E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Guduchi

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2022 Volume 7 Number 3 April
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Therapeutic efficacy of Guduchi w.s.r to Madhyama Khanda of Sharangdhar Samhita

Joshi S.1*, Bhide B.2, Nesari T.3
DOI:

1* Sumedh Sanjay Joshi, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India.

2 Bhargav Bhide, Assistant Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India.

3 Tanuja Manoj Nesari, Professor and HOD, Department of Dravyaguna, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India.

Various classics of Ayurveda has many herbs which are highly praised for their high therapeutic values, versatile range of action and easy availability. Along with the use of single herb in the therapy, use of various formulations in the form of Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana is also indicated in the treatment of various diseases. Guduchi, botanically identified as Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Miers. of family, Menispermaceae is one such highly praised drug by almost all scholars. Guduchi is known by various names like Amruta, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chakra, Chakralakshanika, Dhara, Somavalli etc. It has been indicated in management of Jwara (Pyrexia), Vatarakta (Joint disorders), Kushtha (Skin diseases), Kamala (Jaundice) and many other systemic disorders. Sharangdhar Samnhita is one of the important treatise on Bhaishajya Kalpana (Ayurvedic pharmaceutics). Madhyam Khanda of Sharangdhar Samhita is designed for description of various formulations. It contains dedicated chapter according to the type of formulations like Swaras. Kwatha, Hima etc. As like other scholars, Sharangdhar has also praised Guduchi for its higher therapeutic efficacy. Hence, it is needed to review the Madhyam Khanda of Sharangghar Samhita for knowing the use of Guduchi in variety of formulations.

Keywords: Guduchi, Tinospora Cordifolia, Ayurveda, Sharangdhar Samhita

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Sumedh Sanjay Joshi, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Dravyaguna, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, , India.
Email: 		Sumedh Sanjay Joshi, Bhargav Bhide, Tanuja Manoj Nesari, Therapeutic efficacy of Guduchi w.s.r to Madhyama Khanda of Sharangdhar Samhita. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2022;7(3):150-161.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/1739

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2022-03-01 2022-03-03 2022-03-10 2022-03-17 2022-03-24
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© 2022by Sumedh Sanjay Joshi, Bhargav Bhide, Tanuja Manoj Nesariand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

Therapeutics of Ayurveda, mainly deals with use of herbal and herbo-mineral compounds, in the form of single drug or a scientifically designed formulation.

Acharya Charaka has underlined the importance of knowledge of Dravya as; success of the treatment depends on Yukti (rational therapeutics). But prior to the application of Yukti (rational therapeutics) the physician should always possess complete knowledge about drugs.[1]

Charaka has given freedom to the physicians to design combinations. According to Charaka, thousands or crores of combination can be planned & prepared by the wise physician with his own intellect and experience. There is no limit for framing new formulations as there exists a wide scope for multidrug combinations.[2]

Ayurvedic classics like Charak Samhita and Sushrut Samhita have mainly elaborated polyherbal formulations, in the management of various diseases.

As per Sushruta, the pharmacology of formulations cannot be understood easily, because the cumulative effect of combined drugs is difficult to perceive.

In the medieval period, with the advent of Rasa-Shastra (Iatrochemistry), certain heavy metals and minerals have been incorporated into the Ayurvedic therapeutics.

Thus, information regarding method of preparation and therapeutic uses of various formulations were compiled by various authors and led to formation of various texts, which are inclined more towards Ayurvedic pharmaco-therapeutics.

Thus, medieval period shows origin of various Nighantu (lexicons) giving detailed information about herbs as well as animal and mineral product used and Sangraha Grantha which are dedicated towards applied therapeutics, rather than Saidhantik Ayurveda (principles of therapeutics).

Gadanigraha of Shodhala is the first text, which has classified formulations according to the basis of methods of preparation, e.g. he has explained Adhyaya, like Swaras Adhyaya, Kwatha Adhyaya etc.

