E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Randia dumetorum

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 9 September
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir. - A Review

Kalyani1, Mishra HS2*, AK Agarwal3, Varshneya AB4, SS Bedar5
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.9.32

1 Kalyani, Post Graduate Scholar, PG Department of Dravyaguna, Lalit Hari Government Ayurvedic College, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.

2* Hari Shanker Mishra, Associate Professor, PG Department of Dravyaguna, Lalit Hari Government Ayurvedic College, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.

3 AK Agarwal, Professor, PG Department of Dravyaguna, Lalit Hari Government Ayurvedic College, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.

4 Atul Babu Varshneya, Professor, Department of Rog Nidan, Swami Kalyan Dev Government Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Muzaffar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.

5 SS Bedar, Professor, Department of Samhita and Siddhanta, Lalit Hari Government Ayurvedic College, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Madanphala (Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir.), member of the Rubiacea family is a prominent medicinal plant in Ayurvedic pharmacopeia, has been extensively used since antiquity as a primary agent for inducing therapeutic emesis (Vamana). Rooted in the principles of Shodhana (bio-purification), Vamana Karma is indicated for the expulsion of morbid Kapha and associated Doshas. Among various emetics, Madanphala is considered superior due to its Anapayitvata characteristics indicating it is safer to use and has very few complications. For Vamana, Asthapana, and Anuvasana, it is regarded as the best medication in Agrya Varga. Additionally, it helps treat conditions like Vidradhi (Abscess), Shotha (Inflammation), Jwara (Fever), Gulma (Abdominal lump), Kushtha (Skin diseases) and Pratishyaya (common cold). In present paper a comprehensive review of Madanphal, starting from ancient Ayurveda Classics to contemporary scientific publications has been done which includes synonyms, characteristics, actions, indications, posology, toxicities, and therapeutic indications. The information collected from various sources has been critically analysed and presented in a scientific publication to revalidate its clinical and pharmacological utility.

Keywords: Madanphala, Randia dumetorum, Ayurveda, Shodhan, Emesis

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Hari Shanker Mishra, Associate Professor, PG Department of Dravyaguna, Lalit Hari Government Ayurvedic College, Pilibhit, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Kalyani, Mishra HS, AK Agarwal, Varshneya AB, SS Bedar, Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir. - A Review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(9):218-226.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/4758/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-07-14 2025-07-28 2025-08-08 2025-08-18 2025-08-28
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Not required 10.36

© 2025 by Kalyani, Mishra HS, AK Agarwal, Varshneya AB, SS Bedar and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)218
Download PDFBack To ArticleIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsConclusionReferences
Kalyani et al. Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir.

Introduction

The exploration of medicinal plants as therapeutic agents has been integral to traditional systems of medicine across world, particularly Ayurveda, where plant- based interventions form cornerstone of treatment protocols. With resurgence of global interest in natural and integrative medicine, classical Ayurvedic texts are increasingly being revisited for their profound pharmacological insights. According to theory of Ayurveda, when a morbid Dosha builds up, it must be eliminated via closest path, which is also referred to as detoxification therapy, or Shodhana. There are five primary therapies that make up Shodhana viz. Vamana (therapeutic emesis), Virechan (therapeutic purgation), Niruh Basti (therapeutic enema), Shirovirechan (nasal insluffation) and Raktasravan (Bloodletting).[1] Medicinal plants are abundantly used in Ayurveda to treat a wide range of ailments. The substance which forcefully throws out unripe (even normal food in stomach) or undigested bile and phlegm from mouth is called vamana, for example Madanphala.[2] Regarding Vamana Karma in Kalpasthana, Acharya Charaka provides a detailed description of six drugs viz. Madanphala (Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir.) , Jeemutka (Luffa echinata Roxb.), Ikshavaku (Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.), Dhamargva (Luffa cylindrica L. Roem.), Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysentrica Linn.), and Kritvedhana (Luffa acutangula L. Roxb.).[3] Charaka has mentioned 355 formulations to induce emesis and treat illnesses curable by emesis. For therapeutic emesis purpose, an emetic drug should poses qualities like – Ushna (hot), Tikshna (penetrating), Sukhsma (subtle), Vyavayi (Quickly absorbable), Vikasi (Depressant) and predominance of Vayu (air) and Agni (fire) Mahabhuta (CS.Ka.1.5). Acharya Charak has considered Madanphala as best medicine to induce therapeutic emesis. Madanphala, has been anonymously equated with Randia Dumetorum (Retz.) Poir. Properties of Madanphala are Katu Vipaka (post-digestive impact), Laghu Rukhsa characteristics, Madhura Kashaya Tikta Rasa (taste), and Ushna Virya (potency). It is regarded as best drug for Vaman due to its Anapayitvata properties, which indicate that it is safer to use and has very few complications (CS.Si.11.13). In Agrya Prakarana, it is stated as “Vaman-Asthapan-Anuvasan-Upyoginam” which means it is best drug to induce emesis, for oily and non -oily enema (CS.Su.25.40).

