Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album L.) in Nighantus and Caraka Samhita

Vyshnavi Macharla; Jagan lal Eslavath; Swarupa Rani G; Narasimha V; Vijayalakshmi A

doi:10.21760/jaims.9.3.12

E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Swetha Chandana

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 3 March

Publisher

www.maharshicharaka.in

Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album L.) in Nighantus and Caraka Samhita

Macharla V^1*, lal Eslavath J², Rani G S³, Narasimha V⁴, Vijayalakshmi A⁵

DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.3.12

^1* Vyshnavi Macharla, Post Graduate Scholar, Postgraduate Department of Dravyaguna, Dr Brkr Government Ayurvedic College Knr University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

² Jagan lal Eslavath, Post Graduate Scholar, Postgraduate Department of Dravyaguna, Dr BRKR Government Ayurvedic College KNR University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

³ Swarupa Rani G, Professor, Postgraduate Department of Dravyaguna, Dr BRKR Government Ayurvedic College KNR University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

⁴ Narasimha V, Associate Professor, Postgraduate Department of Dravyaguna, Dr BRKR Government Ayurvedic College KNR University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

⁵ Vijayalakshmi A, Professor and HOD, Postgraduate Department of Dravyaguna, Dr BRKR Government Ayurvedic College KNR University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Chandana also known as Indian sandalwood, scientifically known as Santalum album Linn, is a medium sized tree belongs to the family Santalaceae. It is one of the oldest and most valuable sources of natural smell and has significant medical and commercial value. Chandana is used as a single drug and ingredient of numerous formulations for the betterment of lifestyle and treatment. Although, numerous studies regarding Chandana there still lies scope for evaluation and analysis on this topic.

Keywords: Chandana, Santalum album, sandalwood

Corresponding Author	How to Cite this Article	To Browse
Vyshnavi Macharla, Post Graduate Scholar, Postgraduate Department of Dravyaguna, Dr Brkr Government Ayurvedic College Knr University of Health Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Email:	Macharla V, lal Eslavath J, Rani G S, Narasimha V, Vijayalakshmi A, Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album L.) in Nighantus and Caraka Samhita. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(3):75-93. Available From https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3190

Manuscript Received	Review Round 1	Review Round 2	Review Round 3	Accepted
2024-01-15	2024-01-25	2024-02-04	2024-02-14	2024-02-24
Conflict of Interest	Funding	Ethical Approval	Plagiarism X-checker	Note
None	Nil	Yes	22.87

© 2024by Macharla V, lal Eslavath J, Rani G S, Narasimha V, Vijayalakshmi Aand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(3)75

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Objectives Discussion Conclusion References

Vyshnavi Macharla et al. Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album L.)

Introduction

Ayurveda is the science of life deals with fundamental concept of nature various components are present on this earth in the form of plants, animals, minerals etc among them Chandana is one of the drugs which is decribed in Ayurveda in various contexts which is useful in many diseases. Chandana is botanically identified as Santalum album Linn. Belongs to family Santalaceae.The Indian sandalwood commonly called Chandana in Ayurveda and has been in use for ages in India. It is considered as sacred part of Hindu customs. It is mentioned in Indian literature as old as Milinda Pahna 2000 B.C. Koutilya described a variety of sandal wood in his Artha shastra 200 BC, sandal wood is also mentioned in the Epic Ramayana and Mahabharata.^[12] In Ayurveda, Sandalwood is a much loved fragrance across the world, often evoking soft breezes, restful spaces and a sense of peace and calm, its commonly used in aromatherapy and meditation practice around the world. Sandalwood is used oil extracted from the heartwood of sandalwood by steam distillation and powder is used both internally and externally. As medicine, sandalwood is regarded as coolant, sedative, astringent, disinfectant in genitourinary and bronchial tracts, diuretic, expectorant and stimulant. The wood, root, bark and leaves of the plant used for the treatment of the liver disease like jaundice by the tribal healers. Owing to numerous chemical constituents which are categorized into terpenes, tannins, resins and waxes of them the major chemical constituents include alpha-santalol and beta-santalol along with other chemical constituents possessing pharmacological actions like hepatoprotective activity, antiviral activity, anti-ulcer activity, anti-bacterial activity etc. being an important plant in Ayurveda, extensive study regarding Chandana is needed.

Aim and Objectives

The study is aimed at literature review of different texts of Ayurveda to gather information available regarding Chandana. The objective of this study is to describe the Synonyms, Rasapanchaka, and Vargas according to different Acharyas as well as references of Chandana in Bruhatrayi.

Scientific Name: Santalum album Linn.

