In Vivo Evaluation of Sothaghna Karma (Anti-Inflammatory Activity) of Bilwa (Aegle marmelos Corr.) Moola Twak and Patra - A Comparative Study

Shreedevi Huddar; Elleri Anup Kumar; Murunni Rekha

doi:10.21760/jaims.8.10.9

E-ISSN:2456-3110

Research Article

Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2023 Volume 8 Number 10 October

Publisher

www.maharshicharaka.in

In Vivo Evaluation of Sothaghna Karma (Anti-Inflammatory Activity) of Bilwa (Aegle marmelos Corr.) Moola Twak and Patra - A Comparative Study

Huddar S¹, Kumar E^2*, Rekha M³

DOI:10.21760/jaims.8.10.9

¹ Shreedevi Huddar, Professor HOD, Post Graduate Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital and PG Research Centre, Inchal, Karnataka, India.

^2* Elleri Anup Kumar, Assistant Professor, Post Graduate Department Of Dravyaguna, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital And Pg Research Centre, Inchal, Karnataka, India.

³ Murunni Rekha, Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna, Shri Hingulambika Education societys Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India.

One of the characteristics of living tissues is its ability to react to injury, there occurs Inflammation. Inflammation is identified as a symptom according to modern science, whereas in Ayurveda, it is correlated to Sotha, considered as a separate clinical condition, mentioning its Lakshana’s (Signs & Symptoms) and Upadrava (Complications) in relation with several ailments. Since ancient times, human societies have searched several Sotha Hara Dravyas. In the literature of Ayurveda, Bilwa (Aegle marmelos Corr.) is mentioned as one of the Shwayathuhara / Sotha Hara Dravyas among Charaka Daseimani Ganas. The present study is taken up to evaluate the comparative Sothaghna Karma (Anti-inflammatory activity) of Bilwa Moola Twak and Patra of different solvent extracts to standard drug Indomethacin suspension in four different groups of albino rats. On statistical analysis of data Trial drug A when compared with Standard drug, the resultant ‘t’ value showed insignificant difference at P > 0.05. Trial drug B when compared with Standard drug, the resultant ‘t’ value showed insignificant difference at P > 0.05. Both trial drugs and standard drug showed similar results, where as Bilwa Moola Twak Kashaya and Patra Swarasa has significant action in inhibiting inflammation. Trial drugs in 2nd and 3rd groups showed insignificant difference, having similar anti q-inflammatory action. Based on the observations made and results obtained statistically, the Bilwa Moola Twak can be replaced with Patra for inhibiting Sotha.

Keywords: Sotha, Bilwa Moola & Patra, Anti-inflammatory, In Vivo

Corresponding Author	How to Cite this Article	To Browse
Elleri Anup Kumar, Assistant Professor, Post Graduate Department Of Dravyaguna, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College Hospital And Pg Research Centre, Inchal, Karnataka, India. Email:	Huddar S, Kumar E, Rekha M, In Vivo Evaluation of Sothaghna Karma (Anti-Inflammatory Activity) of Bilwa (Aegle marmelos Corr.) Moola Twak and Patra - A Comparative Study. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2023;8(10):61-68. Available From https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2733

Manuscript Received	Review Round 1	Review Round 2	Review Round 3	Accepted
2023-08-15	2023-08-28	2023-09-07	2023-09-15	2023-09-27
Conflict of Interest	Funding	Ethical Approval	Plagiarism X-checker	Note
None declared	Nil	Yes	18.22

© 2023by Huddar S, Kumar E, Rekha Mand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2023;8(10)61

Back To Article Download PDF Introduction Materials and
Methods Observations and
Results Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgement References

Shreedevi Huddar et al. In Vivo Evaluation of Sothaghna Karma of Bilwa

Introduction

The entire therapeutical approach of Ayurveda is framed upon Trisutras.^[1] Among them, Oushadha is one of the three. Which plays a pivotal role in alleviation of diseases as well as for the maintenance and promotion of good health.^[2] The drug (plant, animal or mineral based) is like an instrumental aid to a physician. So, it is also given second utmost importance next to the Physician amongst Chatushpadas.^[3]

Plants are the integral part of human life. Life depends on plant for daily needs like food, shelter, medicine etc. Also, use of plants for the benefit of human health exists since centuries and even today people are dependent on flora to keep them healthy in some aspects because of easy availability and economic purpose.