Reading all of available ancient texts of Ayurveda and reviewing recent studies is essential to gain thorough understanding of any medicinal plant. This article aims to compile comprehensive information from classical Ayurvedic texts, Nighantus and online resources with most recent research on synonyms, part used, properties and pharmacological actions, indications, doses and toxicology.

Materials and Methods

Ancient Ayurvedic classics including Brihattrayi and Nighantus have been reviewed in this study. Additionally, a variety of information has been gathered from other online journals.

Madanphala: Botanical Source

Botanical name - Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tiruv.[4]

Family - Rubiaceae

Synonyms[4] - Randia dumetorum (Retz.) Poir.; Gardenia spinosa Thunb.; Randia brandisii Gamble; Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb) Keay.

Table 1: Madanphala: Etymological Derivation of Classical synonyms[5]

SNNameEtymological Derivation
1.MadanProduces cutaneous piloerection and malaise
2.Kaphavardhan, gaalEliminates Kapha Dosha
3.Karhaat, ShalyakThorny tree
4.Maruvak, ShvasanaGrows in dry region
5.GhantalFruit exhibit Bell-like morphology and hang downward from the stalk
6.DharaphalLongitudinal striations on the external surface
7.PinditakSeeds occur in a consolidated mass within the endocarp
8.PhalaFruit is the main part utilized for medicinal applications
9.BastirodhanUtilized in the preparation of therapeutic enemas
10.MatsyantakphalaUsed as fish poison
11.RaathApplied in many disorders
12.VaamanUsed as Emetic
13.VishnaashanAnti-poison
14.VishpushpakFlowers are toxic

Pharmacological Properties and actions[6]

Rasa: Madhura, Tikta; Guna: Laghu, Ruksa; Virya: Usna; Vipäka: Katu; Prabhav: Vamak

Dose-1-2 g of drug in powder form for decoction. 3-6 g of drug powder for induction of vomiting.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)219
Kalyani et al. Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir.

Botanical description[7]

A large shrub or small tree armed with strong straight nearly opposite decussate spines 1.3-3.2 cm. long, coming off from above branchlets: branches horizontal, rigid, many of lateral ones suppressed & very short. Leaves usually fascicled on sup-pressed branches, 3.2-5.7 by 2-3.2 cm., obovate, obtuse. wrinkled, shining above, more or less pubescent above & on nerves beneath (especially when young), base cuneate; main nerves 6-10 pairs; petioles 3-1 mm. long, densely pubescent; stipules ovate, acuminate.

Flowers at ends of short leaf-bearing branchlets, fragrant, solitary or 2 (rarely 3) together; peduncles short. Calyx 1.3 cm. long, densely hairy; tube broadly campanulate; teeth 5, foliaceous, 5 mm. long, ovate-oblong, subacute, often with small intermediate teeth between.

Corolla 2 cm. long, at first white, afterwards becoming yellow; tube 5-6 mm. long, densely hairy outside; lobes 1.3 cm. long & nearly as broad as long, obovate oblong, rounded at apex, pubescent outside, spreading.

Fruit like a small crab-apple, yellowish, globose or broadly ovoid, smooth or obscurely longitudinally ribbed, crowned with large calyx-limb, 2-celled, glabrous; pericarp thick. Seeds many, flat, imbedded in pulp.

Geographical distribution[8]

It is found throughout India in deciduous forests up to an altitude of 1,400 m. It is common in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, and South India.

