E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Lifestyle Disorders

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2025 Volume 10 Number 8 August
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Role of Tikta Rasa in the sustained intervention of Lifestyle Disorders - A Review article

Motwani A1*, Giri C2
DOI:10.21760/jaims.10.8.37

1* Anushka Motwani, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, DY Patil School of Ayurveda, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

2 Charushila Giri, HOD, Department of Dravyaguna, DY Patil School of Ayurveda, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

The WHO classifies Lifestyle Disorders as Non-communicable diseases which include Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Cardiovascular disease, Hypertension, Alzheimer's and Cancer. 74% of fatalities worldwide are attributed to NCDs each year. In Charak Samhita Sutrasthan Chapter 25, described Agrya Dravyas in which the usage of Ek Rasa Abyasa is deemed Daurbalyakar. This means consumption of one particular taste/food group has been responsible to create laxness in the body. The exponential rise in NCDs might be due to overconsumption of Ek Rasa (eg: Madhur Rasa i.e., Guru Bhojhana), Agni Mandya, Sedentary lifestyle, Smoking, Alcohol consumption. They’re called Santarpanjanya disorders in Ayurveda. These disorders have presence of Ama as a contributing factor, which makes the etiology difficult to cure. Tikta Rasa is one such Rasa out of 6 essential Rasas which has the potential to manage lifestyle disorders both on the level of Curative as its a Apatarpanjanya Rasa, by doing Deepana of Agni, Pachana of Ama in the minute Srotases. Preventive by using its beneficial phytonutrients and antioxidant property by including in our Aahar and Dinacharya. This study shows various Tikta Rasa Aahar Varga like Kushmandi, Alabu, Patola, Kunduru, Koshataki, Bimbi, Chichind etc. They’re a potent source of phytonutrients like Vit A, Vit C, Vit B complex and phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannins, saponins which prevent right from Diabetes, Dyslipdemias, Metabolic syndromes upto Cancer. A NCD epidemic is approaching and inevitable hence there’s a need for a sustained intervention to manage these in the long term. The main objective of this study is to bring awareness and inculcate ways in which we can include this most beneficial nutrition quotient back in our diet and lifestyle.

Keywords: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), Lifestyle disorders, Santarpanjanya disorders, Agni Mandya, Ama, Tikta Rasa

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Anushka Motwani, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, DY Patil School of Ayurveda, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Email: 		Motwani A, Giri C, Role of Tikta Rasa in the sustained intervention of Lifestyle Disorders - A Review article. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2025;10(8):222-230.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/5047/

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2025-06-15 2025-06-28 2025-07-08 2025-07-18 2025-07-28
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Not required 12.36

© 2025 by Motwani A, Giri C and Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2025;10(8)222
Download PDFBack To ArticleIntroductionAim and ObjectivesMaterials and MethodsDiscussionConclusionReferences
Anushka M et al. Role of Tikta Rasa in Lifestyle Disorders

Introduction

Lifestyle disorders are the Non communicable disorders due faulty diet and lifestyle. Ek Rasaabhyasa is deemed Daurbalyakar. For example: Excess Madhur Rasa Sevana leads to Prameha, similarly excess Madhur, Amla Sevana leads to Kushtha. Lifestyle disorders vis-a-vis Santarpanjanya Vyadhis due to common causative factors, symptoms, condition. Santarpanjanya disorders have presence of Agnimandhya and thereby formation of Ama. They are formed due to inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, over nourishment leading to vitiation of Kapha Dosha. Tikta Rasa has been neglected in our diet over the years. This might relate with the exponential high numbers of lifestyle disorders as Tikta Rasa isn’t adequately used to compensate the excess Madhur in Shadras Yukta Aahar. Tikta Rasa can be included in Aahar Dravyas as a preventive and curative measure. This paper describes some beneficial Tikta Aahar Dravyas that can be consumed to manage Lifestyle disorders.

Aim and Objectives

1. To conceptualise the effectiveness of Tikta Rasa Aahar Dravyas in management of Lifestyle disorders.
2. To check the utility of Tikta Rasa Aahar Dravyas as preventivee., by including in Aahara Sevana.
3. To check the utility of Tikta Rasa Aahar Dravyas as curative i.e., in Pathyapathya and Chikitsa.