Sharangdhar Samhita, is one of the very important treatises of medieval period, dealing mainly in the drug manufacturing part. It is recognized as a standard book of Bhaishajya Kalpana, and the word Samhita in its name authenticates the treatise.

The entire book is divided into three parts- namely Purva, Madhyama and Uttara-Khanda, containing 32 chapters in total.

Purva Khanda mainly deals with Mana Paribhasha, Aushadh Sevan Kala, Rasapanchaka, Dravya Karma, fundamental concepts of Sharir Rachana and Sharir Kriya.

Madhyama Khanda contains contents related to Bhaishajya Kalpana, like Swarasa, Kalka, Kwatha, Phanta, Churna, Gutika, Leha, Sneha and Sandhan Kalpana preparation and Dhatu Shodhana Marana and Rasakalpa preparation.

Uttara Khanda mainly deals with Chikitsa principles, like Panchakarma, Gndusha Vidhi, Lepa, Kavala-dharana, Rakta-Mokshana and treatment of Netra-Roga.[3]

The main part under consideration in the present review is the Madhyam Khanda of Sharangdhar Samhita.

It is evident after review of various texts that, some of these drugs are highly praised in the literature for their high therapeutic values, versatile range of action, easy availability and preparatory methods. Guduchi, botanically identified as Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Miers. of family Menispermaceae is one such highly praised drug by almost all the scholars.[4]

It is a large glabrous climber with succulent, corky, grooved stems, branches sending down slender pendulous fleshy roots. Leaves membranous, broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply heart shaped at the base. Tiny greenish yellow flowers occur in racemes. Male flower clusters in the axils of small subulate bracts, sepals yellow. Female flower usually solitary, similar to male, but sepals green. Carpels 1-2, stigma forked. Drupes, sessile; Seeds curved or half-moon shape, endospermic, cotyledons flattened, leaf like, radicle short.[5]

The Guduchi vine grows wild and does not require much cultivation and can be easily propagated through stem cutting.[6]



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Guduchi is known by various names like Amruta, Chhinna, Chhinnaruha, Chakra, Chakralakshanika, Dhara, Somavalli etc and so on. It is known by various vernacular names across India as Gadancha, Giloe, Gulancha in Bengal; Ambarvel, Giroli in Marathi; Gado, Galo in Gujarati; Gurach, Giloe in Hindi; Amrytu in Malayalam; Shindil-Kodi in Tamil, Guluchi Lata in Odia etc.[7]

Present review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of use of Guduchi in various herbal formulations mentioned in Madhyama Khanda of Sharangdhar Samhita along with the safety profile of Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Miers.

Materials and Methods

Basic information regarding Guduchi was collected from various texts like Nighantus, Sangraha Grantha and Samhitas.

Sharangdhar Samhita along with commentaries of Deepika by Adhhamalla and Guddharth Deepika by Pandit Kashiram Vaidya has been reviewed for inclusion of Guduchi in various herbal formulations mentioned in Madhyama Khanda.

Available contemporary literature in digital as well as print format, regarding various studies conducted on Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Miers. Were screened for various activities evaluated experimentally as well as clinically.

Observations

Table 1: List of Samhita and Sangraha Grantha with reference of Guduchi (Arranged in alphabetical order).


1. Ashtang Hridaya[8]
2. Ashtanga Sangraha[9]
3. Basavarajiya[10]
4. Bhaishajya Ratnavali[11]
5. Chakradatta[12]
6. Charaka Samhita[13]
7. Chikitsa Kalika[14]
8. Gadanigraha[15]
9. Sushrut Samhita[16]
10. Vaidya Chintamani[17]
11. Vangasena Samhita[18]
12. Vrindamadhava[19]

Table 2: Reference of Guduchi in various Nighantus (Lexicons) (Arranged in alphabetical order).


