E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Senegalia Catechu

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 9 September
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Khadira (Senegalia Catechu) - An Ayurvedic Tree with Great Potential

Navya1, Raina S2*
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.9.27

1 Navya, Senior Research Fellow, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute, Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

2* Sumit Raina, BAMS, Government Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Akhnoor Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Plant based medicine, a cornerstone of traditional healthcare systems, has been utilized for millennia across various cultures to treat a wide spectrum of ailments. Traditional medicine heavily relies on the therapeutic properties of herbs and natural products derived from plants. According to an estimate made by the World Health Organisation (W.H.O.) 80% population of the world relies on traditional medicine and thus it forms the basis of primary healthcare. Primary reason for that being the inexpensive nature of herbal medicines as compared to modern pharmaceutics as these can be grown from seed or gathered from nature for little or no cost. Plants such as Khadira (Senegalia catechu), turmeric and Ashwagandha are some of the prime examples of natural remedies mentioned in Ayurveda classics that have been used for centuries. Khadira (Senegalia catechu) has been revered in Ayurveda for its wide range of therapeutic properties. Khadira commonly known as Kattha or Khair tree, has been extensively used in the management of skin disorders, gastrointestinal ailments and respiratory conditions. The most important bioactive compounds of this plant are flavanoids (catechin, (-) epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, rocatechin, phloroglucinol, procatechuic acid, catecutannic acid, quercetin, quercitrin), alkaloids (kaempferol, dihydrokaempferol, taxifolin, afzelchin gum), glycosides (poriferasterol, poriferasterol acylglucosides), tannins (gallic acid, phlobatannins), sugars (d-galactose, d-rhamnose and larabinose). It has been shown to possess medicinal properties such as anti-bacterial, anticancer, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, anti-ulcer, antisecretory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycaemic and useful in sore throat, wound healing and obesity. The present review study aims to comprehensively explore and provide reported detail information of this herb from various Samhitas and its study in modern area like its phytoconstituents, pharmacological activities and therapeutic applications. Focussing on the relevance of Khadira in integrative healthcare approaches, with insights into recent studies will highlight the plant’s promising role in drug development and public health.

Keywords: Senegalia catechu, Khair tree, Cutch Tree, Dravyaguna, Ayurveda, EBM

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Sumit Raina, BAMS, Government Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Akhnoor Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, , India.
Email: 		Raina S, Navya, Khadira (Senegalia Catechu) - An Ayurvedic Tree with Great Potential. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(9):176-187.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/4741/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-07-15 2025-07-25 2025-08-05 2025-08-15 2025-08-28
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© 2025 by Navya, Raina S and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Sumit R et al. An Ayurvedic Tree with Great Potential

Introduction

Khadira, scientifically known as Senegalia catechu, is a well-regarded tree in traditional Ayurvedic medicine, recognized for its potent therapeutic benefits. Native to the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia, this deciduous tree has been an integral part of herbal healing practices for centuries. Among its various parts, the heartwood of Khadira holds particular medicinal significance due to its rich concentration of bioactive compounds. Traditionally, the heartwood extract has been prized for its strong astringent, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. These qualities make it especially effective in the treatment of a wide range of health conditions. In Ayurvedic formulations, Khadira is commonly used to address various skin disorders such as eczema, acne, and rashes, owing to its ability to purify the blood and reduce inflammation. Additionally, it plays a prominent role in promoting oral hygiene, where it is utilized in mouthwashes and tooth powders to help combat gum disease, mouth ulcers, and bad breath.

Beyond dermatological and dental applications, Khadira is also used to support digestive health, manage bleeding disorders, and enhance overall immunity. Its diverse therapeutic uses and natural healing potential underscore its importance in holistic and traditional medical systems. As modern research continues to explore the pharmacological actions of Senegalia catechu, this ancient remedy remains a vital botanical resource in both preventive and curative healthcare.

Botanical Name: Senegalia catechu

Taxonomical Classification

  • Kingdom: Plantae;
  • Subkingdom: Tracheophyta;
  • Superdivision: Spermatophyta;
  • Division: Equisetopsida;
  • Order: Fabales;
  • Family: Fabaceae;
  • Genus: Senegalia;
  • Species: catechu

Classical Names

Khadira (Cutch tree), Balpatra, Bahushalya, Dantadhawana, Raktasara, Yadniya, Gayatri.