Flowering & Fruiting - April & July respectively.[9]

Part used - Fruit and bark.[10]

Though ancient classical texts of Ayurveda have described Madanphala pippali as a therapeutically useful part but some contemporary texts have mentioned the use of Randia dumetorum fruit pulp and Bark.[7,11]

Table 2: Vernacular names[10]

EnglishEmetic nut tree, Common emetic nut.
HindiMainphal, Madan.
BengaliMenphal, Madan.
GujaratiMainphal.
KannadaBanegaru, Kare, Mangarike, Mangri.
MalayalamMalankara, Karacculli.
MarathiGhelphala, Gera, Galay.
PunjabiArara, Kolla.
TamilMadkarai, Marukkalankay.
TeluguManga, Marrga, Manda.
ArabicJauzulaki, Juzulkosul, Fous-ul-ko-ul.
AssameseGurol, Behmona, Mon.
KashmiriKirkla, Kokoa.
OriyaPatova, Pativa.
UrduMainphal.
ParsiFus-ul-kuch.

Table 3: Classical Categorization of Madan-phala

SNClassical categorisationTherapeutic indication
1.Asthapanopag Mahakashaya (CS.Su.4.13 (25)Adjuvant for Asthapan
2.Anuvasnopag Mahakashaya (CS.Su.4.13 (26)Adjuvant for Anuvasan
3.Phalini Dravya (CS.Su.1.81)Fruits are used as medicine
4.Vamak Dravya (CS.Su.2.7)Used for therapeutic emesis
5.Aaragvadhadi Gana (SS.Su.38.5[12], AH.Su.15.17)Alliviates vitiated Kapha and eliminates Visha (Poison), cures Prameha (Diabetes), Kushtha (Leprosy), Jwar (Fever), Kandu (Itching), heals wounds, induces Vaman (vomiting).
6.Mushkakaadi Gana (SS.Su.38.20)Destroys excess fat, sperm defects, diabetes, piles, anemia and stones.
7.Mridudhoompaan Dravya (AH.Su.21.14)Used for medicinal smoking.

Table 4: Classical Pharmacological Properties of Madanphala

SNPharmacological PropertiesReference
1.Ras - Madhur (Sweet), Kashay (Astringent), Tikta (Bitter)CS.Si.11.13
Madhur, TiktaK.Ni.1.900-902[13], BP.Ni.1.160[11]
Katu, TiktaR.Ni.8.68[14], D.Ni.1.191[15]
2.Guna - Picchil (Slimy)CS.Si.11.13
Lekhan (Scrapping), Laghu (Lightness)BP.Ni.1.160, K.Ni.900-902
Ruksh (Dry)K.Ni.1.900-902
3.Virya - Ushna (Hot)CS.Si.11.13, K.Ni.1.900-902, BP.Ni.1.160, R.Ni.8.68, D.Ni.1.190
4.Vipaka - Katu (Pungent)CS.Si.11.13

Table 5: Classical Therapeutic Indications of Madanphala

SNTherapeutic IndicationsReferences
1. Udaavarta (Upward movement of gases)CS.Su.2.12, SS.U.55.51
2. Vibandh (Constipation)CS.Su.2.12
3. Kushtha (Skin disorders)CS.Su.3.3, BP.Ni.1.160, K.Ni.1.901-902