1.          Abidhanamanjari[20]
2.          Abhidhanratnamala[21]
3.          Amarkosha[22]
4.          Ashtang Nighantu[23]
5.          Bhavprakasha Nighantu[24]
6.          Dhanvantari Nighantu[25]
7.          Dravyaguna Sangraha[26]
8.          Gunaratnamala[27]
9.          Haritakyadi Nighantu[28]
10.       Hridayadipaka Nighantu[29]
11.       Kaiyadeva Nighantu[30]
12.       Laghu Nighantu[31]
13.       Madanadi Nighantu[32]
14.       Madanapala Nighantu[33]
15.       Madhava Dravyaguna[34]
16.       Mahaushadha Nighantu[35]
17.       Nighantu Shesha[36]
18.       Paryayamuktavali[37]
19.       Paryayratnamala[38]
20.       Priya Nighantu[39]
21.       Raja Nighantu[40]
22.       Rajavallabha Nighantu[41]
23.       Sarasvati Nighantu[42]
24.       Saushruta Nighantu[43]
25.       Shabdachandrika[44]
26.       Shaligrama Nighantu[45]
27.       Shivakosha Nighantu[46]
28.       Siddhamantra Nighantu[47]
29.       Siddhasara Nighantu[48]
30.       Sodhala Nighantu[49]

Table 3: Rasapanchaka (Pharmacodynamic properties) of Guduchi as per various texts.


Pharmacodynamics Sushrut Samhita[50] Ashtang Hriday[51] Bhavprakash Nighantu[52]
Rasa Tikta Tikta Kashaya, Katu, Tikta
Veerya Ushna Shita Ushna
Vipaka Madhur Katu Madhur
Guna - - Laghu
Doshaghnata Vata Prashamana Vatakara, Kapha Pittashamaka Tridoshahar



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Table 4: Details of Kalpa containing Guduchi explained in Madhyama Khanda of Sharangdhar Samhita (Arranged in alphabetial order of name of Kalpa)[53]

SN Name of Kalpa Adhyaya Shloka Type of formulation Number of contents Adhikara
1. Abhayadi Kwath 2 32-34 Kwatha 13 Tridoshahar
2. Amrita Ghrita 9 44 Sneha kalpana 1 Kushtha, Vatarakta
3. Amrita Swaras 1 7 Swaras 1 Prameha
4. Amritashtaka 2 24-25 Kwatha 8 Pitta-Shleshma Jwarahar
5. Amrutadi Kwath 2 148 Kwatha 5 Netraroga
6. Amrutadi Kwatha 2 133 Kwatha 3 Vatarakta
7. Bhunimbadi Kwath 2 18-19 Kwatha 8 Kaphaj Jwara
8. Bruhanmajisthadi Kashaya 2 137-142 Kwatha 45 Kushtha
9. Bruhat Guduchyadi Kwath 2 59-60 Kwatha 13 Jwaratisar
10. Chaturbhadra Kwatha 2 72 Kwatha 4 Deepan Pachan
11. Chyavanprash 8 10-19 Avaleha 52 Kshatakshaya
12. Dashamoolarishtha 10 77-92 Sandhan Kalpana 48 Vataroga
13. Devdarvyarishta 10 53-59 Sandhan Kalpana 20 + Prakshepa Prameha
14. Guduchi Hima 4 6 Hima 1 Jeerna jwara
15. Guduchi Kwath + Pippali Churna 2 44 Kwatha 2 Jeerna jwara
16. Guduchyadi Kwath 2 9 Kwatha 3 Vataj jwar
17. Guduchyadi Kwatha 2 56-57 Kwatha 6 Jwaratisar
18. Guduchyadi Kwatha 2 8 Kwatha 5 Jwara
19. Hriberadi Kwath 2 67-68 Kwatha 12 Jwaratisar
20. Kaishore Guggulu 7 70-81 Guggulu 11 Vatarakta
21. Kamdev Ghrita 9 27-37 Sneha kalpana 36 Raktapitta
22. Kashmaryadi Kwath 2 11 Kwatha 5 Vataj Jwar
23. Kshudradi Kwath 2 50-51 Kwatha 16 Vishama Jwara
24. Laghu Phala Ghrita 9 87-90 Sneha kalpana 13 Yoniroga
25. Laghukshudradi Kwath 2 21-22 Kwatha 4 Kapha-Vataj Jwarahar
26. Laghumanjishthadi Kwatha 2 136 Kwatha 9 Vatarakta, Pama
27. Maharasnadi Yoga 2 88-94 Kwatha 20 Sarv Vataroga
28. Mahatiktak Ghrita 9 45-50 Sneha Kalpana 32 Kushtha, Vatarakta
29. Mustadi Kwath 2 52-54 Kwatha 7 Vishama Jwara
30. Nagaradi Kwath 2 61 Kwatha 5 Jwaratisar
31. Nidigdhikadi Kwath 2 46 Kwatha 3 Jeerna Jwara
32. Panchabhadra Kwath 2 20 Kwatha 5 Vatapittaj Jwara
33. Panchatiktak Kwatha 2 8,9 Kwatha 5 Jwara
34. Pathyadi Shadang 2 143-145 Kwatha 6 Shiroroga
35. Patoladi Kwatha 2 134 Kwatha 7 Vatarakta
36. Phalatrikadi Kwath 2 75 Kwatha 8 Kamala, Pandu
37. Punarnavadi Kwath 2 76-77 Kwatha 9 Pandu, Shotha
38. Punarnavadi Kwath 2 120-121 Kwatha 7 Shoth
39. Punarnavadi Kwath 2 118 Kwatha 9 Shoth, Udara
40. Rasnadi Kwatha 2 123 Kwatha 6 Antravriddhi
41. Rasnapanchak kwatah 2 85 Kwatha 5 Saptadhatugata Vata
42. Rasnasaptak Kwatha 2 86-87 Kwatha 7 Katyashrit vata
43. Sanjivani vati 7 18-21 Vati 10 Tridoshaghna
44. Sudarshan Churna 6 26-36 Churna 43 Jwara
45. Vasadi Kwath 2 78 Kwatha 3 Kasa
46. Vasadi Kwath 2 146-147 Kwatha 17 Netraroga