Inflammation can be identified as a very common and oftenly affecting ailment in the society. Almost, anything that injures living tissues, there occur the inflammation. Modern science identifies Inflammation just as a symptom found in several ailments.

Inflammation is defined as the local response of living mammalian tissue to injury, due to any agent. It is often associated with changes that affect the body as a whole, in particular, leucocytosis and fever. Inflammatory reaction is local at first, consisting primarily of changes in blood vessels, the escape of cells and fluids from the blood into the tissues and the consequent changes in the tissues.^[4]

Ayurveda signifies Inflammation as a disease in accordance to Sotha. Sotha can also be seen as a Lakshana, Upadrava in several ailments and is one among the Mahagadas.^[5] Sotha is known by many other terms viz., Sopha, Swayathu, Vranasotha, Vranasopha. Sotha is defined as a thick elevation, Sama or Vishama, residing between Twak and Mamsa, due to accumulation of doshas, arising in any part of the body.^[6]

Several Sothahara Dravyas are mentioned in the literature of Ayurveda. Bilwa (Aegle marmelos Corr.) is one among Swayathuhara Mahakashaya designed by Acharya Charaka.^[7] Acharya Sushruta and Vagbhata included Bilwa in Mishraka Vargeekarana, the Bruhat Panchamoolas and Dasamoolas respectively.^[8] Yogaratnakara, have mentioned

Bilwa Patra as Sothahara.^[9] Bilwa has been attributed pharmacodynamic properties like Tiktha - Kashaya Rasas, Laghu-Ruksha Gunas, Ushna Veerya, Katu Vipaka.^[10] As a part of conservation of plants, an attempt is made to replace Moola with Patra. Considering these points in view, an In Vivo study is taken up to evaluate the Bilwa Moola Twak and Bilwa Patra for their anti-inflammatory activity keeping the standard drug as Indomethacin.

For experimental study, total 24 albino rats of either sex were randomly selected and divided into four groups of six animals each. Group I as control - treated with normal saline, Group II as standard group - treated with Indomethacin suspension, Group III as Trial drug I - treated with Bilwa Moola Twak Kwatha. Group IV as Trial drug II - treated with Bilwa Patra Swarasa. Inflammation is induced with carrageenan, paw edema volume was observed and measured. Then, the efficacy of Sothaghna Karma (Anti-inflammatory activity) of test drugs with standard drug is noted and statistically analysed.

Materials and Methods

Literary sources

Literary data is collected from the Library of Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College, Hospital and PG Research Centre, Inchal and K.L.E's B.M.K Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, K.L.E's Pharmacy.

Source of Drug collection

The drug Bilwa Moola Twak and Patra is collected from the Dhanvanthari herbal garden of Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College, Hospital and PG Research Centre, Inchal.

Authentication

The Drug authentication is taken from Mr. Harsha Hegde, Scientist 'B' of Regional Medical Research Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, the voucher specimen of the same has been deposited in the herbaria of RMRC - ICMR with accession number RMRC - 905.

Preparation of drugs

Bilwa Moola Twak and Bilwa Patra were collected, cleaned and dried in shade. The air dried Moola Twak and Patra were subjected to pulveriser to obtain coarse powder and was stored in air

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tight container. This was carried out in Teaching Pharmacy of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Department, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College, Hospital and PG Research Centre, Inchal.

Inclusive Criteria

1. Adult healthy Albino rats of either sex.
2. Albino rats weighing 180-200 gms.
3. Albino rats between 90-120 days old were included.

Exclusive Criteria

1. Unhealthy Albino rats.
2. Weighing within 180 gms and above 200 gms.
3. Albino rats of below 90 days and above 120 days were excluded.

The animals for experimental study were handled with utmost care to maintain the nutritional status and normal physiological functions.

Albino rats was one of the commonest animals suitable for experimental work because of its size and sensitivity to most of the drugs. It can be bred to obtain pure and uniform strains and was found to be very useful in the studies which withstand long periods of experiment. Hence for the present study, 24 Albino rats were selected and arranged in 4 groups of 6 rats each.

Control Group: 2 ml of 1% Normal saline was fed orally through syringe in a single dose.

Standard Group: Readily available Indomethacin suspension was given to the second group of rats with the help of infant feeding tube and syringe in the dose of 0.9ml/kg body weight.

Test drug 1: The prepared Bilva Moola Twak Kashaya was fed orally through syringe tube in the dose of 0.86ml/kg body weight.