Materials and Methods

This study is a review article on Tikta Aahar Dravyas mentioned in the classics. Bhavprakasha Nighantu (Shaka Varga), Shodal nighantu, Shaligram Nighantu was found to be the suitable reference for this research article. Along with that different Research articles, Modern texts, different Research databases like PubMed, Authorea etc. There are so many known Tikta Shaka Dravyas that we know and consume, but here some lesser known Tikta Shaka varieties have also been mentioned that should be included in our diet.


Tikta Rasa Aahar Dravyas

NameRasa PanchakFamilyPhytonutrients and CompoundsPharmacological Actions
1. Kushmandi
(Kumhadi/ karkaru) Field Pumpkin

jaims_5047_01.JPG

Fig. 1.1
Source: Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Young-fruits-of-Cucurbita-pepo-one-from-each-edible-fruited-cultivargroup-Left-to_fig7_304456365 [accessed 1 Jun 2025]		Tikta, Shita, Guru
Kapha Vataghna		Cucurbitaceae,
Cucurbita pepo Linn.		Proteins, fats, Iron, VIT C, Carotenoids, tocopherols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoidsAnti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti-hypertensive, Anti diabetic [1], Anti-viral
2. Kushmandi Bheda
(Lal kumhada) Red gourd/ Squash

jaims_5047_02.JPG

Fig. 1.2
Source: https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/cucurbita-maxima/?lang=en		Tikta
Krumighna, Mutrala		Cucurbitaceae,
C. Maxima Duchesne.		Phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, saponin, terpenoids, steroidsHepatoprotective, Anti diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-atherosclerotic [2], anti hypercholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial

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Anushka M et al. Role of Tikta Rasa in Lifestyle Disorders
NameRasa PanchakFamilyPhytonutrients and CompoundsPharmacological Actions
3. Katu Tumbi
Bottle gourd / Calabash

jaims_5047_03.JPG

Fig. 1.3
Source: https://www.easyayurveda.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Lagenaria-siceraria1.jpg
https://plantwiseplusknowledgebank.org/cms/10.1079/pwkb.species.30556/asset/bede05e8-999a-4ddb-ad0f-d1a2c1030170/assets/graphic/30556_02.jpg		Tikta, Shita, Katu Vipaka, Pittavataghna, Hridya, VishaghnaCucurbitaceae,
Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.		Saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, vit b complex, vit c, b-carotene, pyrogallol, avenasterol, palmitic & stearic acidsAntioxidant, immunomodulatory, immunosuppression[3], antidiabetic, anticancer antimicrobial
4. Chichind (Chachenda)
Snake gourd

jaims_5047_04.JPG

Fig. 1.4
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Trichosanthes_cucumerina_var._anguina_-_Snake_Gourd_in_a_market_in_North_India.jpg		Guna Like PatolaCucurbitaceae,
Trichosanthes anguina Linn.		Vit C, proteins, vit B1, vit B2, Niacin, flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic acids, tannins, lycopene, cardiac glycosideAnti-bacterial, Anti-Fungal, Anti helminthic, Anti diabetic [4], Anti-inflammatory, Anti arthritic, hepatoprotective, cytoprotective
5. Karvellak
Bitter gourd

jaims_5047_05.JPG

Fig. 1.5
Source: https://fruitboxco.com/cdn/shop/products/BitterGourd.jpg?v=1592407929		Tikta, Shita, Laghu, Pittakaphaghna, Mala BhedanCucurbitaceae,
Momordica charantia Linn.		Carotenes, Glycosides, Saponins, momoridicine, vit A, C, E, thiamine, riboflavin, folate, niacin, fatty acidsAnti-cancer [5], anti-cholesterol, anti-dementia, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory
6. Raja Koshataki
(Koshataki/ dharmagav)
Sponge gourd

jaims_5047_06.JPG

Fig. 1.6
Source: https://www.nparks.gov.sg//media/ffw/migrated/round2/flora/4988/7f0406ec214a4574a017052dee4056b7.jpg		Tikta, Madhur, Shita, Deepan, PittaghnaCucurbitaceae,
Luffa acutangula Roxb.		Flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponin, volatile oilsAnti-Ulcer, Anti-hypertensive, Anti-cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic [6], anti-diabetic, analgesic, immunomodulatory