Vernacular Names

  • English - Cutch tree;
  • Hindi - Khair;
  • Bengali - Khayar;
  • Gujarati - Kheriobaval, Khair, Kathe, Kher;
  • Kannada - Kalu, Kachu, Kaggali, Kanti, Kagga-linara, Kachinamara, Koggigida;
  • Malayalam - Karingali, Khadira;
  • Marathi - Kaderi, Khair,
  • Punjabi - Khair,
  • Tamil - Karunkali, Kadiram, Karngalli;
  • Telugu - Podalimamu, Kaviri, Kachu, Kadiramu, Sandra,
  • Assam - Kharira, Khara, Khayar, Khoria, Kash.Kath,
  • Konkani - Kathu;
  • Oriya - Khoiru, Khaira,
  • Urdu - Chanbekaath.[1]

Classification In Ayurvedic Texts

Khadira included in following Ganas (Groups)

  • Charka Samhita: Kushdhghna, Kshaya Skan-dha[2]
  • Sushrut Samhita: Salsaradi[3]

Khadira has been included in Nighantus in the following Vargas (Groups)

  • Bhavprakash Nighantu: Vatadi Varga[4]
  • Dhanvantari Nighantu: Guduchyadi Varga[5]
  • Madanpal Nighantu: Vatadi Varga[6]
  • Aadarsh Nighantu: Babbuladi Varga[7]
  • Kaiyedev Nighantu: Oshadadi Varga[8]
  • Raja Nighantu: Shalmlyadi Varga[9]

Namarupa Vijnana (Synonyms)

१.खदिरः (भा०)- खदतिस्थिरंतिष्ठतिहिनस्तिचरोगानीति; ‘खद्स्थैर्यहिं-सायांच’।

२.कण्टकी (भा०)- कण्टकाः सन्त्यस्य।

३.कुष्ठघ्नः (अ०)- कुष्ठंहन्तीति।

४.गलरोगनुत (सो०)- गलरोगनाशकः।

५.गायत्री (भा०)- गायन्तंत्रायते, यज्ञेप्रयोज्यत्वात, गलरोगेहितत्वाच्च।


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६.जिह्मशल्यः (सो०) - जिह्माःवक्रा: शल्याःकण्टकाऽस्य।

७. दन्तधावनः (भा०)- दन्तधावनेप्रयुक्तत्वात।

८. बहुशल्यः (भा०)- बहवः शल्या: कण्टकाऽस्य।

९. बालपत्रः (भा०)- ह्रस्वपत्रत्वात।

१०. मेदोघ्नः (सो०)– मेदोहर:।

११. यज्ञियः (भा०)- यज्ञेप्रयुज्यमानः।

१२. रक्तसारः (भा०)- रक्तवर्ण: सारोऽस्य।

१३. सारद्रुमः (रा०)- सारवान्वृक्षः।[10]

Khadira (Cutch tree) (Senegalia catechu) is a wild thorny tree (Kantaki, Bahusalya), the spines being curved (Jihmaśalya). Wood is regarded as holy and used in sacrifices (Gāyatrī, Yajñiya). It has firm and red heart-wood (Sāradruma, Raktasāra) and small leaves (Bālapatra). Twigs are used as tooth-brush (Dantadhavana). Khadira (Cutch tree) is a specific drug for leprosy (Kusthaghna) and is also efficacious in obesity (Medoghna) and disorders of throat (Galaroganut).

Table 1: Synonyms of Khadira (Cutch tree) from various Nighantus[11,12,13]

SynonymsAHAVBRBPCSDNKNRNRVSNSLNSS
Balapatra+--+++---++-
Brahma Shalya----+-------
Bahushalya---++-+---+-
Dantadhavana---+++---++-
Dwija Priya----+-------
Gayatri+--++++--+++
Gita------+-----
Gourat------+-----
Hima Shalya----+-------
Homa----+-------
Jihwa Shalya----++---+--
Khadira (Cutch tree)++++-+--++++
Kadara++--+---+--+
Kushthaghna------+----+
Kantaki---+++---++-
Kushthahrit----+-------
Kantari-------+----
Kshathaksheeina----+++--+--
Karmuka----+--+----
Kubjakantaka----+--+----
Kandu-------+----
Kushthakantaka-------+----
Kalskanda-------+----
Khadiropam-----+------