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)220
Kalyani et al. Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir.
4. Jwar (Fever)CS.Ci.3.228, K.Ni.1.900-902, D.Ni.1.191
5. Prameh (Diabetes)CS.Su.23.10
6. Adhogami Raktapitta (Bleeding disorder)CS.Ci.4.59,60
7. Urustambh (Stiffness of thigh muscles)CS.Ci.28.154
8. In eight months of pregnancySS.Sa.10.6
9. Garbhsang (Obstruction in labor)SS.Sa.10.11
10.Poisoning (Localized in stomach)SS.Ka.1.41
11.Dant Naadi (Tooth sinus)SS.Ci.22.32
12.Pittaj kaas (Pitta induced cough)AH.Ci.3.26
13.Aprapatan (Expulsion of placenta)AH.Su.1.88
14.Apasmaar (Epilepsy)BS.59.39[16]
15.Hrid roga (heart disease)K.Ni.900-902
16.Netra Roga (Disease of eyes), Raktaj Roga (Disease of blood), Medaj Roga (Obesity), and Kandu (Itching)MP.Ni.3.109[17]
17.Vidradhi (Abscess), Pratishyay (Coryza), Gulma (Abdominal lump)BP.Ni.1.160, K.Ni.1.900-902, D.Ni.1.191
18.Kushtha (Skin disease)BP.Ni.1.160, K.Ni.1.900-902, MP.Ni.3.109
19.Kapha (Kapha Dosha)BP.Ni.1.160, K.Ni.1.900-902, R.Ni.8.68, D.Ni.1.191
20.Anaha (Distension of abdomen due to obstruction)BP.Ni.1.160, K.Ni.1.900-902
21.Shotha (Inflammation)BP.Ni.1.160,
22.Vran (Wound)BP.Ni.1.160, K.Ni.1.900-902, R.Ni.8.68
23.Shofa (Oedema)R.Ni.8.68, D.Ni.1.191

Collection and Preservation of fruits of Madan (Randia dumetorum): Classical Guidelines[3]

Time of Collection: In between Vasant Ritu (Spring season) and Grishm Ritu (Summer seasons), in Maitri Muhurta in Pushya, Ashwini or Mrigasira constellation.

Qualities of Fruits to be Collected: The ripe Madanphala, which is not empty from inside, which is not green, which has become yellow, which is not infested by insects, which is not rotten, which has not been eaten by insects, which is not too small in size.

Post-Harvest Processing: Clean the fruits, tie them in a bundle of Kush grass, plaster them with cow dung from above and place it in the bulk of any one of these like barley husk, Urad, Kulthi, paddy or Moong for eight days and nights. After this, when the Madanphala becomes soft, then take them out. At this time a pleasant smell like honey starts coming from those fruits, then take them out and dry them.

When they are well dried, take out the Phal Pippali (Seeds) from fruits, grind seeds with ghee, curd, honey and Tila Kalk and dry them again. After drying, fill this powder in a new earthen pot from which sand, dust etc. have been cleaned, up to the neck, cover it well and hang it in the window and keep it safe (CS.K.1.13).

Significance of Samskara of Madanaphala[18]

It has already been proved clinically that unprocessed Madanaphala resulted in Pratiloma Pravrutti (Diarrhea) when given for Vaman, whereas processed did not show any Pratiloma Pravrutti. No where the active principle or the bio-marker responsible for the emetic action of Madanaphala is mentioned. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of processed and unprocessed seeds of Madanphala revealed that unprocessed drug had higher levels of oleanolic acid and saponin, tannin, and phenol. In contrast, the processed sample (Samskarit) had lower levels of phenol, oleanolic acid, tannin, and saponin. Studies report that saponins on contact produce a generalized irritation of the mucous membranes producing sneezing, vomiting and irritation. Therefore, we may infer that reduction in the saponin content after Samskara might have resulted in the reduced intensity of initiation and completion of Vamana and absence of Pratiloma Pravrutti.

Classical Formulations of Madanphala: Triphlaadi Kwath - Santarpanjanya Roga e.g. Diabetes (CS.Su.23.10), Aaragvadhaadi Niruh Basti, Patoladi Niruh Basti and Patoladi Anuvasan Basti- Jwarnashak (Antipyretic) (CS.Ci.3.245,241,252), Pippalyaadi Lepa (second) (CS.Ci.14.54), Pippal-yaadi Anuvasan Basti- Arsha (Piles) (CS.Ci.14.131),


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)221
Kalyani et al. Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir.

