda benefits from oil processed using Devadaru, Amrutvalli, Nimba, Himsra, Abhaya, Vrukshaka, Pippali, and Bala.

11. Devadari, Shatapushpi, Vaca, Kushta, Harenuka, Kustumburu, Nalada, and Musta were all used in the decoction. When combined with sugar and honey, the decoction helps treat Vatik Jwara.

12. KaphavataJwara can be treated using a decoction of Devadari, Nagara, Dhanyaka, Bharngi, Abhaya, Vaca, Parpataka, Mustaka, Bhutika, and Katphala combined with honey and Hingu.

13. Devadaru, Nala, Vetasa, and Murva roots are used to make a decoction that helps with all kinds of fevers.

14. Bhadradaru and Citraka paste made daily can be applied externally to help with Slipada

15. The Ghruta made with herbs like Sarjika, Sauvarcala, and Devadaru treats Vataja Gulma and serves as an appetizer.

16. Smoking sticks made with herbs like Devadaru, Haridra, Candana, etc., aid in Shwasa when mucus is obstructed.

17. To alleviate the urine condition, one Aksha of paste of Devadaru, Musta, Abhaya, Murva, and Madhuka is given as a drink.

18. Amaja kind of Atisar benefits from decoction of Deodaru, Siddharthaka, Shatahwa and Katurohini.


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In Astanga Hridaya

1. Sannipatajvara: beneficial decoctions of Vyaghri, Devadaru, Nisha, Ghana, Patolapatra, Nimbhatvak, Triphala, and Katuki

2. Dhumapana, a cigarette made from the leaves of Haridra, the roots of Eranda, Laksha, Manashila, Devadaru, Ela, and Mamshi, can heal Hikka and Swasa.

3. Lehya (confections) made with a mixture of honey and Tilataila, Devadaru, Shathi, Rasna, Karkatakhya, and Duralabha, heal coughs brought on by Kapha and Vata.

4. Patients with hiccups and dyspnea should drink Devadaru decoction when they are thirsty.

5. With oil, Bilva, Rasna, Yava, kola, Devadaru, Punarnava, Kulatha, and Panchamula can be used as Nasya, Pana, and Enema in Vatajahrudroga.

6. In all forms of Mutraghata, powdered Devadaru, Ghana, Murva, Yashtimadu, and Haritaki are ingested with water, milk, or Sura.

7. Devadaru, which is prepared as a paste using goat urine and used topically, eliminates many eye conditions.

8. Eyelash swelling and irritation can be relieved by using powdered Jati, Saindhava, Devadaru, and Mahaushadha buds mixed into a wick with Prasanna (Sura scum).

9. Trikatu and oil extract from Devdaru's burned wood are combined, and in the case of Kaphajkasa, Yavakshara is taken.

Bhavaprakash Chikitsa

1. Vata Vikara: Paste made from Devadaru and Nagara is particularly helpful internally for a variety of Vata

Results

The well-known medicinally active tree Cedrus deodara has long been used to treat a variety of conditions, including leprosy, boils, rheumatism, ulcers, bone fractures, sprains, and boils, either by itself or in conjunction with other herbs. The majority of the 105 chemical constituents identified by phytochemical research from various plant sections are members of the terpenoids and flavonoids class.

Important pharmacological effects, such as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, antiurolithiatic, antiarthritic, and antiasthmatic properties, were demonstrated by crude extracts, essential oils, fractions, and isolated components of Cedrus deodara.

Discussion

Cedrus deodara, or Devdaru, is a medicinal tree with a rich history of use in Ayurveda, treating various health conditions such as Vata disorders (arthritis and rheumatism), respiratory issues (cough and asthma), digestive problems (constipation), and skin ailments (ulcers and boils). Phytochemical analyses identify over 105 constituents, mainly terpenoids and flavonoids, including dihydromyricetin, cedrine, and kaempferol glucoside, which are known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties.

Research highlights Devdaru's pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory effects. However, further research is needed to elucidate its mechanisms of action, validate its efficacy through clinical trials, and standardize its preparations.

Conclusion

The ethnopharmacology, traditional use, and biological activity of C. deodara are discussed in the current publication together with the specific restrictions on the current study. C. deodara has been used to treat around forty illnesses by indigenous people from 28 different ethnic groups, including those from India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Korea. According to the results of numerous research, C. deodara has a variety of characteristics, such as immunomodulatory and anticancer effects, as well as the ability to affect the neurological system.

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