+’ indicates present & ‘–’ indicates absent

A.H= Ashtanga Hridaya, B.R.= Bhaishajya Ratnavali, CS= Charak Samhita, RN= Raj Nighantu, DN=Dhanwantari Nighantu, MN= Madanpal Nighantu, KN= Kaidev Nighantu, PN= Priya Nighantu, SN= Saligram Nighantu, SS= Sharangadhar Samhita

jaims_4741_00.JPG
Figure 1[57]

Ayurvedic Properties

  • Rasa - Tikta, Kashaya
  • Guna - Laghu, Ruksha
  • Veerya - Sheeta
  • Vipaka - Katu
  • Prabhava - Kushthaghna
  • Doshaghnata - Kaphapittashamaka
  • Rogaghnata - Aruchi, Atisara, Kaphajakasa, Prameha, Kushtha, Twakaroga, Jeernajwara, Raktapitta, Krimi.
  • Karma - Ruchivardhaka, Stambhana, Shonitasthapana, Mutrásangrahana, Kushthaghna, Kandughna, Vranaropaka

Table 2: Rasapanchaka of Khadira (Cutch tree) From Various Nighantus[11.12,13]

DNMNRNKNBH.NSHA.NNASNPN
RasaTikta+-+++++++
Madhura-+-------
Kashaya----+++++
GunaLaghu----+----
VeeryaSheeta+++++-+-+
Ushna-----+-+-
VipakaKatu-----++--
PrabhavaKushthaghna--------+

DN= Dhanwantari Nighantu,


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MN= Madanpal Nighantu, RN= Raj Nighantu KN= Kaidev Nighantu, N.A= Nighantu Adarsha, SN= Saligram Nighantu, PN= Priya Nighantu

Botanical Description

Senegalia catechu is a medium sized thorny deciduous tree up to 3-15 m high; stem straight and greyish brown, bark dark grey to dark greyish brown, exfoliating in narrow strips brown and red in side.

Leaves are bipinnately compound, with 9-30 pairs of pinnae and a pubescent glandular rachis; leaflets 16-50 pairs, oblong-linear, 2-6 mm long, glabrous or pubescent with a pair of short, hooked shape, recurved prickles or spines at the base of the rachis. Inflorescence cylindrical, axillary pedunculate spike.

Flowers are actinomorphic to zygomorphic, 5-10 cm long, sessile, pentamerous, creamy whitish to pale yellow and with a campanulate calyx of 1-1.5 mm length, and a corolla of 2.5-3 mm length. Stamens are numerous and far exerted from the corolla, with white to yellowish white filaments, bisexual and have single superior carpel; pod is one chambered legume, glabrous oblong, 3-10 seeded, straight, flat and brown in colour with triangular beak at the apex, shiny, narrowed at base.

Heartwood is light, red, turning brownish red to nearly black with age and attached with whitish sapwood. The fracture is hard, odour, characteristic and taste are astringent.

The gummy extract of wood is called Katha or cutch which is mostly shining black or brownish mass, hard and brittle, and breaks easily. The fractured surfaces show brownish colour but dull gloss and small cavities. It gives dull brown fine odourless powder having strong astringent taste.[14]

Distribution

Throughout the Sub-Himalayan tract of Punjab., Peninsular region, particularly in drier parts, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bihar, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. Also, in Eastern slopes of Western Ghats.[1]

Phytochemical Constituents

Heartwood - Flavonoids: Epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, rocatechin, phloroglucinol, procatechuic acid, catecutannic acid, quercetin.[15]

Leaves - Alkaloids: Kaempferol, dihydrokaempferol, taxifolin, afzelchin gum.

Bark - Glycosides: Poriferasterol, poriferasterol acylglucosides, Tannins: Gallic acid, d-rhamnose, Sugars: D-galactose, and l-arabinose, phlobatannins.

Fruit - Fruit a strap-shaped pod, 5-8.5 cm x 1-1.5 cm, flat, tapering at both ends, shiny, brown, dehiscent, 3-10 seeded; seeds broadly.[16]

Powder - Catechu is used for diarrhoea, swelling of the nose and throat, dysentery, swelling of the colon (colitis), bleeding, indigestion, osteoarthritis, and cancer.[17] People apply catechu powder directly to the haemorrhoids and skin diseases and traumatic injuries; to stop bleeding; and for dressing wound.[18] It is included in mouthwashes and gargles used for gum disease (gingivitis), pain and swelling inside the mouth (stomatitis).[19] It is thought that catechu may contain chemicals that can decrease inflammation and kill bacteria.