Durlabhaadi Kshaar- increases strength in Grahani (Small intestine) (CS.Ci.15.180), Mritsanjeevan Agad- cures all type of poisioning (CS.Ci.23.56), Bhaagaryaadi oil - for Nasya in rhinitis (CS.Ci.- 26.153), Shaarengashtaadi Churna - in Urustambh (spastic paraplegia) treatment (CS.Ci.27.33), Bala Tail - used in fever, cough, vomiting, epilepsy, all Vata disorders (CS.Ci.28.154), Erandmooladi Niruh basti - obstruction of urine, stool and gas, painful abdominal distension ,piles, IBS (CS.Si.3.39), Puna-rnavaadi Niruh Basti - Tridoshaj Roga (CS.Si.3.67), Jeevantyaadi Anuvasan Yamak- eliminates disorders related to urine, sperms and menstruation (CS.Si.4.9), Madanphala Tail- Kaphajanya Roga (CS.Si.4.17), Aanah Varti - used in Vataj, Mutraj and Purishaj Udavart (Reverse movement of gases, urine and stool) (SS.Ci.14.12), Vidangaadi Tail - used in oily enema to treat gout, diabetes ,piles (SS.Ci.37.40), Shampaakaadi Aashthapan Basti - obstruction of urine, stool & gas, destroys Vata & Kapha, strengthens muscles (SS.Ci.38.44), Koshaa-takaadi Kalpa - used in non-oily enema for the treatment of low digestive fire & Kaphaj disorders (AH.Ka.4.18), Yaapnabasti (AH.Ka.4.38), Yaman Sneha- Destroys Vata-Pitta, increases strength, semen, gastric fire, destroys problem related menstruation & sperms, Saindhavaadi Tail -given in Anuvasan Basti, cures spleen disorders, Udavart, cough (AH.Ka.4.59,62), Goshringaadi Dhoop – medicinal smoke for fever (AH.U.3.55), Madhukaadi oil – piles, & skin disorders (AH.U.28.35), Pippalyādi Taila- in anorectal disorders. (AH.Ci.8.89)

Phytochemistry of Madanphala

Randisoide-A[19], dumetoronin A, B, C, D, E, F[20], ursosaponin which on hydrolysis gives ursolic acid[21]; triterpene saponins: 3-0-[B-D-xylopyran-osyl] oleanolic acid[22], 3-0-[B-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-B-D- galactopyranosyl) oleanolic acid. 3-0-[B-D-glucopyranosyl-(12)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)- B-D-galactopyranosyl oleanolic acid, 10-methylixo-side[23], 3-0-10-B-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-4)-0-B-D glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-(B-D-glucuronopyranosyl)] oleanolic acid, 3-0-[0-B-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6) 0-B-D-glucopyranosyl-(13)-(B-D-glucuronopyranosyl)] oleano -lic acid, 3-0-10-B-D-glucopyranosyl- (1+2)-(B-D-glucopyranosyl)] oleanolic acid, 3-0-10-B-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-(β-D- glucuronopyranosyl)] ol-eanolic acid, 3-0-10-B-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)-(B-D-glucopyranosyl)] oleanolic acid (randianin)[24, 25], 3-0-[B-D-glucopyranosyl] oleanolic acid, 3-0-[B-D-glucuronopyranosy!] oleanolic acid.[25]

Pharmacological activities

1. Antibacterial activity: Various extract of fruit powder of dumetorum screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. typhi by disc diffusion method on nutrient agar media using Amoxycillin 100ug/ml as standard reflected that methanolic fruit extract exhibited antibacterial activity towards both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria, highest activity being against E. coli and least against S. aureus.[26]

2. Anti-Allergic and Anti-inflammatory activity: Randia dumetorum is used in treatment of Asthma (Tamak Shwasa), Rhinitis, cold, pain etc. Extract and its fractions significantly inhibited leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice. The crude methanol extract of fruit of Randia dumetorum effectively reduced the carrageenin induced oedema in hind paw of the rats, significant reduction in granular tissue formation was recorded.[27]

3. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective activity: The methanol extracts of dumetroum leaf and bark evaluated for in vitro antioxidant activity exhibited good antioxidant activity in terms of reducing power assay, total antioxidant assay and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. Randia dumetroum leaf and bark methanol extracts at 400 mg/kg protects against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity by reversing all the abnormal parameters to significant levels.[28]

4. Immunomodulatory activity: The immunomodulatory activity of dumetorum was evaluated by various extracts (Methanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate) on mice for their effects on humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The chloroform extract, particularly at 100 mg/kg, significantly enhanced the humoral antibody response and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). In the cyclophosphamide-induced mylo-suppression paradigm, this fraction also increased the total WBC level at a dosage of 100 mg/kg (p < 0.001). The only immunity impacted by petroleum ether and methanol fractions was cell-mediated immunity.[29]