Family: Santalaceae

Vernacular Names^[1]

English - white sandalwood tree

Hindi - Safed Chandana

Telugu - Tella candanam

Kannada - Srigandha

Malayalam - Candanam

Taxonomical Classification^[1]

Kingdom : Plantae

Class : Dicotyledons

Sub class : Monochlamydae

Series : Achlamydosporeae

Family : Santalaceae

Genus : Santalum

Species : album

Distribution ^[1]: In the dry regions of India, especially in Karnataka, Tamil nadu and Kerala ascending upto 1200m.

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Vyshnavi Macharla et al. Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album L.)

Botanical Description^[2]

A medium sized evergreen tree, semi parasitic, glabrous tree with slender drooping branches, raising upto 18m in height.

Bark: Dark grey or brownish black, rough with short vertical cracks.

Leaves: Simple, opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, entire, glabrous.

Flowers: Brownish purple, violet in terminal and axillary paniculate cyme.

Fruit: Globose drupes, purple black with ribbed endocarp.

Seeds: Hard, globose or obovoid.

Heartwood: light yellowish brown when fresh, turning black to dark reddish brown on exposure.

Chemical Constituents ^[12]: More than hundred constituents of sandalwood oil in categories of tannins, terpenes, resins and waxes have been reported. Major constituents of commercially available sandalwood oil are sesquiterpene alcohols like alpha and beta santalols, bergamotals and several of their stereoisomers, where as minor constituents include lanceol, nuciferol, bisabolol and the sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons such as alpha and beta santalenes, bergamotenes and alpha, beta and gamma curcumenes, beta-bisabolene and phenyl propanoids.

Basonym^[10]

चन्दनम् - चन्दति आल्हादयतीति, 'चदि आह्रादे' । (जो मन एवं शरीर को आल्हाद प्रदान करता है। Bh.Pr.Ni.

Chandana gives pleasure because of its aroma and cooling effect.

Table 1: Synonyms of Chandana as per different Nighantus

SN	Synonyms	K.N[3]	D.N[5]	M.N[6]	R.N[7]	BP.N[10]	S.N[8]	P.N[11]
1.	Bhadrashreya	+	+	+
2.	Malayaja	+	+	+	+	+		+
3.	Sheersha Chandana	+
4.	Shishira	+
5.	Swetacandana	+	+	+	+		+
6.	Hima	+
7.	Swetasresta	+
8.	Gandhasara	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
9.	Maharha	+	+	+	+
10.	Tilaparna	+	+	+	+	+
11.	Gosheersha		+	+	+
12.	Srikhanda	+			+	+		+
13.	Chandradhuti					+
14.	Bhadrashri				+	+
15.	Malayodbhavam				+
16.	Bhogivallabha				+
17.	Mangalyam				+
18.	Gandharajam				+
19.	Sarpavasam				+
20.	Gandhadhyam				+
21.	Sitagandha				+
22.	Paavanam				+
23.	Chandraka						+
24.	Chandrakanta						+
25.	Vikata						+
26.	Rohanadruma						+
27.	Malaya	+
28.	Sughanda				+
29.	Sitamal				+
30.	Sripriya						+
31.	Sarpapriya						+
32.	Rajayogya						+
33.	Sheetala						+
34.	Shiva						+

Table 2: Rasapanchaka of Chandana from various Nighantus

Rasapanchaka		Texts
		KN[4]	DN[5]	MN[6]	RN[7]	BPN[10]	SN[9]	PN[11]
Rasa	Madhura	+	+		+	+	+
	Amla
	Lavana
	Katu				+
	Tikta	+	+	+	+	+	+	+
	Kashaya				+
Guna	Laghu			+		+		+
	Ruksha		+	+		+	+
	Guru	+	+				+
	Sita		+	+	+		+	+
	Sukshma	+
Virya	Sita		+			+
Vipaka	Katu			+

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Vyshnavi Macharla et al. Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album L.)

Table 3: Karma of Chandana according to various Nighantus

Nighantu	Karma
Kaiyadeva Nighantu[4]	Trushnahara, Dahahara, Raktapittahara, Klamahara, Shoshahara.
Dhanwantari Nighantu[5]	Raktaprasadana, Vajikarana, Raktapittahara, Krimihara, Trushnahara, Pittahara, Antardahahara, Vishagna, Dahahara, Hrudya.
Madanapala Nighantu[6]	Kaphapittahara, Anandhakaraka, Hrudya, Halaka, Varnya, Vishaghna, Raktadoshahara, Dahahara.
Raja Nighantu[7]	Pittahara, Brantihara, Jwarahara, Santapa shanti, Vrsyam, Vaktrarujapaham, Kantivardhaka, Krimihara, Vamihara, Trishnahara.
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu[10]	Pittakaphahara, Ahaladha karaka, Sharmahara, Shoshahara, Raktadoshahara, Dahahara
Shodala Nighantu[9]	Pittahara, Raktadoshahara, Vishahara, Dahahara, Varnya, Trushnahara, klamahara.
Priya Nighantu[11]	Kaphapittashamaka, Ahladak, Raktapittahara, Trushnahara, Dahahara.