Constituents - Catechin, catechu-tannic acid and tannin.

Action and Uses

  • The bark is used in melancholia, conjunctivitis and haemoptysis.
  • Heartwood is bitter, astringent, acrid, cooling, depurative, anthelmintic, antiseptic, antidysentery, antipyretic, appetiser, haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and tonic. It is used in catarrh, cough, pruritus, leprosy, leukoderma, skin diseases, helminthiasis, anorexia, diarrhoea, dysentery, foul ulcers and wounds, haemoptysis, haematemesis, haemorrhages, fever, anaemia, diabetes and pharyngodynia.
  • The catechu (Kattha) is acrid, bitter, thermogenic, digestive, appetiser, aphrodisiac, vulnerary, anthelmintic, depurative and tonic. It is used in laryngopathy, flatulence, ulcers, wounds, leprosy, skin diseases, urine incontinence, and colporrhagia. A small piece of catechu with cinnamon and nutmeg is held in toothache, loss of voice etc, also in cases of mercurial salivation, hoarseness, relaxed sore throat, bleeding ulcerations and sponginess of gums. It is used for bed sores.
  • Catechu in the form of injection is useful in treatment of gonorrhoea, otitis, otorrhoea.[20]

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Table 3: Phytochemical Actions

SNActive constituentTherapeutic Application
1.TanninsActs topically as astringent to mucosal surfaces and following oral ingestion it consequently gets hydrolysed and alter the fluidity of the bowel contents (so used in anti-diarrheal remedies). They are also attributed with anti-haemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory and antacid properties.
2.CatechinHave significant antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. It is considered to be the best antioxidant.[21]
3.FlavonoidsIncrease secretion of insulin and inhibit cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase. Thus, it possesses anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effect.[22]
4.ToxifolinPotent Antibacterial agent.

Parts Used: Bark, heartwood[1]

Dose

  • Powder of bark-1-3gm
  • Decoction-50-100ml
  • Heart wood-0.5-1gm[1]

Some Important Preparations[23]

  • Khadiradi Vati
  • Khadiraristha
  • Khadiradi Tailam
  • Erimedadi Taila
  • Kusthakalamla Rasa
  • Kusthashailendra Rasa
  • Krimivinasana Rasa
  • Arshoghni Vati
  • Lavangadi Vati
  • Kasisadi Ghrita
  • Jatyadi Ghrita
  • Nimbapatradi Upnaha

Pharmacological Actions

Antimicrobial Activity: Studies showed that the leaves extract is found to possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, by inhibiting common human pathogenic organisms like Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), E-coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhi (Gram negative) and fungi like Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger supporting its use in traditional medicine.

Its leaves, bark, root extract also possess Anti-mycotic activity. The bark extract showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi such as Piriculariaoryzae and Colletotrichum falcatum.[24]

Its Methanolic extract has anti-microbial activity against pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic bacteria. It was found to be most effective against Staphylococcus aureus with about 20mm zone of inhibition at minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the crude extract 1,000lg/ml. Experiments shows that anti-microbial activity of Khadira depends on nature of solvent used for extraction, thus organic solvents used in extraction of leaves are most effective than any other.[25]

Krimighana attributes of Khadira

  • Khadira exhibits antibacterial and antifungal attributes, effectively impeding the proliferation of bacteria and fungi responsible for skin problems. In case of skin conditions such as eczema, Khadira proves beneficial in managing symptoms when applied to the affected area. The application or washing of the affected area with Khadira Kwath contributes to reducing inflammation and arresting bleeding, this is attributed to its Kashaya, Ropan and Krimighana
  • Khadira is also recognized for its ability to facilitate wound healing due to its antibacterial and antifungal attributes. It comprises specific chemicals that induce the contraction of skin cells, diminishing inflammation and fostering the recovery of wounds. Additionally, its antimicrobial properties thwart potential infections, providing support for the healing process. The Ropan (healing) attribute of Khadira contributes to the expeditious recovery of wounds, diminishes swelling, and restores the skin's normal texture. Moreover, Khadira plays a role in controlling bleeding from wounds, due to its Sheeta and Kashaya The Krimighana characteristic of Khadira prevent reoccurrence and restrict infections thus resist pathological progression of wound.[26,27,28]

Antibacterial Activity: Khadira heartwood extract is found to be an effective antibacterial agent. A study conducted in ethanolic and aqueous heartwood extract of Khadira, proved its efficacy as a potent anti-bacterial agent. Taxifolin present in heartwood of Khadira is found to be responsible for its antibacterial effect.