5. Cardioprotective activity: Ethanolic extract of fruits of dumetorum exhibited cardio-protective activity against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity. The extract offered wide range of protection through control of hemodynamic parameters, modulation of various markers,


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)222
Kalyani et al. Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir.

imparting antioxidant action and thereby improvement in histopathology as well showing potent cardioprotective activity against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.[30]

6. Other Activities: Cardiac Stimulant and Depressant, Hypotensive and CNS Depressant, Anthelmintic, Antidiarrheal, Antipyretic, Anti-ovulatory, Anticancer, Insecticidal, Antifungal, Antiviral and Antipyretic activities have also been reported in Randia dumetorum.[31]

Toxicity Studies

1. Toxicological study of Randia dumetorum seeds in wistar albino rats: A single exposure to the medicine did not result in any toxicity or death during acute toxicity. After 14 days, there was a brief rise in SGOT and SGPT levels before they returned to normal. A hematological analysis showed a considerable drop in hemoglobin levels along with a corresponding drop in packed cell volume and total red blood cell count. In comparison to the control, biochemical analyses showed a rise in SGOT and SGPT levels as well as a fall in creatinine levels. On histological investigation, the important organs showed no significant morphological alterations. These observations reaffirm the Ayurvedic conviction that the drug is “Anapāyi (CS.Ka.1.13)” i.e. relatively non harmful.[32]

2. Cytotoxicity of Randia dumetorum leaf extract: The study on R. dumetorum leaves revealed the presence of various phytochemicals like glycosides, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, while alkaloids and proteins were absent. All extracts demonstrated notable antioxidant activity, methanol and water extracts showed significant cytotoxicity (LC₅₀ = 1.07 µg/ml) compared to DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide). These findings suggest that R. dumetorum leaves may serve as a potential source of antioxidants with mild cytotoxic properties.[33]

3. Toxicity of Methanolic Extract of Fruits of Catunaregam spinosa (Rubiaceae) on Zebra Fish (Danio rerio) Embryos: A study exposing Danio rerio embryos to dumetorum fruit extract—which contains dumetoronins—observed concen-tration-dependent mortality and developmental deformities. The LC₅₀ for embryo lethality was approximately 19.5 mg/L. This indicates significant embryotoxic and teratogenic potential at higher concentrations.[34]

4. Stupefying activity of fruit of Randia dumetorum: Chemical responsible for fish poison-ing present in Randia dumetorum (Madanphala) is randianin, a hemolytic triterpenoid saponin found in fruit. The saponins, including dumetoronins A to F, also contribute to plant's fish-poisoning properties.[35] Kulakkattolickal et al. (2019)[36] conducted toxicity screening on fish using aqueous extracts of ripe Catunaregam spinosa (Synonym Randia dumetorum) fruit. They observed high toxicity to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and air-breathing predatory species (Ophiocephalus punctatus, Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis) with LC₅₀ values between 0.02–0.04% within 2 hours. In their lab tests, a 5-hour LC₅₀ of just 0.0036% (w/v) was recorded for fossilis.

Results

Randia dumetorum (Madanphala) has been thoroughly reviewed and investigated, results of contemporary phytochemical and pharmacological research support multifaceted understanding of its significance as a classical emetic (Vamak Dravya) in Ayurveda. Known for its function in Vaman Karma (Therapeutic emesis), Madanphala falls under Vamak Dravya category and is referred in reputed texts like Charak Samhita, Sushrut Samhita and Ashtang Hridya. It is acknowledged as most effective medication in Agrya Prakaran for causing therapeutic enema and emesis (CS.Su.25.40). Emphasized for being non-toxic, safe, and generally free of negative reactions when processed properly (CS.Si.11.13). It is driven by qualities such as Ushna, Tikshna, Sukshma, Vyavayi & Vikasi which ensure liquefication, breakdown, and evacuation of Doshas via oral route. It has pharmacological activities such as Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-allergic and immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anthelmintic, central nervous system depressant, cardiac stimulant, anticancer, antifungal, & antiviral. Reduced quantities of phenolics & saponins were found in processed Madanphala, which helped to moderate emetic reaction & minimize adverse effects. Samskara alters drug's potency & safety profile while utilizing contemporary analytical evidence to support traditional methods.