Part Used ^[1]

Saara (Heart wood)

Dose ^[1]

Decoction: 50-100 ml

Churna: 3-6 grms

Taila: 5-10 Drops

Table 4: Classical classification of Chandana from different texts

SN	Texts	Varga/Gana
1.	Caraka Samhita	Varnya Kandughna Vishagnha Trushnanigrahana Dahaprashamana Angamardaprashamana
2.	Sushruta Samhitha	Salasaradi gana, Patoladi gana, Sarivadi gana, Priyangwadi gana, Guduchyadi gana
3.	Astanga Hrudayam	Tikta gana Patoladi gana
4.	Astanga Sangraha	Patoladi and Guduchyadi gana
5.	Kaiyadeva Nighantu	Oushadivarga
6.	Madanaphala Nighantu	Karpuradi varga (Tritiyaka varga)
7.	Dhanvantari Nighantu	Chandanadi varga (Tritiyaka Varga)
8.	Bhavaprakasha Nighantu	Karpuradi varga (Dwitiya varga)
9.	Priya Nighantu	Haritakyadi varga
10.	Rajanighantu	Candanadi varga
11.	Shodala Nighantu	Candanadi varga

Table 5: Classical references of Chandana in Caraka Samhita^[13-130]

SN	References	Name of the drug	Indications / Actions / Uses	Amyikaprayogas / Visisthayogas
1.	Ca.Su.3/23	Chandana	Shiroruja	Nata, Utpala, Chandana, Kustha, mixed with Ghee and used as Pradeha.
2.	Ca.Su.3/26	Chandana	Daha (relieves burning sensation)	One of the drug used in preparation of Pradeha.
3.	Ca.Su.3/29	Chandana	Sariradourgandhahara	Patra, Ambu, lodhra, Abhaya, and Chandana used for Pradeha.
4.	Ca.Su.4/10	Chandana	Varnya	Varnyani Dasemani
5.	Ca.Su.4/11	Chandana	Kandughna	Kandughnani Dasemani
6.	Ca.Su.4/11	Chandana	Vishaghna	Vishagnani Dasemani
7.	Ca.Su.4/14	Chandana	Trishna	Trishnanigrahana Dasemani
8.	Ca.Su.4/17	Chandana	Daha	Dahaprasamana Dasemani
9.	Ca.Su.4/17	Chandana	Angamardaprasamana	Angamardaprasamana Dasemani
10.	Ca.Su.5/20	Chandana	Kapharoga	One of the drug used in preparation of Dhumavarti
11.	Ca.Su.5/63.	Chandana	Tridosahara, Indriyabalapradam	Anu Tailam
12.	Ca.Su.6/25.	Chandana	Vasanta Ritucarya	Chandana and Agaru used as external application.
13.	Ca.Su.6/30	Chandana	Greeshmaritucarya	External application
14.	Ca.Su.6/31	Chandana	Greeshmaritucarya	External application
15.	Ca.Vi.8/143	Chandana	Kapha and Pitta Vikaras	Tiktaskanda
16.	Ca.Ind.12/74	Chandana	While entering the patients house indicating good prognosis	If while entering on his way to the patients house the physician comes across the Sandal paste he can predict the recovery of the patient
17.	Ca.Ci.1-1/48	Chandana	Dheergayu and Rasayana	Bramha Rasayana
18.	Ca.Ci.1-1/59	Chandana	Dheergayu and Rasayana	Bramha Rasayana
19.	Ca.Ci.1-1/64	Chandana	Rasayana, Kasa, Swasahara , Swarya, Kshaya, Hridroga, Vatarakta, Pippasa, defects of Mutra and shukra	Chywanprasha
20.	Ca.Ci.1-2/12	Chandana	Bhritsariram, Stiroindriyam, Swara, Vayasthapana, Balam.	Nagabala Rasayana
21.	Ca.Ci.1-33	Chandana	Rasayana, Srama, Jwara, Bhaya, Jaravyadhi Prasdanam	Amalakayasa Bramha Rasayanam
22.	Ca.Ci.1-4/16.	Chandana	Sarvaroga Prasamana, Vrushya, Ayushuttamam, Satwa, Smriti, Sarira, Agni, Buddhi, Indriya Balapradam, Paramojaskaram, Varnyam, Swara.	Indrokta Rasayanam
23.	Ca.Ci.3/145	Chandana	Pippasa and Jwara	Sadanga Paniya