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Phytochemical studies of Khadira leaves show the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavones, glycosides, phenolic compounds, saponins, steroids and tannins which may be responsible for its antimicrobial activity. Its Methanolic extract having antimicrobial activity against pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic bacteria. It is effective against gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria.[29] Khadira boasts an extensive antibacterial spectrum, demonstrating bactericidal efficacy against E. coli, S. aureus and S. enterica. Its mechanism of action seems associated with the disruption of bacterial membrane permeability. The principal chemical markers identified in Khadira include gallic acid, ellagic acid, eugenol and catechin.[30,31]

Antifungal Activity: Ethanolic extract of Heart-wood tested for antifungal (antimycotic) activity ag-ainst Candida albicans, Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus fumigates, Mucor sp & Penicilium marneffei. Disc diffusion technique was followed for screening antifungal activity. Discs were loaded with 50μl of ethanolic extracts at different concentrations [25ug/disc, 250ug/disc and 500ug/disc]. Positive controls used were fluconazole (10 mcg/disc) & amphotericin B (100 units/disc). After incubation at 28⁰C for 48 hours, zone of inhibition was measured. Extract at different concentrations showed varying degree of antifungal activity against micro-organisms tested compared to standard.[32] Assay was conducted to check antifungal activity of aqueous & methanol extract of Khadira against fourteen human pathogenic fungi using agar disc diffusion method. Methanol extract of Khadira was established most promising, & found active against Candida, Dermatophytes & Aspergillus species.[33]

Antioxidant Activity: Study of 70% methanol extract of heartwood extract of S.catechu showed significant antioxidant activity, iron chelating and DNA protective activity which is partly due to the phenolic and flavonoid compounds present in its Standard methods like the dot-blot assay, TLC study and the DPPH assay showed that the extract is a highly effective antioxidant. Catechin, rutin and isorhamnetin are reported as free radical scavengers and these compounds largely contribute to the biopotency of Senegalia catechu.[34]

Anti-pyretic and Anti-inflammatory properties: Chief major active chemical components of Khadira are flavonoids which inhibit Cyclooxygenase and 5-Lipoxygenase and hence decrease inflammation.

Mixed extract of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu inhibit Prostaglandin E2 generation in human osteosarcoma cells which express COX-2, and leukotriene production is also inhibited in human cell lines, immortalized THP-1 monocyte and HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma. Baicalin from Scutellaria baicalensis and catechin from Senegalia catechu are responsible for dual inhibition of Cyclooxygenase and 5- Lipoxygenase.[35] Baicalin and catechin are found to inhibit COX1, COX2 and 5-LOX. Baicalin also downregulates the expression of cytokines and PGE2, nitric oxide formation, and neutrophil invasion in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model.[36]

Anti-cancer Activity: Study was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of aqueous extract of Khadira heartwood in a human epithelial carcinoma cell line (A431) and anti-tumour activity against DMBA/TPA induced squamous cell carcinoma in Balb/c mice. It was investigated that chemo preventive effect of aqueous extract of Senegalia catechu heartwood maybe was due to its polyphenolic compounds that exhibit powerful antioxidant activity.[37] Study was aimed at evaluating the antiproliferative and apoptotic potentials on HeLa, COLO- 205, and fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cell lines and also to evaluate its safety on normal human lymphocytes. Different concentrations of these were evaluated for their cytotoxicity by the trypan blue dye exclusion method and MTT assay on the cancer cell lines HeLa, fibrosarcoma HT-1080, COLO-205, and a normal cell line (human peripheral lymphocytes). The apoptotic potential was analysed by DNA fragmentation analysis, morphology observation, and fluorescence microscopical observations of the treated cells by AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining. The methanol and hexane extracts of S. catechu were found to be antiproliferative and cytotoxic at lower concentrations and induced cell death in COLO-205 cells and also in HeLa cells. Their effect on HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells was less pronounced. The methanol and hexane extracts with the same concentrations had least cytotoxicity on normal lymphocytes.[38]