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NameRasa PanchakFamilyPhytonutrients and CompoundsPharmacological Actions
7. Patola (Padval)
Pointed gourd

jaims_5047_07.JPG

Fig. 1.7
Source: https://www.planetayurveda.com/pa-wp-images/pointed-gourd.jpg		Tikta, Ushna, Deeepan, Pachan, Kaphaghna, VrishyaCucurbitaceae,
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.		Saponins, Vit A, C, tannins, alkaloids, triterpenesAnti-diabetic [7], Hepatoprotective, cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, anti hypertensive
8. Bimbi
(Kunduru, Bimbi, Kanduri) Ivy gourd

jaims_5047_08.JPG

Fig. 1.8
Source: https://5.imimg.com/data5/DL/YC/MY-33719223/coccinia-indica-extract-500x500.jpg		Madhur, Tikta, Shita, Guru, Stambhan, Lekhan, RuchikarCucurbitaceae,
Coccinia indica		Saponins, flavonoids, sterols, alkaloids, triterpenoid, carotenesHypo lipidemic [8], Anti mulategenic, anti-glycemic, anti-inflammatory
9. Shigru (Sahijan)
Drum stick plant

jaims_5047_09.JPG

Fig 1.9
Source: https://plantsguru.com/cdn/shop/files/pg-drumstick-plant.jpg?v=1735618452		Katu, Tikta, Laghu, Ushna, Kapha Vata ShamakMoringaceae,
Moringa oleifera		Alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, vitamins, glycosides, and terpenesAnti diabetic [9], hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory
10. Pothki (Bathua)
Lambs quarters

jaims_5047_10.JPG

Fig. 1.10
Source: https://biokic3.rc.asu.edu/imglib/h_seinet/seinet/Chenopodiaceae/photos/Chenopodium-album-FL-web-.jpg		Madhur, Tikta, Laghu, Deepana, Pachana, BalapradaChenopodiaceae,
Chenopodium album		Carotene, vit c, flavonoid, isoflavonoid, polyphenol, saponins, amino acidsAnti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, anticancer[10]
11. Tanduliya
(Chaulai/ Jala Chaulai) Prickly amaranth

jaims_5047_11.JPG

Fig 1.11
Source: https://newfs.s3.amazonaws.com/taxon-images-1000s1000/Amaranthaceae/amaranthus-spinosus-le-kstarr2-a.jpg		Tikta, Shita, Laghu, Vata ShamakAmaranthaceae,
Amaranthus spinosus		Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic acids, steroids, amino acids, terpenoids, lipids, saponin, b-sitosterol, linoleic acid, rutin and carotenoids.Antidiabetic [11], antitumor, analgesic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory

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NameRasa PanchakFamilyPhytonutrients and CompoundsPharmacological Actions
12. Pattashak (Nadik)

jaims_5047_12.JPG

Fig. 1.12
Source: https://indiabiodiversity.org/files
api/api/get/raw/img//Corchorus%20capsularis/Corchorus_capsularis_1.jpg		Tikta, Madhur, Reduces Krumi, Kushtha. RaktapittaTiliaceae,
Corchorus capsularis		Protein, lipid, calcium, iron, carotene, vitamins, folic acidAnti inflammatory, cardioprotective[12]
13. Grunjan (Gajar)
Carrot

jaims_5047_13.JPG

Fig. 1.13
Source: https://seed2plant.in/cdn/shop/products/carrotseeds.jpg?v=1604032858		Madhur, Tikta, Ushna, Tikshna, Deepana, Laghu, GrahiUmbelliferae,
Daucus carota		Carotenes, vit C, Vit A, Phenols, polyacetylenesAntioxidant, anti-inflammatory, plasma lipid modification, and anti-tumour properties[13]
14. Vruntak Phala
(Bhanta/baingan) Brinjal