Conclusion

Madanphala (Randia dumetorum) is principally recognized for its potent emetic (Vamak) properties.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)223
Kalyani et al. Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir.

It is considered to be one of best drugs for Shodhana therapy, especially Vamana Karma (Therapeutic emesis). Present review reveals that it has also been indicated for treatment of various other disease conditions. Pharmacological properties of this important drug described in classical texts of Ayurveda have been substantiated through evidences from modern pharmacological studies. Properties of Madanphal Anapayitvata (non-harmful), Ushna, Tikshna, and Sukshma Gunas, it has demonstrated both safety and therapeutic precision, making it an ideal drug toinduce therapeutic emesis without any serious adverse effects. The significance of Samskara (Processing) of drug has been established by comparative phytochemical analysis of purified and non-purified fruits. This is a major evidence to substantiate wisdom of Ancient Sages of Ayurveda in elimination and controlling probable adverse effects of drugs due to presence of some noxious substances. Furthermore, modern research corroborates its Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, and stress-modulating actions substantiating classical claims and traditional uses. Thus, therapeutic utilization of Madanphal since long for in Ayurveda may be considered as an example of deep undertanding of its toxic nature and processing of dug to minimize its toxicity. There appears a need of further studies to towards exploration of this important plant based drug with utilization of modern scientific tools to re-establish therapeutic utility of Madanphal.

Abbreviations Used

CS. - Charak Samhita, SS. - Sushruta Samhita, AH. - Astang Hridaya, Sg.S - Sharagndhar Samhita, BS. - Bangasen Samhita, MP.Ni. - Madanpal Nighantu, D.Ni. - Dhanvantari Nighantu, K.Ni. - Kaiyadev Nighantu, BP.Ni. - Bhavprakash Nighantu, R.Ni. - Raj Nighantu, Su. - Sutra Sthan, Ni. – Nidana Sthana, Vi. – Vimana Sthana, Sa. – Sarir Sthana, Ci. – Cikitsa Sthana, Ka – Kalpa Sthana, Si. - Siddhi Sthan, U. – Uttar Tantra/Uttar Sthan.

References

1. Tripathi B. Ashtanga Hridaya Nirmala. Reprint ed. Delhi: Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan; 2022. p. 189 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

2. Tripathi B. Sharangdhar Samhita with Dipika Commentary. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Subharti Prakashan; 2012. p. 47 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

3. Tripathi B, editor. Charaka Samhita Charak Chandrika. 1st ed. Vol. 2. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Subharti Prakashan; 2019 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

4. Dhiman AK. Wild Medicinal Plants of India. Dehradun: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 2005. p. 186 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

5. Sharma PV. Namrupavijyanam. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Vishvabharati; 2011. p. 147 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

6. Sharma PV. Dravyaguna Vijnana. Reprint ed. Vol. 2. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Bharti Academy; 2022. p. 376 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

7. Kirtikar KR, Basu BD. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Dehradun: International Book Distributors; 1988. p. 1274 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

8. Sharma M, Sahu S. Gallery of Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Thieme Publications; 2020. p. 396 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

9. Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC, editors. The Treatise of Indian Medicinal Plants. Reprint ed. Vol. 5. New Delhi: NISCAIR; 2003. p. 96 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

10. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ. Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda. Reprint ed. Vol. 2. New Delhi: CCRAS; 2005. p. 380 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

11. Chunekar KC. Bhav Prakash Nighantu: Indian Materia Medica of Sri Bhav Mishra. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha; 2018. Haritakyadi Varga. p. 74–75 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

12. Shastri A. Ayurvedtatvasandipika. Part 1. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Bharti Academy; 2012 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

13. Sharma PV, Sharma GP. Kaiyadeva Nighantu Pathyaapathya Vibodhaka. 1st ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia; 1979. Aushadhi Varga. p. 166–167 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

14. Chandra S. Dravyaguna Prakashika: Hindi Commentary on Raj Nighantu of Pandit Narahari. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy; 2017. Shalmalydi Varga. p. 381–382 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)224
Kalyani et al. Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir.