Test drug 2: The prepared Bilva Patra Swarasa was fed orally through syringe tube in the dose of 0.43ml/kg body weight.

Inflammation induction method

The prepared medicines were administered orally to the respective groups of rats. After half an hour, Inflammation is induced by injecting 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan into the sub plantar region of left hind paw of all the four groups of rats without disturbing the normal behaviour. Paw

volume was recorded immediately just after injecting carrageenan (O hour) and was repeated at 30 mins, 60 mins, 120 mins and 180 mins sequentially. The changes in the paw volume of all groups were compared.^[11]

Duration of Treatment

The first seven days was observed for the natural behaviour with suitable housing. Rats were kept starved overnight with water prior to the day of experiment.

On 8^th day, administration of test drugs to their respective groups, induction of carrageenan for inflammation and readings of paw edema volume were recorded.

After experiment, the rats were kept for observation for next 5-7 days.

Observation of Anti-inflammatory activity

The rats were handled with good care without altering the normal physiological functions.

The hind paw of the rats should be in protruding position.
The left hind paw (Carrageenan induced) should be measured with Plethysmograph.
Immersing of the carrageenan induced left hind paw shows rise in mercury level which was measured in ml.
Reduction of Inflammation was calculated in all groups of rats.

Observations and Results

Table 1: Showing Paw edema volumes (ml) of Control group at different time intervals.

Rats	Initial	0hr	30 Mins	1 Hr	2 Hr	3 Hr
Rat 1	1.15	1.22	1.23	1.23	1.24	1.25
Rat 2	1.13	1.12	1.2	1.19	1.19	1.2
Rat 3	1.17	1.26	1.26	1.27	1.28	1.29
Rat 4	1.12	1.28	1.27	1.28	1.29	1.3
Rat 5	1.15	1.28	1.27	1.29	1.3	1.3
Rat 6	1.16	1.29	1.28	1.29	1.3	1.3
Mean	1.15	1.26	1.25	1.26	1.27	1.27

Graph 1

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Shreedevi Huddar et al. In Vivo Evaluation of Sothaghna Karma of Bilwa

Showing the Mean values of paw edema volume on the X axis and time interval on the Y axis in the Control group (1% Normal Saline).

Table 2: Showing Paw edema volumes (ml) of Standard group at different time intervals.

Rats	Initial	0hr	30 Mins	1 Hr	2 Hr	3 Hr
Rat 1	1.15	1.20	1.16	1.15	1.15	1.13
Rat 2	1.11	1.26	1.23	1.20	1.17	1.14
Rat 3	1.14	1.21	1.20	1.16	1.15	1.13
Rat 4	1.12	1.21	1.18	1.18	1.17	1.15
Rat 5	1.13	1.20	1.20	1.17	1.15	1.15
Rat 6	1.12	1.22	1.21	1.20	1.16	1.14
Mean	1.13	1.22	1.2	1.18	1.16	1.14

Graph 2

Showing the Mean values of paw edema volume on the X axis and time interval in mins on the Y axis in the Standard group (Indomethacin).

Table 3: Showing Paw edema volumes (ml) of Trial group A at different time intervals.

Rats	Initial	0hr	30 Mins	1 Hr	2 Hr	3 Hr
Rat 1	1.15	1.24	1.23	1.22	1.2	1.19
Rat 2	1.14	1.22	1.22	1.21	1.18	1.16
Rat 3	1.14	1.23	1.25	1.23	1.2	1.18
Rat 4	1.14	1.25	1.24	1.24	1.2	1.19
Rat 5	1.12	1.25	1.25	1.23	1.22	1.17
Rat 6	1.15	1.23	1.22	1.22	1.21	1.2
Mean	1.14	1.24	1.24	1.23	1.20	1.18

Graph 3

Showing the Mean values of paw edema volume on the X axis and time interval on the Y axis in the Trial group A (Bilva Moola Twak Kashaya).

Table 4: Showing Paw edema volumes (ml) of Trial group B at different time intervals.

Rats	Initial	0hr	30 Mins	1 Hr	2 Hr	3 Hr
Rat 1	1.12	1.22	1.24	1.20	1.19	1.17
Rat 2	1.11	1.20	1.22	1.18	1.17	1.16
Rat 3	1.15	1.27	1.26	1.19	1.16	1.15
Rat 4	1.14	1.23	1.26	1.24	1.21	1.18
Rat 5	1.14	1.26	1.25	1.23	1.22	1.2
Rat 6	1.13	1.22	1.23	1.21	1.18	1.17
Mean	1.13	1.23	1.24	1.21	1.19	1.17

Graph 4

Showing the Mean values of paw edema volume on the X axis and time interval on the Y axis in the Trial group B (Bilva Patra Swarasa).