jaims_5047_14.JPG

Fig. 1.14
Source: https://organicmandya.com/cdn/shop/files/Brinjal.jpg?v=1721370805&width=1000		Madhur, Tikta,Solanum melongema,
Solanaceae		Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, sterolsAnti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-rheumatic, anti-cholesterol
15. Varahi Kanda
(Genthi)

jaims_5047_15.JPG

Fig. 1.15
Source: https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/61-yZ1Y8YML._AC_UF1000,1000_QL80_.jpg		Katu, Tikta, Rasayan, Balya, DeepanaDioscoriaceae,
Dioscoria bulbifera		catechin, kaempferol, catechuic acid, cortisones, bafoudiosbulbins, diosbulbins, xanthins, dioscin and dioscrineAntioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperlipidemic, antihelminthic and antileprosy
16. KEMUKA
(Kemua, Kebuk)

jaims_5047_16.JPG

Fig 1.16
Source: https://toptropicals.com/pics/garden/m2/2020/10/IMG_20201018_124328857_Cheilocostus_speciosus_TA.jpg		Tikta, Katu, Shita, Grahi, Deepana, Pachana, Hridya, LaghuZingiberaceae,
Costus speciosus		flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, anthocyanins, flavanols, proanthocyanidins and other plant phenolicsAntioxidant, anti-inflammatory, Anti lipid, and anti-cancer

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Phytocompounds found in Tikta Aahar Dravyas

  • Tannins: They accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, and modulate immune responses.
  • Glycosides: It is known to help reduce inflammation, improve digestion, and boost the immune system. It can also help to reduce cholesterol levels, improve blood sugar levels, and reduce the risk of certain types of cancer.
  • Saponins: Saponins decrease blood lipids, lower cancer risks, and lower blood glucose response.
  • Flavonoids: They show anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties
  • Terpenoids: They have anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and anti-atherosclerotic activities.
  • Carotenoids: A very good antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, provides good vision, strong immunity, mucous membrane
  • Vitamins & Minerals: Vit B complex, Vit A, Vit C, Fe, Cu, S, K, Ca, Mg, P, Na, Cl & much more.

Bitter taste receptor theory as per Modern texts

Taste perception starts right from the tongue. Tongue has approximately 2000-10,000 taste buds. Among them, Bitter taste receptors, also known as type 2 taste receptors (TAS2Rs or T2Rs), are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that detect bitter, potentially harmful substances. They are also found in places apart from the tongue. They are also found in several extra-oral systems including the intestine, airways, urinary tract, vascular smooth muscle, nervous system, thyroid gland and airway smooth muscle.[14]

1) Respiratory tract: Bitter compounds increase the cilia beat frequency in airway epithelium which prevents the pathogen colonisation by increasing the mucociliary clearance. It also relaxes the pre-contracted smooth muscle airway.[15]

2) Gastrointestinal tract: Bitter compounds have been known to modulate gastrointestinal motility by delaying gastric emptying and increase satiety.[16]

3) Cardiovascular system: It has been shown to modulate cardiac contractibility and vascular tone. It also shows potential in sensing danger signals.[17]

4) Others: They are also involved in various parts of brain, bladder, reproductive system

Bitter taste in disease prevention

1) Type 2 DM: The aetiopathology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and initial hyperinsulinemia, followed by a gradual decline in ability of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin. In addition, incretin dysregulation, lipolysis, hyperinsulinemia, increased renal glucose reabsorption and central appetite regulation play a central role in pathophysiology of Type 2 DM. Incretin secretion is released after ingestion and regulates glucose homeostasis. Mammalian TAS2R and sensitizing molecules are expressed in intestinal mucosa and mobilize intestinal TAS2R to stimulate secretion of GLP-1 and even gut hormones by intestinal endocrine cells. GLP-1 is an important candidate for development of anti-diabetic drugs that regulate blood glucose levels by various mechanisms, including modulation of insulin production. GLP-1 and its receptor in beta and delta cells of pancreas (GLP-1R) interact to stimulate biosynthesis and release of insulin and somatostatin, respectively, thereby lowering blood glucose levels.[18]

2) Obesity: Obesity, which now affects around 1/3 of the world’s population, is gradually being recognised as a global health problem. It is thought to be associated with altered gene expression in the taste buds. TAS2R in gastrointestinal endocrine cells controls appetite secretion and regulates gut hormones that affect hunger and food intake. It has shown to have inhibitory effect on Ghrelin secretion, regulate gastrointestinal motility, induces delayed gastric emptying, inducing satiety. The presence of bitter taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract may facilitate weight control in obese patients and may serve as novel receptors that alter hunger signaling in humans.

