E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Panchamahabhut Siddhant

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 7 JULY
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Panchamahabhut Siddhant : Conceptual Review and it’s Applications in Ahar, Vihar and Aushadha

Kelkar S1*, Nimbalkar M2, Bhatkar A3, Bagde A4, Fulkar S5
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.7.21

1* Sonam Kelkar, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhant, Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

2 Manoj Nimbalkar, Professor and HOD, Department of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhant, Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

3 Arun Bhatkar, Associate Professor, Department of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhant, Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

4 Ashvin Bagde, Assistant Professor, Department of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhant, Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

5 Sonali Fulkar, Assistant Professor, Department of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhant, Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

Ayurveda is an ancient medical science has lots of theoretical and philosophical aspect. Ayurveda defines health and all the factors responsible for its maintenance and health promotion. Panchmahabhut Siddhant is a fundamental philosophical and scientific doctrine in Ayurved. All matter in the universe, including human body, is composed of five basic elements are Prithvi (earth), Jal (water), Agni or Tej (fire), Vayu (air) and Akash (space). These five elements which collectively termed as Panchamahabhuta. Equilibrium of Mahabhutas ensures health, while their imbalance denote Vikar. Panchmahabut Siddhant provides the basis for the classification of Doshas, understanding structures, function as well as properties of food, medicine and the environment. Panchmahabhut Siddhant serves as guiding framework for diagnosis, treatments, enabling a holistic and individualized approach to health and disease management.

Keywords: Panchamahabhut, Siddhant, Ahar, Vihar, Aushadh

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Sonam Kelkar, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Sanskrit Samhita Siddhant, Government Ayurved College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.
Email: 		Kelkar S, Nimbalkar M, Bhatkar A, Bagde A, Fulkar S, Panchamahabhut Siddhant : Conceptual Review and it’s Applications in Ahar, Vihar and Aushadha. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(7):142-148.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/4586/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-05-20 2025-05-27 2025-06-07 2025-06-17 2025-06-27
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© 2025 by Kelkar S, Nimbalkar M, Bhatkar A, Bagde A, Fulkar S and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Download PDFBack To ArticleIntroductionAim and ObjectivesMaterials and MethodsDiscussionConclusionReferences
Sonam K et al. Panchamahabhut Siddhant

Introduction

Panchmahabhut comprises of three words Pancha means “five”, Maha means “Great”, Bhuta meaning “to exist”. Prithvi, Aap, Tejas, Vayu, and Akash are combinedly known as Panchamahabhut.

महाभूतानि खं वायु: अग्नि: आपः क्षिति : तथा | शब्दः स्पर्श: च रूपं च रसो गन्ध च तद् गुणा: || Ch. Sha. 1/27

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All the substances are constituted of 5 Bhutas - Prithvi, Aap, Tejas, Vayu & Akash.

Ayurveda believes that all the substances of this universe including our bodies are composed of Panchabhutas which are Prithvi (earth), Jal (water), Agni or Tej (fire), Vayu (air) and Akash (ether or space).[1]

Diets we take those are also composed of Panchabhutas. When consumed food undergoes the process of digestion by Jatharagni (digestive fire), Bhoutikagni also acts upon corresponding element of body, so that the Parthiv (Prithi dominant) properties nourishes the Parthiv part of body, as symmetrical properties gives nutrition to the same organ having symmetrical properties.[2]

To achieve aim of Ayurved i.e., Dhatusamyata we must know the Panchamahabhut Siddhant.

Aim and Objectives

1. To enlightens the basic concept of Panchamahabhut Siddhanta and its application in Ahar, Vihar and Aushadha.
2. To review concept Panchamahabhut Siddhanta and its significance in Ahar, Vihar and Aushadha.

Materials and Methods

The literary material related to Panchamahabhuta Siddhant, Ahar, Vihar and Aushadha has been collected from Ayurvedic text like Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita and various books and research articles.

Evolution of Panchamahabhuta

The origin and evolution of Panchmahabhutas are described by many Acharyas.