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SN	References	Name of the drug	Indications / Actions / Uses	Amyikaprayogas / Visisthayogas
24.	Ca.Ci. 3/202	Chandana	Vishama Jwara	One of the drug used in the preparation of decoction along with Kiratakitkta, Amrita, Vishwabhesaja.
25.	Ca.Ci.3/219	Chandana	Jwara, Ksaya, Kasa, Sirasula, Parswasula, Halimaka, Amsabhitapa, Visamagni.	One of the drug used in preparation of medicated ghee.
26.	Ca.Ci.3/223	Chandana	Jeernajwara (Chronic fever)	One of the drug used in preparation of Ghee.
27.	Ca.Ci.3/247	Chandana	Jwara, Balam, Sweda, Ruchipradam,	One of the drug used for Niruha Vasthi
28.	Ca.Ci.3/258	Bhadrashree	Dahajwara	Chandanadya Tailam
29.	Ca.Ci.3/261	Chandana	Dahajwara	Sprinkling of cold water of Chandana in house to cooling effect.
30.	Ca.Ci.3/262.	Chandana	Dahajwara	The patient house can be cooled with by the cold water of sandalwood.
31.	Ca.Ci.3/263.	Chandana	Dahajwara	Sprinkling water of Chandana
32.	Ca.Ci. 3/265	Chandana	Dahajwara	Smeared with Chandana paste by ladies.
33.	Ca.Ci. 4/31	Chandana	Pippasa in Raktapitta	One of the drug used in preparation of Sitasrita Annapana.
34.	Ca.Ci. 4/45	Chandana	Raktapitta	One of the drug used in Yavagu preparation.
35.	Ca.Ci. 4/73	Chandana	Raktapitta, Tamaka, Pippasa, Daha.	One of the drug used in preparation of Yavagu.
36.	Ca.Ci.4/76	Chandana	Raktapitta	One of the drug used in preparation of Sitakashaya, Swarasa, Kalka.
37.	Ca.Ci. 4/78	Chandana	Acute form of Raktapitta	Kashaya is prepared with Mudga, Lajja, Yava, Krishna, Ushira, Mustha and Chandana.
38.	Ca.Ci. 4/80	Chandana	Raktapitta with excess bleeding	One of the drug used in preparation of Kashaya.
39.	Ca.Ci.4/81	Chandana	Raktanirnharapara (stoppage of bleeding)	One of the drug used in preparation of Kashaya
40.	Ca.Ci.4/99	Chandana	Nasagata Raktapitta with Dustapratishaya, Siro Vikara	One of the drug used for Nasyakarma.
41.	Ca.Ci.4/102	Bhadrasriya	Raktapitta	One of the drug used by physician as Pradeha, Pralepa, Secana, Avagaha, Grita, Taila.
42.	Ca.Ci.4/108	Chandana	Daha in Raktapitta	The touch of Priyangu and Chandana.
43.	Ca.Ci.5/119	Chandana	Gulma with Pitta and Rakta, Visarpa, Pittaja jwara, Hridroga.	Trayamanadya Ghrita.
44.	Ca.Ci. 6/28	Chandana	Kaphaja prameha	Decoction prepared with Suvaha, Kustha, Agaru and Chandana.
45.	Ca.Ci.6/30	Chandana	Pittaja prameha	One the drug used in preparation of Kashaya.

SN	References	Name of the drug	Indications / Actions / Uses	Amyikaprayogas / Visisthayogas
46.	Ca.Ci. 6/39	Chandana	Kaphapittaja Prameha with secondary aggravated Vayu, Pittaja Prameha with Secondary Aggravated Vayu.	One of the drug used in preparation of Medicated oil.
47.	Ca.Ci 6/50	Chandana	Prameha	Lepa prepared with Ushira, Twak, Agaru and Chandana.
48.	Ca.Ci 7/130	Chandana	Pittakaphaja Kustha	One of the drug used in Pralepa.
49.	Ca.Ci.7/131	Chandana	Pittaja Kustha	One of the drug used in the preparation of decoction which is used for drinking and bathing.
50.	Ca.Ci.7/132	Chandana	Pittaja Kustha	One of the drug used in Alepa.
51.	Ca.Ci.7/133	Chandana	Dahamana Kustha	Oil boiled with Candana, Madhuka, Utpala etc. drugs are used for Abhyanga.
52.	Ca.Ci.7/141	Chandana	Kustha, Jwara, Gulma, Arshas, Grahani, Pandu, Shotha, Pama, Visarpa, Unmada, Pidaka, Vatarakta.	Tiktashatpalaka Ghrutam.
53.	Ca.Ci.7/145	Chandana	Kustha, Rakta Pitta, Visarpa, Amlapitta, Vatarakta, Pandu, Vishoptaka, Pama, Unmada, Jwara, Kamala, Hrdroga, Gulma, Asrugdhara and Gandamala.	Mahatiktaka Ghrutam
54.	Ca.Ci.8/77	Chandana	Shirashula, Parswashoola, Amshashula.	One of the drug used in Alepa.
55.	Ca.Ci.8/78	Chandana	Shirashula, Parswashoola.	One of the drug used in the preparation of Pradeha.
56.	Ca.Ci.8/83	Chandana	Shirashula	One of the drug used in the preparation of Pradeha.
57.	Ca.Ci.8/86	Chandana	Parswashoola, Amshashoola	Decoction of Chandana used as Pariseka.
58.	Ca.Ci.9/37	Chandana	Apasmara, Jwara, Kasa, Shosha, Vatarakta, Pratishayaya, Triteeyaka, Chaturtaka and Vishama Jwara, Chardi, Arshas, Mutrakricchara, Visarpa, Pandu, Unmada, Visha, Meha, Pumsavana.	Kalyanaka Ghrutam
59.	Ca.Ci.10/37	Chandana	Apasmara	One of the drug used in the preparation of Pradeha, Dhoopana.
60.	Ca.Ci.11/18	Chandana	Kshataksheena	Ikshuvalika, Bisagranthi, Padma Keshara and Chandana taken with milk and honey for drinking.
61.	Ca.Ci.12/53	Chandana	Visarpa, Daha, Jwara, Tridoshahara, Trishna, Visha, Halimaka.	Patolamooladi Kashaya.