Antidiarrheal activity: Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in albino rats after induc. diarrhoea with castor oil. Antidiarrheal property of ethyl acetate ext. of Senegalia catechu appears to be due to its tannin content, which has astringent property.[34]


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Hepatoprotective activity: Data from traditional medicine history and recent studies shows that extract of Khadira exhibits very significant hepatoprotective activity and for this reason it has been extensively used in herbal. Flavonoid constituents of the extract of Khadira possess antioxidant properties and are found to be useful in the treatment of liver damage. Hepatoprotective action of heartwood powder was studied in the treatment of liver damage in rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride. The evaluation has been carried out using liver function marker enzymes in blood plasma, Liver tissue biochemistry supported by histopathology due to CCl4 induced hepatopathy the marker enzymes leak into the blood. The extent of recovery has been compared with the natural liver regeneration after CCl4 damage and normal liver. The heartwood powder of Khadira has been treated in the form of aqueous slurry. The decreased levels of serum bilirubin after treatment with heartwood powder restores the normal functional status of the liver. This hepatoprotective effect was supported by light microscope studies. Hepatoprotective activity of ethyl acetate extract of Khadira was studied in albino rats. Blood serum was assayed for aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and significant increase in the levels of AST and ALT were found in the toxicant group after 24h of administration of carbon tetrachloride orally. Cyanidanol, an active principle of S.catechu, was claimed to be effective in treating liver diseases.[38,39,40]

Immunomodulatory Activity:[41] Immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of S. catechu after oral administration of two doses of 5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg were studied. The effect was studied in neutrophil adhesion test, mice lethality test, carbon clearance assay, cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia, serum immunoglobulin levels and the haemagglutination test. The extract showed an increase in the neutrophil adhesion to the nylon fibres produced a significant increase in the phagocytic index and a significant protection against cyclophosphamide induced neutropenia indicating its effect on cell mediated immunity.

On the other hand, S.catechu extract produced a significant increase in the serum immunoglobulin levels, increase in the haemagglutination titre values and decreased the mortality ratio in mice, suggesting its effect on the humoral arm of the immune system.

Hence, it can be concluded that the aqueous extract of S.catechu has a significant effect on both cell mediated and humoral immunity.

Anti-secretory and Anti-ulcer Activity: Study was conducted on antisecretory and antiulcer activity of Khadira indomethacin plus pyloric ligation induced gastric ulcers in rats. The results of the study suggested that Khadira causes an inhibitory effect on release of gastric hydrochloric acids and protects gastric mucosal damage due to presence of flavonoids and tannins in the plant extract.[42]

Wound healing: The crushed bark of Khadira is used topical on wounds as it is potent wound healing medicinal plant. It has astringent effect and also causes precipitation of skin which makes it very good wound healing plant. Furthermore, it also exhibits antimicrobial property which prevents growth of microbes on wounds. This activity is due to presence of tannins and flavonoids in bark of catechu.[43]

Sore throat: Khadira is one of most important ingredients, used in Paan which is also called as beetle leaf. People of different ages use it for healing of sore throat, because of its astringent and soothing effect. Tannins present in Khadira are responsible for this property.[40]

Anti-obesity activity: The bark of maintains healthy fat metabolism and reduces the conversion of carbohydrates to fats. In studies of rats fed on a diet containing cholesteryl oleate, betel nut extracts significantly lowered cholesterol & triglycerides.[44]

Anti diabetic activity: In type 2 diabetes, insulin is secreted in lesser amounts than required, thus causing much of the sugars to remain in the blood stream. Khadira also increases the level of beta cells, thus encouraging them to secrete more insulin. A variety of Khadira, known as Blackbrush, is used to help lose body weight. Its adrenergic amine content stimulates beta-receptors to break down the lipids in the body. This, in turn, enhances the rate of metabolism as cholesterol is broken down and hunger is curbed.[45]

Mode of Action of Khadira in Prameha

Prameha is defined in classics as the Kaphavata predominant disease. Even though all three Dosha are involved in the Prameha manifestation, the Vata predominance is understood with hypo functioning of Agni (Mand) or Vishamagni.[46]