First level: In Sankhya philosophy, Avyakta (the unmanifest principle) produce Mahat (cosmic intelligence) from Mahat emerges Ahankar (ego), Ahankara divides into three qualities, Satva (purity), Rajas (activity), Tamas (Lethargic and heavy). From Tamsik Ahankar Tanmantra evolve that finally, leads to formation of Tanmatras, Shabda (sound)- Akash, Sparsh (touch)- Vayu, Rupa- Agni, Rasa (taste)- Aap, Gandha (smell)-Prithi.[1]

Second level: In Ayurveda, evolution of Panchmahabhutas described by Vyapedeshastu Nyay, Bhutantaranupravesha (Imitative pervasion) at this level, Tanmatras undergo some reactions to form the premolecules of Mahabhutas.[3]

Third level: Panchikaran (pentamerization or reciprocal pervasion) - Five Tanmatras (molecules of the Mahabhutas) primary existents are equally combined with gross existents for evolution of Panchmahabhutas. This process is called as Panchikaran (pentamerization) due to equal presence of Panch-Tanmatras.[4]

Now the products which are going to act as single units in the manifestation of universe are formed. These conjugated forms of Tanmatra are termed as Mahabhutas.

Dravya Utpatti and Panchamahabhut relation

सर्वं द्रव्यं पाञ्चभौतिकं अस्मिन अर्थे | Ch.Su.26/10

Substances are born form the combinations of Panchamahabhutas.


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Everything in universe, including drugs, animals, herbs and living beings are made of these basic elements.[5] Depending on the predominanation of the substance, the matter is classified as Parthiva, Apya, Taijasa, Vayaviya and Akashiya (With predominance of earth, water, fire, air and space respectively).[6] As all things are combination of Panchamahbhut for Chikitsa, Panchabhoutik Dravyas are best for treatment.[7]

Components of Purusha

खादयश्चेतनाषष्ठा धातवः पुरुषः स्मृतः| चेतनाधातुरप्येकः स्मृतःपुरुषसञ्ज्ञकः| Ch.Sha.1/16

According to Ayurveda Chikitsya Purush/ Adhikaran Purush/ Karama Purush/ Purush comprises six Dhatus (components) i.e., Panchamahabhutas & Chetana.[8]

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Panchamahabhut and it’s characteristics

Mahabhut (Basic elements)Specific Characteristic[9]General Characteristics[10]Chief Sense
[1]
Akash (ether/space)Apratighat (non-resistance)Mrudu (soft), Laghu (light), Shlashna (smooth), Sushkma (subtle)Shabda (Sound)
Vayu (air)Chalatva (mobility)Sparsh (touch), Laghu (light), Ruksh (dry), Khara (rough), Vishad(clear), Suksma (subtle)Sparsh (touch)
Agni (fire)Usnatva (Heat)Roop (vision), Ushna (hot), Teekshna (Sharp), Sushma (subtle), Laghu (light), Ruksha (dry), Vishad (clear)Rupa (Vision)
Jala (water)Dravatva (fluidity)Drava (liquid), Snigdha (oily), Sheet (cold), Manda (slow), Mrudu (soft), Picchil (sticky), Rasa (taste)Rasa (taste)
Prithvi (earth)Kharatva (roughness/
hardness)		Gandha (smell), Guru (heavy), Khar (rough), Kathin (hard), Manda (slow), Sthira (stable), Vishad (clear), Sandra (dense), Sthula (grass)Gandha (Smell)

Panchamahabhautik Aahar

Panchamahabhautik Aahar Vihar is concept in Ayurveda that emphasizes harmony with five great elements Panchamahabhuta Prithvi (Earth), Jala (Water), Agni (Fire), Vayu (Air), & Akasha (Space).

पंचभूतात्मके देहे आहार: पांचभौतिक:| विपक्व: पंचधा सम्यक् स्वान् गुणान् अभिवर्धयेत् || (Su.Su 46 /436 )

Panchamahabhoutik Ahar (diet) nourishes the Panchamahabhutatmak Sharir (human body).[11] Diets we take those are also composed of Panchabhutas. Ayurveda believes that all foods contain a combination of these five elements. A diet should be customized based on an individual's Prakriti and Rutucharya (seasonal changes). It is a holistic approach to Aahar (diet) and Vihar (lifestyle) for maintaining health and preventing diseases i.e., Swastha (health) Panchamahaabhautik Aahar (diet Based on five elements).

SNMahabhutaAhara[12]
1.Prithvi (Earth)Solid and heavy foods like grains, root vegetables, nuts, and dairy provide nourishment and strength.
2.Jala (Water)Liquids, juicy fruits, soups, and hydrating foods maintain body fluids and aid digestion.
3.Agni (Fire)Spicy, pungent, and fermented foods help digestion and metabolism.
4.Vayu (Air)Light, airy, and dry foods like leafy greens and legumes help movement and circulation.
5.Akasha (Space)Fasting, mindful eating, and foods with subtle energy (like certain herbs) enhance mental clarity.