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Vyshnavi Macharla et al. Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album L.)

SN	References	Name of the drug	Indications / Actions / Uses	Amyikaprayogas / Visisthayogas
62.	Ca.Ci.12/68	Chandana	Pittaja Shotha	One of the drug used in Pradeha.
63.	Ca.Ci.12/69	Chandana	Pittaja Shotha	Chandana, Abhaya, Padmaka used for Snana
64.	Ca.Ci.12/70	Chandana	Kaphaja Shotha	Lepana with Chandana and Agaru.
65.	Ca.Ci.14/186	Chandana	Raktaja Arshas	One of the drug used for preparation of Kashaya.
66.	Ca.Ci.14/193	Chandana	Arshas	Powder of Chandana, Tila given with goat milk.
67.	Ca.Ci.14./215	Chandana	Excessive bleeding, burning sensation, stickiness of anus.	For Snana, Kashaya is prepared with Chandana.
68.	Ca.Ci.14/221	Chandana	Gudabhramsa, Daha, stickiness of anus.	Chandana and Rakta Chandana used for rubbing.
69.	Ca.Ci.14/227	Chandana	Pravahika, Gudabhramsa, Jwara	Piccha Basti
70.	Ca.Ci.14/230	Chandana	Arshas, Atisara, Grahani, Gudabhramsa, Mutrakricchara, Anaha, Jwara, Tridoshahara.	Hriveradi Ghrutam.
71.	Ca.Ci.14/336	Chandana	Gudabhramsa, Tridoshahara, Shotha, Gudashoola, Mudavata, Mandagni, Aruchi, Balavarnaagnivardhana.	Sunnisannaka Changeri Ghrutam,
72.	Ca.Ci.15/125	Chandana	Pittaja grahani.	Candanadhya Ghrutam
73.	Ca.Ci.15/137	Chandana	Hridroga, Pandu, Grahani, Gulma, Shoola, Aruchi Jwara, Kamala, Mukha rogas.	Kiratadya Churnam
74.	Ca.Ci.15/148	Chandana	Grahani, Brimhana, Kaphapittahara, Shotha, Kustha, Kilasa and Prameha.	Madhukavasava
75.	Ca.Ci.16/47	Chandana	Raktapitta, Jwara, Daha, Swayathu, Bhagandara, Arshas, Asrugdhara, Vishpotaka	Katukadhya Ghrutam
76.	Ca.Ci.17/131	Chandana	Hikka, Swasa	Lasuna, Palandu, root of Grinjanaka, Chandana with breast milk of woman for inhalation.
77.	Ca.Ci.18/90	Chandana	Pittaja Kasa	Sharkaradi Lepam
78.	Ca.Ci.19/53	Chandana	Pittaja Atisara	Powder of Chandana, Nagara, Lodhra and Utpala with honey and rice water.
79.	Ca.Ci.20/32	Chandana	Pittaja Chardi	Paste of Sweta Chandana + juice of Amalaki + honey.
80.	Ca.Ci.20/33	Chandana	Pittaja Chardi	Paste of Chandana, Chavya, Mamsi, Draksha, Gairika along with cold water and honey.
81.	Ca.Ci.21/54	Chandana	Visarpa	Internal administration of Decoction of Chandana and Utpala.