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This improper Agni influence Kapha and Aam production into body. Further, due to unwholesome diet and regimen (Apathyaaharavihara) Kapha, Mamsa, Meda gets aggravated and cause obstruction (Margavarodha). Khadira with Kashaya rasa clears channels due to Kaphashoshan (Absorption of Kapha) as well as decreases Kleda. Katuvipaka helps to increases digestion. Thus, it stimulates Jatharagni and regularizes Mandagni which is main cause of Prameha. Laghu and Ruksha Guna clears Mala, Kleda from Strotas and alleviates. So, Khadira is capable of correcting Dhatuvitiatison (Saithilyata). Due to Kashaya Rasa, sheet Veerya and Ruksha Guna, it acts as Sthambhaka hence performs Mutrasangrahaniya Karma i.e., Reduces amount of Mutra thus restore normal Ambu. Khadira has ‘Tikta’ Rasa in addition to Kashayarasa. Tiktarasa has predominance of Akasha and Vayumahabhoota. So, it has ability of permeate to Sukshmasrotasas. Due to this drug can reach at cellular level and help to reduce Meda and Kleda. Thus, helps in breakdown of Pramehasamprapti and reduces related symptoms.[47] Many times, diabetes existed along with obesity and diabetic wound. Properties of Khadira like Pramehaghna (Anti-diabetic), Mehaghna (Anti-obesity) and Vrana-Ropan (wound healing) properties are well explained in Ayurvedic classics.

Relation between chemical compositions and Prameha

  • Flavonoids: It is an important antioxidant and promotes several health effects. Flavonoids in Diabetes usually alternate the diabetes treatment by reducing the aldose reductase, regenerating the pancreatic cells, enhancing insulin release and increasing calcium ion uptake.[48] Also, Flavonoids stimulated glycogen synthesis in rat’s soleus muscle through mechanisms well known to insulin signal transduction.[49]
  • Saponins: Saponins have been found having pharmaceutical properties of anti- inflammatory, anti- fungal, anti-bacterial, antiviral and anti-diabetes. In the aspect of anti-diabetes, saponins activates AMPK in a calcium-dependent manner, thus regulating gluconeogenesis and glucose uptake. Saponins effectively alleviated hyperglycaemia in diabetic rats by upregulating the expression of glucose transporter type 4(GLUT4) while down- regulated the expression of G6P in insulin signal pathway.[50]

  • Triterpenoids: The therapeutic approach of Triterpenoids to treating DM is to decrease postprandial glucose levels. It can be achieved through the inhibition of α- glucosides and α-amylases which delay the absorbance of carbohydrates in postprandial insulin level.[51]
  • Bitter principle: Compound stimulate peripheral and skeletal muscle glucose utilization and inhibits intestinal glucose uptake and shows hypoglycaemic effect.[52]

Effect in Shwitra (Vitiligo): A clinical trial with Bakuchi Haratal Lepa with Gomutra as external application and Amalaki Khadir Kashyam orally was done. It has shown encouraging results in the re-pigmentation of the affected skin. Not much complication was observed in the patients at the end of the study.[53]

Effect in Acne vulgaris: Khadira honey contains a large concentration of fructose sugar; hence it does not crystallize. This honey possesses antimicrobial properties to a great extent. Hence, it is used in conjunction with other medication as a remedy for abating the acne flare-ups in teenagers. The naturally occurring sugars or oligosaccharides in Khadira contain a greater portion of the food energy of sugar and a lesser portion of the food energy of fat. In the body, they result in fatty acids that enhance the absorption of calcium, magnesium, and iron. Thus, they promote an overall raise in energy levels in the body.[45]

Effect in Intestinal Problems: Acacia contains water soluble fibre of plant origin. Fiber is an important requisite to provide roughage and smooth bowel movements of the intestines. Thus, enhances the colon cleanse process in the body. The effectiveness of Khadira is felt more when it relieves the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a natural way.