Results

jaims_1739_01.JPGFigure 1: Types of formulations including Guduchi.jaims_1739_02.JPG


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Figure 2: Number of contents in formulation containing Guduchi.

jaims_1739_03.JPG

Figure 3: Specific therapeutic indications of the formulations containing Guduchi.

Scientific validation of reported activities

On review, it is noted that Guduchi is preferably indicated in the management of various systemic diseases and disorders. Recent experimental and clinical studies also prove the classical claims of use of Guduchi. Though Sharangdhar has mentioned only 3 formulations having Guduchi as a single drug, indicated in management of Prameha, Kushtha and Jwara. Otherwise, it is included various formulations indicated for varied pathologies.

Details of traditional uses of Guduchi and reported scientific studies validating the long run uses are presented in following table (Table no 7 and Table no 8)-


SN Vyadhighnata (as a single herb) according to Sharangdhar Samhita Activity reported
1. Prameha Experimental- Anti-diabetic,[54] Hypoglycemic activity,[55] Diabetic neuropathy and Gastropathy,[56] Diabetic retinopathy,[57] Cataract [58] Clinical- Management of DM type 2,[59] Hypoglycemic activity [60]
2 Jwara Anti-pyretic [61,62] Anti-viral,[63] Anti-microbial[64]
3. Kushtha Anti leprotic activity[65] wound healing activity [66,67]

 

SN Vyadhighnata (as a component of formulation) according to Sharangdhar Samhita Activity reported
1. Vatavyadhi Experimental studies- Parkinson’s disease,[68] Anti-osteoporic activity,[69] Analgesic activity,[70] Anti-inflammatory [71] Clinical study- Management of gouty arthritis [72]
2. Kamala Obstructive jaundice,[73] Hepatoprotective activity,[74] reversal of liver loxicity[75]
3. Atisara Anti-diarrhoel activity [76]
4 Annavaha Srotas Dushti Gastroprotecitve,[77] Anti-ulcer [78]
5. Netra-Roga Allergic conjunctivitis,[79] painful ophthalmic conditions [80]

Safety profile of Tinospora cordifolia Willd Miers.