SN	References	Name of the drug	Indications / Actions / Uses	Amyikaprayogas / Visisthayogas
82.	Ca.Ci.21/55	Chandana	Visarpa	One of the drug used in the preparation of Kashaya.
83.	Ca.Ci.21/74	Chandana	Visarpa	Kaliyadi Pralepa
84.	Ca.Ci.21/75	Chandana	Visarpa	Sadvaladi Pradeha
85.	Ca.Ci.21/76	Chandana	Visarpa	Sarivadya Pralepa
86.	Ca.Ci.21/79	Chandana	Visarpa	Baladhya Lepa
87.	Ca.Ci.22/41	Chandana	Pittaja Trishna	Intake of water boiled with Draksha, Chandana, Kharjura and Usira with honey.
88.	Ca.Ci.23/56	Chandana	Visha	Mruta Sanjeevana Agada
89.	Ca.Ci.23/77	Chandana	Pilla, Kandu, Timira, Ratriandhya, Kacca, Arbuda, Vishama Jwara, Dadru, Kandu, Pama, Atisara, Jangama Visha, Sthavara Visha	Mahagandhaasthi
90.	Ca.Ci.23/98	Chandana	Visha Upadrava	One of the drug used for Dhooma.
91.	Ca.Ci.23/190	Chandana	Cures all types of Shotha and Visha	One of the drug used for Paana, Nasya, Anjana and Lepa.
92.	Ca.Ci.23/200	Chandana	Luta Visha	One of the drug used for Lepana.
93.	Ca.Ci.23/242	Chandana	Visha, Apasmara, Kshaya, Unmada, Garavisha, Gulma, Pleeha Roga, Udara, Pandu, Krimi, Kamala, Urustambha.	Amrita Ghrutam
94.	Ca.Ci.24/153	Chandana	Pittaja Madatyaya	Regimen for Pittaja Madatyaya - Contact of women smeared with sandal paste and of breez perfumed with the sandal scent.
95.	Ca.Ci.25/47	Chandana	Shopha	One of the drug used for Pradeha.
96.	Ca.Ci.25/88	Chandana	Vrana	One of the drug used in Kashaya preparation for Vranaropana.
97.	Ca.Ci.25/92	Chandana	Vrana	Oil cooked with paste of Kampillaka and Chandana.
98.	Ca.Ci.26/161	Chandana	Vata & Pittaja Urdwajatru Gata Vikaras.	Baladhya Tailam.
99.	Ca.ci.26/177	Chandana	Pittaja Shirorogas	One of the drug used in Pradeha and Pariseka.
100.	Ca.Ci.26/179	Chandana	Pittaja Shirorogas	Medicated ghee prepared with Yastimaadhu, Chandana, Anantha and milk used for Navana Nasya.
101.	Ca.Ci.26/182	Chandana	Kaphaja Shiroroga	One of the drug used for preparation of Dhoomavarthi.

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SN	References	Name of the drug	Indications / Actions / Uses	Amyikaprayogas / Visisthayogas
102.	Ca.Ci.26/208	Chandana	Krimidanta, Chaladanta, Bramsa Danta, Mukha Paka, Mukha Dourgandhya, Swarya, Galashosha	Khadiradi Gutika and Khadiradi Taila.
103.	Ca.Ci.26/216	Chandana	Pittaja Aruchi	One of the drug used for Kavalagraha.
104.	Ca.Ci.26/234	Chandana	Pittaja Netraroga	One of the drug used in preparation of Bidalaka.
105.	Ca.Ci.27/30	Chandana	Urustambha	Shrivestakari Yogam
106.	Ca.Ci.28/150	Chandana	Vatarogas, Tamaka Swasa, Jwara, Hikka, Chardi, Gulma, Kshaya, Pleeha Roga, Apasmara	Bala Tailam
107.	Ca.Ci.28/158	Chandana	Vatarogas, Vatika Rogas, Kshira Virya Agni Balapradam, Apasmara, Unmada.	Amruta Tailam
108.	Ca.Ci.29/92	Chandana	Vatarakta, Sanga Shula, Daha, Shoola, Jwara, Balya And Varnya.	Madhuparnyadi Tailam
109.	Ca.Ci.29/106	Chandana	Vatarakta, Kshataksheena, Bhagna, Pakshaghata, Yoni Roga, Apasmara	Amrutadhya Tailam
110.	Ca.Ci.29/110	Chandana	Vatarakta, Jwara	Mahapadma Tailam
111.	Ca.Ci.29/114	Chandana	Vatarakta, Daha	Khuddaka Padmaka Tailam
112.	Ca.Ci.29/128	Chandana	Daha	Affusion or Touch of cold water soaked with Chandana.
113.	Ca.Si.3/47	Chandana	Pittaja Rogas	One of the ingredient used in preparation of Niruha vasthi
114.	Ca.Si.3/48	Chandana	Daha, Atisara, pradara, Raktapitta, Hridroga, Panduroga, vishamajwara, Gulma, Jwara, mutragraha, Kamala, and all Pittaja Vikaras	One of the ingredient used in preparation of Niruha vasthi
115.	Ca.Si.3/53	Chandana	Pittahara, burning sensation in chest, umbilicus, sides of chest, head, interior part of the body, Mutrakrucchra, Kshatakshina,	One of the ingredient used in preparation of Niruha vasthi
116.	Ca.Si.6/49	Chandana	Vamana Virechana Vyapaths (complications).	Mantha (drinks) prepared from Chandana
117.	Ca.Si.10/22	Chandana	Pittaja Vikara	Enema prepared with Chandana, Padmaka, Usira and Tunga.
118.	Ca.Si.10/42	Chandana	Raktapitta	One of the ingredient used in preparation for enema
119.	Ca.Si.10/43	Chandana	Raktapitta	One of the ingredient used in preparation for enema