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Panchamahabhut and Rasa relation

Shadrasas constituted by Panchmahabhutas, Panchamahabhoutik predominance accountable for Dosha Prakop and manifestation of disease. Vaidya can treat patients successfully by Knowledge of Shadaras and its Panchamahabhoutik composition.

SNRasaMahabhuta Predominance
Charak Samhita[13]Sushrut Samhita[14]Ashtang Hridya[15]
1Madhur (sweet)Prithvi and JalaPrithvi and JalaPrithvi and Jala
2Amla (sour)Prithvi and TejaPrithvi and TejaPrithvi and Teja
3Lavana (salty)Jala and TejaJala and TejaJala and Teja
4Tikta (bitter)Vayu and AkashVayu and AkashAkash and Vayu
5Katu (pungent)Vayu and TejaVayu and TejaVayu and Teja
6Kashaya (astringent)Vayu and PrithviPrithi and AgniPrithvi and Vayu

Panchamahabhautik Vihar

Panchamahbhautik chikitsa is incomplete without a balanced Ahar Vihar (Lifestyle Based on Five Elements). By aligning food and lifestyle with these five elements, one can achieve holistic well-being, better digestion, mental clarity and longevity.

MahabhutaVihar
Prithvi (Earth)Grounding activities like walking barefoot on grass, yoga, and spending time in nature.
Jala (Water)Staying hydrated, bathing rituals, and practicing emotional fluidity.
Agni (Fire)Sun exposure, exercise, and Pranayama (controlled breathing) to maintain vitality.
Vayu (Air)Deep breathing, meditation, and living in well-ventilated spaces for mental clarity
Akasha (Space)Silence, mindfulness and maintaining a clutter-free environment for mental peace.

Panchabhautik Aushadha

MahabhutasExamples of Aushadha
Prithvi-dominant AushadhaHerbs rich in minerals, such as Shilajit, clay-based formulations, and earthy roots like Ashwagandha.
Aap-dominant AushadhaJuicy or hydrating herbs like Aloe Vera, Brahmi, and Coconut Water-based preparations.
Teja-dominant AushadhaSpices like Ginger, Turmeric, and Cinnamon, which generate heat and improve digestion.
Vayu-dominant AushadhaAir-regulating herbs like Hing (Asafoetida), Ajwain (Carom seeds), and Dashmoola formulations.
Akash-dominant AushadhaLight and subtle herbs like Tulsi, Camphor, and Guggul, which help in detoxification andmentalclarity

Panchamahabhautik Chikitsa (treatment based on the five elements) aims to restore harmony using natural substances that contain these five elements in appropriate proportions.

Universal therapeutic use of matter

Every matter has therapeutic uses in appropriate conditions and situations. But everything cannot be used for treatment of every disease.[16] A drug is useful in specific conditions and situations. Drug selection is to be done accordingly propriety, administration and therapeutic needs.[17]

Aushadh Dravya and Panchamahbhut relation

Chikitsa karmaPanchamahabhut Predominance [18]
Vaman DravyaAgni and Vayu
Virechan DravyaPrithi and Jal
Samshaman DravyaAkash
Lekhan DravyaVayu and Agni
Bruhan DravyaPrithi and Jal
Dipaniya DravyaAgni

Dosha and Panchmahabhutas relation

According to Ayurveda Tridosha-Vata, Pitta and Kapha play a crucial role in disease pathology. Each dosha correlates with specific elements among the Panchamahabhuta, which are responsible for their properties and functions. Doshas imbalance can lead to disease.[19] Ayurvedic treatment understanding which Dosha is aggravated and to restore balance, holds the Panchamahabhoutik Gunas of various Dravyas based on their corresponding Panchama-habhautik compositions.

SNDoshaPanchmahabhutas[20]
1.VataVayu and Akash
2.PittaAgni
3.PrithviPrithvi and Jala

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Panchamahbhut and Dhatu relation

Sapta Dhatu (7 components) in human body are Panchamahabhoutik.[21] Dhatuvruddhi or Dhat-ukshay leads to diseased condition, according to Panchamahabhoutik composition appropriate Bhe-shaj used to treat Dhatu-Vaishyam i.e imbalance.

DhatuPanchamahabhut Predominance[22]
RasJal
RaktaTej and Jala
MamsaPrithi
MedJala and Prithi
AsthiPrithi and Vayu
MajjaJala
ShukraJala

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Malas and Panchamahabhut relation

Malas are also Panchamahabhoutik. Malas and Panchamahabhut relation are useful for diagnostic purpose.