After the application of all the four test drugs in all the groups of mice, the volume of reduction in edema is noted in ml at specific time interval and statistical analysis is done.

Table 5: Showing the Comparative effect of Test drugs at 30 mins time interval.

Group	S.D.	S.E.	t Value	P < 0.05
Control	0.0084	0.0034	1.47	No
Standard	0.0154	0.0063	3.16	Yes
Trial A	0.0117	0.0048	0.35	No
Trial B	0.0167	0.0068	1.46	No

The above shows, Standard drug has yielded statistically significant results with P < 0.05 as an anti-inflammatory.

Table 6: Showing the Comparative effect of Test drugs at time interval of 60 mins.

Group	S.D.	S.E.	t Value	P < 0.05
Control	0.0117	0.0048	0.35	No
Standard	0.0155	0.0063	6.33	Yes – P < 0.01
Trial A	0.0075	0.0031	3.78	Yes – P < 0.02
Trial B	0.0302	0.0123	2.03	No

From the above table it is found that the Standard and Trial A group has yielded statistically significant results with P < 0.01 and P < 0.02 respectively as an anti-inflammatory.

Table 7: Showing the Comparative effect of Test drugs at time interval of 120 mins.

Group	S.D.	S.E.	t Value	P < 0.05
Control	0.0147	0.0060	1.39	No
Standard	0.0172	0.0070	8.29	Yes P < 0.001
Trial A	0.0105	0.0043	8.17	Yes P < 0.001
Trial B	0.0327	0.0134	3.37	Yes P < 0.02

From the above table it is found that the Standard, Trial A groups has yielded statistically significant results with P < 0.001 and Trial B group with P<0.02 as an anti inflammatory.

Table 8: Showing the Comparative effect of Test drugs at time interval of 180 mins.

Group	S.D.	S.E.	t Value	P < 0.05
Control	0.0152	0.0062	2.42	No
Standard	0.0242	0.0099	7.75	Yes P < 0.001
Trial A	0.0164	0.0067	8.20	Yes P < 0.001
Trial B	0.0293	0.0119	5.16	Yes P < 0.01

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From the above table it is found that the Standard, Trial A has yielded statistically significant results with P < 0.001 Trial B groups with P < 0.01 as an anti-inflammatory.

Table 9: Showing comparisons between two specific groups at the time interval of 180 mins.

SN	Group	Difference Between Mean	T Value	P Value
1.	Standard Vs Control	0.0917 + 0.0117	7.86	< 0.001
2.	Trial A Vs Control	0.0700 + 0.0091	7.67	< 0.001
3.	Trial B Vs Control	0.0767 + 0.01345	5.70	< 0.001
4.	Standard Vs Trial A	-0.0217 + 0.0120	1.81	> 0.05
5.	Standard Vs Trial B	-0.0150 + 0.0155	0.97	> 0.05
6.	Trial A Vs Trial B	0.0067 + 0.0137	0.49	> 0.05

When Standard drug was compared with Control group, the resultant t value was significant at P<0.001. This shows that Standard drug had highly significant anti-inflammatory property when compared to Control.

When Trial drug A (Bilwa Moola Twak Kashaya) was compared with Control group, the resultant t value was significant at P<0.001. This shows that Trial drug had highly significant anti-inflammatory property when compared to Control.

When Trial drug B (Bilwa Patra Swarasa) was compared with Control group, the resultant t value was significant at P<0.001. This shows that Trial drug B had significant anti-inflammatory property when compared to Control.

When Trial drug A was compared with Standard group, the resultant t value showed insignificant difference at P >0.05. This shows that Standard drug and Trial drug A both have similar anti-inflammatory property.

When Trial drug B was compared with Standard group, the resultant t value showed insignificant difference at P>0.05. This shows that Standard drug and Trial drug B had similar anti-inflammatory property.

When Trial drug A was compared with Trial drug B, the obtained t value showed insignificant difference at P>0.05. This suggests that the anti-inflammatory effect of Trial drugs were similar.