Discussion

Santalum album is one of the pharmacologically valued tree species. The essential oil derived from its heartwood has much more commercial importance, and it is an active ingredient in various Ayurvedic formulations. Chandana is considered as most important and widely used pitta hara drug in Ayurveda. Most of the Acharyas mentioned Chandana has Tikta and Madhura Rasa and Sheeta Virya. Only in Raja Nighantu, Katu Rasa and Kashaya Rasa is mentioned. Dosha Karma of Chandana is Pittakaphahara and other Karmas of Chandana include Dahahara, Vishahara, Jwarahara, Raktapittahara, Trushnahara, Klamahara, Shramahara, Varnya, Antardahahara, Ahaladakara, Brantihara, Saumasyajanaka, Vrshyam, Hridyam, Krimighna, and Anandhakaraka. Indications include Daha, Jwara, Trushna, Klama, Shrama, Antardaha, Raktapitta, Branti, Hridrogas, and Visharogas. Out of these indications Daha, Jwara, Trushna, Antardaha are Pittaja Nanatmajarogas. In Kaiyadeva Nighantu the Acharya mentioned properties of Chandana in different states, Chandana is Vata Shamaka in Suskha Avasta, it is Pitta Shamaka in Ardra Avasta, it is Kapha Shamaka in Madayama Avasta (Ardra-Sushka Avastha) and he also quoted properties of best quality Chandana that is bitter in taste, cold in potency, yellow in colour when rubbed and red in colour when chopped. The heartwood taken from the nodular part of Chandana tree which is heavy, red and on rubbing yields clear whitish yellow paste and which has pungent and bitter taste, cooling and very fragnant is considered as best quality Chandana according to Raja Nighantu. In Shodala Nighantu 8 types of Chandana are mentioned in which Sripriya Chandana is considered as Sweta Chandana and considered it as the best, all the 8 types of Chandana are similar in medicinal attributes such as Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka and Karma but there is difference only in Ganda and Varna, the properties of Sripriya Chandana or Sweta Chandana has Prahladana, and Hrudya properties and it posses Gandha, and Sheeta to higher extent. In Caraka Samhitha, Chandana is mentioned in various formulations such as Anu taila, Brahma Rasayana, Chywanprash, Nagabala Rasayana, Amalakayasa Brahma Rasayana, Indrokta Rasayana, Shadanga Paniya, Trayamanadya Ghrutam, Tiktashatpalaka Ghrutam, Mahatiktaka Ghrutam, Kalyanaka

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Ghrutam, Patolamooladi Kashayam, Hriveradi Ghrutam, Sunisannaka Changeri Ghrutam, Candanadya Ghrutam, Kiratadya Churnam, Madhukasava, Katukadhya Ghrutam, Mruta Sanjeevani Agada, Amrita Ghritam, Baladhya Tailam, Khadiradi Gutika, Khadiradi Tailam, Shrivestayakari Yogam, Bala Tailam, Amruta Tailam, Madhuparnyadi Tailam, Amrutadhya Tailam, Mahapadma Tailam, Khuddaka Padma Tailam in various diseases such as Siroruja, Daha, Sharira daurgandya, Kandu, Raktapitta, Vatarakta, Vatika Rogas, Apasmara, Unmada, Jwara, Swasa, Kshaya, Pleeha Rogas, Apasmara, Urdwajatru Gata Rogas, all types of Shotha, Urustambha, Visarpa, Chardi, Atisara, Pandu, Kamala, Trishna, Krimi, Vrana, Madatyaya, Gudabramsa etc. Chandana is mentioned in 6 Dasemanis i.e., Vishagna, Trishnanigrahana, Dahaprasamana, Angamarda prasamana, Kandugna, Varnyadi. Caraka mentioned Chandana in Tiktaskanda. Chandana is used as an external application in Vasanta Ritucharya and Greeshma Ritucharya. In Charaka Samhitha, Chandana is indicated in Alepa, Pralepa, Pradeha, Pariseka, Secana, Avagaha, Snana, Dhupana and Kashaya preparations.