The soluble fibre in Khadira absorbs excess water from the colon and forms a thick gel. This passes through the gut without any decomposition. Hence, it adds a good extent of bulk to the stools and aids in their easy elimination. By regulating the speed of bowel movements, it helps in relieving the bloating and trapped gas in the digestive canal. It also promotes the development of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria, which are healthy bacteria in the gut. Thus, relieves constipation and promotes greater health to the alimentary canal.[45]


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Effect in Oral Diseases: Khadira contains Tikta-Kashaya Rasa. These two Rasa by virtue of their pharmacological properties like Soshana (absorp-tion), Vishaghnatva (anti-poisonous), Kandu Prash-amana (reduce itching sensation), Tvakmamsa Sthirikarana (nourishment and strengthening of skin and muscle) and Pidana, Ropana (wound healing), Kledaupashosana (dryness of exudation) causes therapeutic action of reducing oedema, detoxifica-tion, restoration, antihistaminic action and contrac-tion, healing, clearing of derbies. All these pharmac-ological properties as a whole are able to exert an anti-inflammatory action on affected areas of skin, mucosal and muscle layer of buccal region which is beneficial to cure dental caries, gum infections, complication of buccal mucosa. In disease condition of buccal cavity, Khadira is used as important medicine to get rid of it. In infective pathology of dental caries or periodontal disease, Khadira completely inhibits pathway of pathogenesis of infection by creating an unfavourable condition in Dosha-Dushya-Sammurchana (destroy causative pathological factors). Khadira is most potent drug to cure all types of such infections.[54]

Khadira as best Rasayana (Immunomodulator) for skin

Khadir (S. catechu) is having Tikta, Kashaya Rasa, Sita Virya which alleviates Pitta Kapha. Acharya Charaka mentioned it as best Kustahara Dravya in Agryaprakarana. It has also properties of Switraghna. Kandugna, Krimihara. The decoction has important ingredients like catecnin (flavonoid), catechu tannic acid. There by Khadira helps for better absorption. Kashaya Rasa of Khadira holds Twakprasadak and Raktashodhak properties which ultimately leads to Raktaprasadana and reduction of Vaivarnyata of skin, thus proved to be best immunomodulatory drug for skin diseases.[55]

Table 4: Pharmacological activity of various parts of Senegalia catechu.[56]

SNParts UsedPharmacological activity
1.BarkDysentery, diarrhoea and in healing of wounds, Antioxidant, healing of sore throat, gingivitis, Antidiabetic activity.
2.LeafHepatoprotective, Anti-secretory and Anti-ulcer, Antioxidant and Antibacterial, Anti-mycotic activity.
3.HeartwoodAnti-bacterial, Anti mycotic, to treat mouth sore, gingivitis, dental caries It possess anti-oxidant and anti-diarrhoeal activity.
Ethyl acetate extract of Acacia catechu possess analgesic, antipyretic Hepatoprotective and Antidiabetic activity. Heartwood is used as a dyeing agent in textile industry.

Conclusion

For centuries, plants and plant products have been used for treating various ailments. Several medicinal trees and their products are still widely used by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day-to-day practice. Khadira (Senegalia catechu) is a multifunctional drug, which is mostly used in Skin disorders. It possesses broad spectrum pharmacological activities in various systems to cure diseases.

The review on Khadira (Cutch tree) traces out from the Samhitas to modern literature text and researches. It has many medicinal properties, which can be used to cure or helps to reduce many ailments like Skin disorders, diabetes, obesity, worm manifestation, liver disorders, ulcers, fever, oral diseases, gastro-intestinal diseases, etc. Due to Tikta Kashaya Rasa, Katuvipaka, it shows Kaphashoshan property (Absorption of Kapha), clears the channels by reducing obstructions, and improves the hypo functioning of Agni. Due to Tikta Rasa Khadira shows Aampachan, Angnideepana and Srotoshodhana properties. Main chemical constituents of Khadira are Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Alkaloids, Glycosides which shows anti-diabetic activity.

Khadira has been shown to possess multifarious medicinal properties such as Antioxidant, Anti-hyperlipidaemic, Anti-diabetic, Anti-obesity, Wound healing property, Analgesic activity, Antifungal activity, Anti-inflammation activities. Khadira also screened for effective in diabetes associated with obesity and diabetic wound. Khadira is one of the best examples to prove potent as a skin immunomodulator. Acharya Sushruta has beautifully explained its role in various skin ailments, Khadirarishta as best potent drug of choice for skin and Khadiradi Vati used in Shushka Kasa.

Thus, Khadira [Senegalia catechu] is considered as a potent medicinal plant, a gift from Ayurveda to mankind.

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