Discussion

In Ayurvedic literature, several Sothahara Dravyas are mentioned. Acharya Charaka quoted Bilwa (Aegle marmelos Corr.) as one of the drugs in Swayathuhara Mahakashaya.

Acharya Sushruta

and Vagbhata mentioned Bilwa Moola as one among Dashamoolas and Bruhat Panchamoolas respectively. Acharyas like Yogaratnakara have mentioned Bilwa Patra Swarasa as Swayathuhara Dravya. As a part of conservation, in the present study, an attempt is made for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity between Bilwa Moola Twak and Patra.

In Classics, Sotha is mentioned as one among the Asta Mahagadas. Sotha is known by many other terms viz., Sopha, Swayathu, Vranasotha, Vranasopha, which may be different in different contexts, but all our Acharyas has given much importance to this condition. Acharya Sushruta quoted while describing Nirukti of Sopha as "Ekadeshootthitha Shopha Ityucchyate"^[12] meaning edema arising in any part of the body is Sopha, while mentioning Vishesha Lakshanas he uses the word Swayathu, which has also been used during description of Sarvasara Sopha. Amarakosha mentions that the above terms are Paryayas. Sotha is dealt as a separate disease entity, is also found as a Lakshana, Upadrava in several ailments.

Sotha is correlated to Inflammation in contemporary modern science and is identified just as a symptom found in several ailments. The signs of Inflammation are Rubor (redness), Calor (heat), Tumor (swelling), Dolor (pain), Function laesa (loss of function)^[13] can be correlated to Samanya Lakshanas of Shotha like Anga Vivarnata, Ushma, Utseda, Siraatanutva.^[14]

To understand the disease entity for experiments based on modern science, an attempt has been made by putting correlation between Sotha and inflammation according to the respective explanations of the similarities in their symptoms. Till the date, a number of studies have been carried out to screen the various herbs for anti-inflammatory action to put forth the alternative diseases. Herbal remedy, could take the place of synthetic drugs of new era.

The drug Bilwa has properties like Tikta-Kashaya Rasas, Laghu-Ruksha Gunas, Ushna Veerya, Katu Vipaka, Vata-Kapha Naashaka and actions like Sothahara, Vedanasthapana, Sangrahi. The useful parts of Bilwa are Moola, Kanda, Apakwaphala, Pakwaphala, Peshika, Patra. Nighantukaras have mentioned Rasaadiguna Karmas on different parts of Bilwa separately. Bilwa Moola Twak and Patra are selected for the present study.

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The design of the study on inflammation was made on animal experimentation on Albino rats weighing between 180-200 gms were selected. Four groups of 6 animals each was made based on the following pattern.

Group I - Control group - 1% normal saline was fed orally to the albino rats at the dosage of 0.2 ml for each animal in the single dose.

Group II - Standard group - Indomethacin suspension was purchased and fed orally to the albino rats at the dosage of 0.9 ml/kg body weight.

Group III - Trial group I - The prepared Bilwa Moola Twak Kwatha was fed orally through syringe tube in the dosage of 0.86 ml/kg body weight.

Group IV - Trial group II - The prepared Bilwa Patra Swarasa was fed orally through syringe tube in the dosage of 0.43 ml/kg body weight.

Carrageenan 0.1ml was used to induce inflammation in the left hind paw of all the rats. The paw volume of the rats of four groups were measured using plethysmograph at 0 hrs (just after the induction of Carrageenan), 30 mins, 1hr, 2 hr and 3 hr. Observations were done to see the inflammation.

Animal experimentation has its limitation in the evaluation of inflammation, all the symptoms cannot be evaluated as done in clinical study. Only Utsedha can be evaluated through the aid of Plethysmograph by which the reduction of inflammation can be calculated.

Inflammation was observed between 15-30 mins after induction of carrageenan, on the analysis of observations, it was found that the albino rats in the control group did not show any improvement by three hours.

Standard group showed improvement from 30 mins whereas Trial A group showed its improvement from first hour and Trial B group showed its inhibition from second hour.

In Inter-group comparisons, Standard group, Trial A group and Trial B group showed highly significant activity against Control group.

When Trial drug A was compared with Standard group, the resultant ‘t’ value showed insignificant difference at P>0.05. This shows that Standard drug and Trial drug A both have similar anti-inflammatory property.

When Trial drug B was compared with Standard group, the resultant 't' value showed insignificant difference at P>0.05. This shows that Standard drug and Trial drug B had similar anti-inflammatory property.