Conclusion

The extensive survey of literature revealed that Chandana, is an important medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological actions. Externally Chandana is most widely used drug in Ayurveda. Vast study done on the plant reveals that it is included in many Ayurvedic formulations which are Rasayana, Kusthagna, Raktadoshahara, Vishagna, Pramehahara etc. This plant has significant role in prevention and treatment of the disease. Further evaluation needs to be carried out in order to explore the concealed areas and their practical clinical applications, which can be used for the welfare of the mankind.

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73. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume III. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 12th Chapter, p. 501.Verse 53.

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77. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume III. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 14th Chapter, p. 619.Verse 186.

78. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume III. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 14th Chapter, p. 621.Verse 193.

79. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume III. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 14th Chapter, p. 625.Verse 215.

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84. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 15th Chapter, p. 49. Verse 125.

85. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 15th Chapter, p. 52. Verse 137.

86. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 15th Chapter, p. 54. Verse 148.

87. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 16th Chapter, p. 95.Verse 47.

88. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 17th Chapter, p. 149. Verse 131.

89. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 18th Chapter, p. 179.Verse 90.

90. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 19th Chapter, p. 227.Verse 53.

91. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 20th Chapter, p. 251.Verse 32.

92. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 20th Chapter, p. 251.Verse 33.

93. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 21st Chapter, p. 280. Verse 54.

94. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 21st Chapter, p. 280.Verse 55.

95. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 21st Chapter, p. 284. Verse 74.

96. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 21st Chapter, p. 284. Verse 75.

97. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 21st Chapter, p. 285.Verse 76.

98. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 21st Chapter, p. 285. Verse 79.

99. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 22nd Chapter, p. 315. Verse 41.

100. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 23rd Chapter, p. 341 Verse 56.

101. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 23rd Chapter, p. 346.Verse 77.

102. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 23rd Chapter, p. 350. Verse 98.

103. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 23rd Chapter, p. 371. Verse 190.

104. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 23rd Chapter, p. 371. Verse 191.

105. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 23rd Chapter, p. 373.Verse 200.

106. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka

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Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 23rd Chapter, p. 382.Verse 242.

107. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 24th Chapter, p. 419.Verse 153.

108. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 25th Chapter, p. 449.Verse 47.

109. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 25th Chapter, p. 459.Verse 88.

110. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 25th Chapter, p. 459.Verse 92.

111. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 26th Chapter, p. 517.Verse 161.

112. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 26th Chapter, p. 521. Verse 177.

113. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 26th Chapter, p. 521.Verse 179.

114. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 26th Chapter, p. 521. Verse 182.

115. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 26th Chapter, p. 528.Verse 208.

116. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 26th Chapter, p. 530.Verse 216.

117. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume IV. Varanasi:

Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2007. Cikitsasthana 26th Chapter, p. 534.Verse 234.

118. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume V. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2009. Cikitsasthana 27th Chapter, p. 9.Verse 30.

119. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume V. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2009. Cikitsasthana 28th Chapter, p. 62. Verse 150.

120. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume V. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2009. Cikitsasthana 28th Chapter, p. 63. Verse 158.

121. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume V. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2009. Cikitsasthana 29th Chapter, p. 111.Verse 92.

122. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume V. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2009. Cikitsasthana 29th Chapter, p. 113.Verse 106.

123. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume V. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2009. Cikitsasthana 29th Chapter, p. 114.Verse 110.

124. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume V. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2009. Cikitsasthana 29th Chapter, p. 115.Verse 114.

125. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume V. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2009. Cikitsasthana 29th Chapter, p. 120.Verse 128.

126. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume VI. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2006. Siddisthana 3rd Chapter, p.225. Verse 47.

127. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume VI. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2006. Siddisthana 3rd Chapter, p. 226. Verse 48.

128. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume VI. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2006. Siddisthana 6th Chapter, p.278. Verse 49.

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129. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume VI. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2006. Siddisthana 10th Chapter, p. 372. Verse 22.

130. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume VI. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2006. Siddisthana 10th Chapter, p.377. Verse 42.

131. Sharma RK and Dash VB. Agnivesha’s Caraka Samhita. Volume VI. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan; reprint 2006. Siddisthana 10th Chapter, p. 377. Verse 43.

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Review Article

Swetha Chandana

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

Critical review of Swetha Chandana (Santalum album L.) in Nighantus and Caraka Samhita

Macharla V1*, lal Eslavath J2, Rani G S3, Narasimha V4, Vijayalakshmi A5

Introduction

Aim and Objectives

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Macharla V^1*, lal Eslavath J², Rani G S³, Narasimha V⁴, Vijayalakshmi A⁵