Though any classical Ayurveda literature has not mentioned any adverse drug reaction after use of Guduchi in form of single herb or a formulation. But recently there are studies which are suggestive of Hepatotoxicity induced due to intake of Guduchi in various forms.[81]

T. cordifolia, T. crispa, T. sinensis, T. smilacina, T. bakis, and T. sagittate are some species of genus Tinospora which are available throughout the world. They are quite resembling in some of the activities,[82] but also show drastic variation when toxicity is concerned.[83,84,85]But Ayuveda accepts Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. as the authentic botanical source of Guduchi.[86]

Experimental studies conducted on Guduchi which proves its safety are enlisted in following table-

Table 9: Safety studies conducted on T.cordifolia Willd Miers

SN Title Observation
1. Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory properties of Tinospora cordifolia in ccl4 intoxicated mature albino rats[87] Treatment with T. cordifolia extract (100 mg/kg body weight for 15 days) in CCl4 intoxicated rats was found to protect the liver, as indicated by enzymelevel in serum. A significant reduction in serum levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, bilirubin were observed following T. cordifolia treatment during CCl4 intoxication. Treatment with T. cordifolia extract alsodeleted the immunosuppressive effect of CCl4, since a significant increment in the functional capacities of rat peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) was observed following T. cordifolia treatment.

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2. Protective Role of Tinospora cordifolia against Lead-induced Hepatotoxicity [88] Administration of aqueous stem extract (400 mg/kg body weight, orally) and aqueous leaves extract(400 mg/kg body weight, orally) along with the lead nitrate (5 mg/kg body weight, i.p. for 30 days) increased the activities of SOD and CAT and decreased the levels of AST, ALT, ALP, and ACP enzymes in mice. These biochemical observations were supplemented byhistopathology/histological examinations of liver section. Results of this study revealed that plant extract could afford protection against lead-induced hepatic damage.
3. Phytoremedial effect of Tinospora cordifolia against arsenic induced toxicity in Charles Foster rats[89] Twenty- four male Charles Foster rats (weighing 160–180 g) were randomly divided into two groups, where six rats were used as control group. Eighteen rats were orally treated with arsenic at the dose of 8 mg/kg body weight for 90 days daily and then further divided into three sub groups (n = 6 each). Sub group I—arsenic treated rats, were sacrificed after treatment; sub group II rats were used as arsenic control and the sub group III rats were administrated with T. cordifolia at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight/day for 90 days. In histopathological study, the arsenic treated rats showed degenerative changes in the liver and kidney tissues such as lesions and vacuolizations in hepato-cytes and nephrocytes respectively. However, after the administration with T. cordifolia rats, there was considerably significant restoration in liver and kidney tissues. The entire study suggests that arsenic caused severe damage to the liver and kidney at haematological, biochemical and histopathological levels in rats.However, T. cordifolia played the vital role to combat the arsenic induced toxicity in rats.
4. Protective Effects of Tinospora cordifolia on Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Toxicity Induced By Chronic and Moderate Alcoholism[90] In alcoholics samples, a significant increase in the levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, Triglyceride, Cholesterol, HDL and LDL (P < 0.05) was observed but their level get downregulated after TCE intervention. Multivariate analysis of metabolites without missing values showed an increased excretion of 7-dehydrocholesterol, orotic acid, pyridoxine, lipoamide and niacin and TCE intervention depleted their levels (P < 0.05). In contrast, excretion of biotin, xanthine, vitamin D2 and 2-O-p-coumaroyltartronic acid (CA, an internal marker of intestinal absorption) were observed to be decreased in alcoholic samples; however, TCE intervention restored the CA and biotin levels. Vitamin metabolism biomarkers, i.e. homocysteine and xanthurenic acid, were also normalized after TCE intervention.
5. Tinospora cordifolia extract prevents cadmium-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in experimental rats[91] Cd treated rats showed increased activities of the serum marker enzymes of liver damage such as AST and ALT along with increased levels of LPO and protein carbonyl content in liver tissues. Cd treatment also leads to decreased activities of endogenous antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx and GST), membrane ATPases (NaþKþATPase, Ca2þATPase and Mg2þKþATPase) and the tissue glycoprotein levels (hexose, fucose, hexosamine and sialic acid). Histological analysis revealed vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes with focal necrosis upon Cd administration. TCME co-treatment restored the biochemical and histological alterations caused by Cd intoxication to near normal levels.