SNMalasPanchamahabhuta Predominance [23]
1.Mutra (urine)Jal and Agni
2.Purish (stool)Prithvi
3.Sweda (Sweat)Jal

Diagnostic Method and Panchamahabhut Relation

MahabhutDiagnostic Method [24]
PrithviMala, Mutra Swed by Gandha Tanmatra
AapRasa Sarata Examination
AgniDigestion, body temperature
VayuRespirations, cardiac sounds, Peristaltic sound
AkashHeart, lungs and abdomen to examine hallow structure ear etc.

Disease and Panchamahabhut relation

Tridosh imbalance is the basic cause for disease manifestation. In this Doshas imbalance Panchabhoutik composition knowledge is important for achieve aim i.e., Swastha (health). In following table some examples of disease manifestation and Panchabhoutik composition imbalance.

MahabhutaDisease wise Vikruti characteristics[25]Prakrut Characteristics of Mahabhut [9,10]
PrithviArsh (hemorrhoids)-sthiarya vikruti
Arbud (cyst/tumor)- Mansa Sthiarya Vikruti		Sthir (stable)
AapMedorog (obesity) -Snehan Vikruti
Udar (ascites) -Dravata Vikruti		Snigdha (oily)
Drava (liquid)
AgniAmlapitta (hyper acidity)-Ushna Vikruti
Pandu (anemia), Kamala (jaundice)-Varna Vikruti		Ushna (hot)
Rup (vision)
VayuKarshya (malnutrition), Vatvyadhi (neurological disorder/musculoskeletal issues/digestive disorder)- Rukshata , Laghuta VikrutiRuksh (dry)
Laghu (light)
AkashRudhhpathkamala (obstructive jaundice) - Apritighat Karya VikrutiApratighat (non-resistance)

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Triguna and Panchamahabhut relation (Panchamahabhut and Mental Health)

The relationship between Panchamahabhutas and Satvadi Gunas (mental qualities) further extends Ayurvedic principles into mental health.

Each of the Panchamahabhuta is associated with specific mental qualities, Akash relates to Satva (clarity), Vayu to Raja (activity) and Prithvi to Tama (heaviness).

To evaluate the Rugnadi Manobal (mental strength) Satva Parikshan is useful. Vaidya can decide the method of treatment according to Satva Pariksha. This understanding helps practitioners in (assessing the mental state of patients). Satva Pariksha and customizing treatments, particularly for psychosomatic disorders, by selecting appropriate herbs and therapies that influence the elemental balance within the patient.

SNGunasMahabhuta Predominant
1.SatvaAkash
2.RajaVayu
3.Satva + RajaTej
4.Satva + TamaJala
5.TamaPrithvi

Discussion

Panchamahabhut Siddhant is a fundamental universal concept in Ayurveda. According to Ayurveda Chikitsya Purusha / Adhikaran Purusha/ Karama Purusha / Purush comprises six Dhatus i.e., Panchmahabhutas & Chetana. As Chikitsapurusha is made of Panchamahabhuta and Chetana, his treatment is achieved by using Panchabhautika Dravyas and Karma. Panchamahabhuta Siddhant describes the five elemental principles that constitute the universe and all living beings. It explains the formation and functioning of the human body, nature, and cosmos.


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It forms the basis for Tridosha Siddhant (Vata, Pitta, Kapha), which governs physiological and pathological processes.

By aligning food and lifestyle with these five elements, one can achieve holistic well-being, better digestion, mental clarity and longevity.

Understanding Panchamahabhoutik Siddhant is essential for Ayurvedic diagnosis, treatment, and healthmaintenance i.e Swastha. The knowledge of Panchabhautika Siddhanta gives appropriate diagnosis of a disease also for proper idea of drug (Dravya) interventions. Therefore, knowledge of Panchmahabut Siddhanta becomes essential for clinical approach to achieve the aim of Ayurveda.

Conclusion

ThePanchamahabhut Siddhantunderpins to every aspect of health physical, mental or emotional. Significance of these Panchmahabhutas (five elements) allows practitioners to diagnose and treat effectively by restoring balance within the body’s systems.

By plan treatments with the principles of Vriddhi (increase) and Kshaya (decrease) i.e., Samanya Vishesh Siddhant in relation to the Doshas, Dhatus (tissues) and Malas (waste products) Vaidya can achieve Dhatusamyata i.e., aim of Tantra by applying appropriate Ahar, Vihar and Aushadh.

Ayurveda provides a framework through the strategic application of Panchmahabhutas for maintaining health. This foundational concept not only enhances understanding of Ayurveda but also establishes a pathway for future advancements in holistic health care.

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