3) Hyperlipidemia: Bitter compounds reduced the proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes, while both overexpression and knockdown of TAS2R reduced up to accumulation in adipocytes and decreased the expression of adipogenic genes. This shows potential role of bitter compounds in regulating lipid levels.

4) Cancer: Bitter compounds counteracts most typical capabilities of cancerous cells during cancer development and progression.


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By regulating growth suppression, deregulating cellular energetics and apoptosis as well as promoting invading and metastatic capabilities.[19]

jaims_5047_17.JPG
Figure 2: Action of Bitter Compounds

jaims_5047_18.JPG
Figure 3: Bitter compounds in Cancer

Discussion

Tikta Aahar Dravyas contain many phytochemicals such as allkaloids, saponins, phenols, glycosides, flavonoids which have been proven to have Anti-diabetic, Anti-cancer, Anti-dyslipidemic, Anti inflammatory effects. These effects would prove to be beneficial in patients with lifestyle disorders as a curative measure. Proper medications followed with exercise and diet comprising of Tikta Shaka Varga vegetables may help in loosing weight sustainably, managing sugar, cholesterol levels naturally. Tikta shaka varga vegetables must be consumed in adequate quantity and never consumed raw.

They must be cooked and dressed with hingu, saindhav and maricha in order to reap maximum benefits and to pertain to all types of Prakriti patients. Tikta Aahar Dravyas also have many essential phytonutrients like Vit B complex, Vit A, Vit C, Fe, Cu, S, K, Ca, Mg, P, Na, Cl etc. They’re a rich vegetarian source of all beneficial Vitamins and Minerals. Tikta Ahar Dravyas can also be consumed as a prevention, to be disease free in the longer run.

Out of all six Rasas Tikta Rasa is considered best for Agni Deepana. It does Pachana of Ama. It has the potential to digest metabolic wastes which have been accumulated for years (Visha Roopa) by its Vishaghna quality. It does Lekhana, Rukshana and removes excess Kleda which is beneficial in Sthaulya, Kaphaj Vyadhis, Prameha etc.

It does Shodhana of Doshas inside the body. It is Rasa-Rakta Prasadak. In Santarpanjanya Vyadhis, Rasavaha and Annavaha Srotas are involved first; Tikta Rasa works on both. Tikta Shaaka Dravyas holds potential to prevent and cure lifestyle disorders when used properly in our diet.

DiabetesKushmandi, Kushmandi Bheda, Katu Tumbi, Chichind, Karvellak, Raja Koshataki, Patola, Bimbi, Shigru, Tanduliya, Vruntak Phala
DyslipidemiaKushmandi Bheda, Karvellak, Raja Koshataki, Patola, Bimbi, Grunjan, Vruntak Pala, Varahikanda, Kemuka
CancerKatu Tumbi, Karvellak, Raja Koshataki, Tanduliya, Grunjan, Vruntak Phala, Kemuka
Cardiac DisordersKushmandi Bheda, Shigru, Pattashak
HypertensionKushmandi, Kushmandi Bheda, Patola, Raja Koshataki
Alzeihmers/DementiaKarvellak

Conclusion

Considering various activities of Tikta Rasa viz. Deepana, Pachana, Rukshana, Lekhana, Vishaghna, Krumighna it is observed that it is highly beneficial as preventive as well as curative in Lifestyle disorders. Evidence based scientific researches have also proven its efficacy and effectiveness in Diabetes, Obesity, Hyper Cholesterolremia, Cardiac diseases, Cancers etc. As Tikta Rasa Aahar Dravyas are being neglected in our diet nowadays, if we include it in our daily diet with delicious recipes as described in our classical scriptures, it can successfully be used as a sustained intervention of lifestyle disorders.


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