Discussion

Sharangdhar Samhita is one of the most important treatises in the mediaeval period. It is considered as the apex disquisition mainly in the field of Ayurvedic pharmaco-therapeutics (Bhaishajya Kalpana) as it has compiled more than 500 formulations and divided it according to the method of preparation. It reflects clinical tradition of medieval period. In this period, lack of theoretical learning of Ayurveda is evident. The Samhitas were neglected, and formulation-based treatment started. Due to these factors, scholars like Sharangdhara were compelled to contribute their Samhitas, according to need of the time.[92] Though Sharangdhar Samhita has contributed to the fundamentals of Ayurveda by virtue of inclusion and elaboration of various concepts like Nadi Pariksha, Deepan Pachandi Karma Varnan etc, it is highly evident that the Madhyam Khanda is mainly inclined towards various formulations of herbal as well as herbomineral origin.  Various formulations like Sanjivani vati, Panchasama Churna, Akarkarabhadi Churna, Narayan Tail, Laghu Manjisthadi Kwatha etc were innovative contributions of Sharangdhar which are still widely used by various Ayurveda practitioners across the globe. Thus, it is important for every physician to get well versed with the formulations given in the Sharangdhar Samhita, for attainment of goal of successful Ayurveda practice.

Guduchi, has been praised for its wide therapeutic activities by almost all the texts of Ayurveda. Bhavprakash has given origin of Guduchi from the period of Ramayana.

From the review it is evident that, Sharangdhar has used Guduchi in 46 herbal formulations in Madhyama Khanda which is nearly equal to 10% of total formulations mentioned in the text. Guduchi as


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a single drug used only thrice in the form of Swarasa (expressed juice), Hima (cold water extract) and Ghrita Kalpana (medicated ghee).

Out of the remaining formulations, 34 are Kwathas (decoctions), 3 are Sneha Kalpanas (medicated oil and ghee), Guggulu & Vati (Tablets) are two, and one churna (powder) i.e., Sudarshan Churna and one Avaleha i.e., Chyavanprash is included.

Inclusion of Guduchi more in Kwatha preparation (74%) indicates the presence of more amounts of water soluble phytoconstituents in it. Also, from the conventional research it is clear that, most of the phytoconstituents of Guduchi like Palmatine, choline, tinocordifolin etc are better extracted in aqueous medium than any other solvent.[93]

Formulations containing Guduchi are mainly indicated in management of various types of Jwara i.e., Pyrexia of varied origin. This claim is well supported by the experimental and clinical studies conducted in the conventional approach. Other indications mainly include, Vatavyadhi (Neuromuscular disorders), Pandu-Kamala (Hepatic pathologies) and Kushtha (Skin disorders). These claims are well supported by the conventional experimental and clinical studies available. Experimental and clinical studies regarding therapeutic efficacy are lacking.

Conclusion

Multidrug therapy has eventually sidelined single drug therapeutics in recent times and only a few drugs have thrived to prove them effective when used alone, one such drug is Guduchi. Despite many claims on its safety and efficacy due to variety of species available to general public, it has been well appreciated in crucial period of Covid pandemic.

This study reveals that Guduchi is an active ingredient of more than 10% of total formulation in Sharangadhara Samhitha making it evident that the drug posed no threat and was safe to use.

The references also prove how efficacious was Guduchi in treating not alone Fever but also an array of symptoms associated with Diabetes Mellitus. its reference in 46 formulations under different Adhikaras prove multitarget approach of the drug and would conclude that it is rightly called “Amrita” nectar for helathy life.

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