15. Ojha J, Mishra U, editors. Dhanvantari Nighantu: Hindi Translation and Commentary. 1st ed. Varanasi: Adarsh Vidya Niketan; 1985. Guduchiyadi Varga. p. 65 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

16. Tripathi HP. Bangsen Samhita. 3rd ed. Varanasi: Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy; 2023. p. 655 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

17. Upadhya RP. Madanpal Nighantu by Acharya Madanpal. Mumbai: Shrikrishna Das Prakashan; 1990. p. 97 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

18. Ashwini HS, Nagamani, Suresh J. Physico-chemical and phyto-chemical screening of Madanaphala seeds with reference to its sangraha and samskara. Int J Pharmacogn Chin Med. 2022;6(2):1–9. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

19. Saharia GS, Seshadri V. Chemical investigation on Randia saponins: isolation and characterization of randioside A. Indian J For. 1980;3:6–8. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

20. Varshney IP, Pal R, Srivastava HC. Saponins from Randia dumetorum Lamk. fruit pulp. J Indian Chem Soc. 1978;55:397–400 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

21. Atal CK, Lamba SS. Phytochemical investigation of Randia dumetorum Lamk. fruits. Indian J Pharm. 1960;22:120–122 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

22. Saluja AK, Santani DD. A saponin from the pulps of Xeromphis spinosa. Planta Med. 1986;52:72–73. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

23. Sati OP, Rana U, Chaukiyal DC, Madhusudanan KP, Bhakuni DS. Molluscicidal triterpenoidal glycosides of Xeromphis spinosa. Planta Med. 1987;53:530–532. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

24. Sotheeswaran S, Bokel M, Kraus W. A haemolytic saponin, randianin, from Randia dumetorum. Phytochemistry. 1989;28:1544–1546. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

25. Dubois MA, Benze S, Wagner H. New biologically active triterpene-saponins from Randia dumetorum. Planta Med. 1990;56:451–455. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

26. Movalia D, Gajera F. Antibacterial activity of methanolic fruit extract of Randia dumetorum Lamk. Int J PharmTech Res. 2009;1(3):679–681. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

27. Kumar D, Mudgade SC, Bhat ZA, Bhujbal SS, Rub R. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine. 2011;11(2):123–128. doi:10. 1007/s13596-011-0025-3 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

28. Kandimalla R, Kalita J, Saikia R, Choudhury B, Lahkar M. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potentiality of Randia dumetorum Lam. leaf and bark via inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Front Pharmacol. 2016;7:205. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00205 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

29. Satpute KL, Gajbhiye RK, Wankhede SS, Sakarkar DM. Immunomodulatory activity of fruits of Randia dumetorum Lamk. J Pharmacogn Phytother. 2009;1(4):1–6. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

30. Dharashive VM, Ghiware NB. Cardioprotective activity of Randia dumetorum against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia. 2013;10(2):561–566. doi:10.13005/bbra/3023 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

31. O'Connell K. Medically reviewed by Morrison WA. Updated 2016 Mar 8. Available from: https://www. medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321084 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

32. Kumar YR, Vijayalakshmi G, Maheswari E. Toxicological study of Randia dumetorum Linn seeds in Wistar albino rats. Int J Phytother Res. 2013;3(2):25–30. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

33. Al-Ragibz A, et al. Antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of Randia dumetorum Lam. leaf extract. J Pharmacogn Phytother. 2017;9(9):138–145. doi:10.5897/JPP2016.0435 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

34. Lawrence PK, Munasinghe MLAMS, Senarath WTPSK, Suresh S. Toxicity of methanolic extract of fruits of Catunaregam spinosa (Rubiaceae) on Danio rerio embryos. J Pharm Res Int. 2022;34(50B):33–41. doi:10.9734/JPRI/2022/v34i50B36440 [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)225
Kalyani et al. Therapeutic Potential of Randia dumetorum Reitz Poir.

35. Patel RG, et al. Phytopharmacological properties of Randia dumetorum as a potential medicinal tree: an overview. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2011;1(10):24–26. [Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

36. Kulakkattolickal MT, Thomas JS, Sreekumar KR. Piscicidal plants of Nepal: toxicity screening on fish. J Fish Res [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2025 Jun 27];11(1). Available from: [Article][Crossref][PubMed][Google Scholar]

Disclaimer / Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of Journals and/or the editor(s). Journals and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.


J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(9)226