Conclusion

Statistically, Standard group, Trial A group (Bilwa Moola Twak Kashaya) and Trial B group (Bilwa Patra Swarasa) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity. Looking into its anti-inflammatory activity among Trial A group and Trial B group as a part of conservation, Bilwa Moola Twak can be replaced with Patra for Sothaghna property. As per the documented results of experimental study and analysis of Classical literature, it is noted that the reason for the inhibition of inflammation is possible by its pharmacodynamic properties such as Tikta-Kashaya Rasa, Laghu-Ruksha Gunas and Ushna Veerya.

Acknowledgement

I would like to acknowledge and thank KLE College of Pharmacy for their support to takeup some of the literary work, Mr. Harsha Hegde, Scientist 'B' of Regional Medical Research Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, for helping me in the authentication of the drug sample for the study, Teaching Pharmacy of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana Department, Shri Shivayogeeshwar Rural Ayurvedic Medical College, Hospital and PG Research Centre, Inchal, for guiding in the preparation of drug material, Aditya Bangalore Institute For Pharmacy Education and Research for their acceptance and guidance in successful completion of In Vivo study.

References

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2. Ambikadutta Sastri K, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Maharshi Susrutha. Part 1, Sutra sthana, Chapter 1, Vedotpatti Adhyaya, Verse 22. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Choukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 2005. p. 4.

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Verse 03. 1st ed. Varanasi: Choukhambha Publications; 2018. p. 156.

4. Mohan H. Textbook of Pathology. Chapter 6, Inflammation and Healing. 5th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2005. p. 134.

5. Sashirekha HK, Bargale SS. Charak Samhita Vol 2, Indriya sthana Chapter 9, Syavanimmitiyamindriyam Adhyayam, Verse 8-9. 1st ed. Varanasi: Choukhambha Publications; 2018. p. 602.

6. Ambikadutta Sastri K, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Maharshi Susrutha. Part 1, Sutra sthana, Chapter 17, Ama Pakvaishaneeya Adhyaya, Verse 03. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Choukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 2005. p. 70.

7. Sashirekha HK, Bargale SS. Charak Samhita Vol 1, Sutrasthana Chapter 4, Shad Virechana Shatashriteeya Adhyaya, Verse 38. 1st ed. Varanasi: Choukhambha Publications; 2018. p. 78.

8. Ambikadutta Sastri K, editor. Sushruta Samhita of Maharshi Susrutha. Part 1, Sutra sthana, Chapter 38, Dravya Sangrahaneeya Adhyaya, Verse 71. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Choukhambha Sanskrit Sansthana; 2005. p. 146.

9. Tripathi ID, Tripathi DS. Yogaratnakara with Vaidya Prabha Hindi Commentary. Sotha Nidana Cikitsa Prakarana, Verse 49. Varanasi: Choukhambha Krishna Das Academy; 568.

10. Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Chunekar KC, Pandey GS, editors. Guduchyadi Varga, Verse 13. Revised Enlarged ed. Varanasi: Choukambha Bharati Academy; 2010. p. 262.

11. Kulkarni SK. Handbook Of Experimental Pharmacology. Chapter Pharmacology of Inflammation. Delhi: Vallabha Prakashan; 2013. p. 165.

12. Sastri SSN. Charak Samhita of Agnivesha, Revised by Caraka and Drdhabala, part 2, with Vidyotini Hindi Commentary. Cikitsa sthana, Chapter 12, Svyatu Cikitsitam Adhyaya, Verse 8. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Choukhambha Bharati Academy; 2004. p. 354.

13. Mohan H. Textbook of Pathology. Chapter 6, Inflammation and Healing. 5th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers; 2005. p. 134.

14. Sastri SSN. Charak Samhita of Agnivesha, Revised by Caraka and Drdhabala, part 2, with Vidyotini Hindi Commentary. Cikitsa sthana, Chapter 12, Svyatu Cikitsitam Adhyaya, Verse 11. Reprint ed. Varanasi: Choukhambha Bharati Academy; 2004. p. 354.

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Research Article

Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

In Vivo Evaluation of Sothaghna Karma (Anti-Inflammatory Activity) of Bilwa (Aegle marmelos Corr.) Moola Twak and Patra - A Comparative Study

Huddar S1, Kumar E2*, Rekha M3

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Observations and Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Huddar S¹, Kumar E^2*, Rekha M³