E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Chandra Avaleha

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 09 Number 06 JUNE
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

A Review on Chandra Avaleha an Ayurvedic Formulation in Anidra (Insomnia)

Rahul Jaiswal1*, Sharad Rathi2, Urmila Shukla3, Anshu Malviya4
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.6.31

1* Rahul Jaiswal, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Agadtantra Evum Vidhi Vaidyaka, Pt Khushilal Sharma Govt Ayurvedic College Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

2 Sharad Rathi, 4Lecturer, Department of Agadtantra Evum Vidhi Vaidyaka, Pt Khushilal Sharma Govt Ayurvedic College Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

3 Urmila Shukla, 3Professor HOD, Department of Agadtantra Evum Vidhi Vaidyaka, Pt Khushilal Sharma Govt Ayurvedic College Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

4 Anshu Malviya, 4Lecturer, Department of Agadtantra Evum Vidhi Vaidyaka, Pt Khushilal Sharma Govt Ayurvedic College Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Avaleha Kalpana is a type of Kashaya Kalpana. It is made by boiling and evaporating herbal medicines or other liquids with sweeteners until the Kashaya reaches the appropriate confirmatory indicators mentioned in the Samhita. Various Avaleha Kalpana have been cited by Acharyas as recommended for various diseases and disorders. Chandra Avaleha is a poly herbal formulation used for the management of various diseases like burning sensation in the hands and feet, dizziness, mania, and insomnia. Its primary constituents include Shatavari Shankhapushpi, Vidarikand, and Kushmand, in equal quantity. Prakshep Dravya (Finely ground medicine powder) is also added. Insomnia (Anidra) is the disorder of inadequate or poor quality and also quantity of sleep either due to difficulty in initiation of sleep (sleep onset insomnia), difficulty in maintaining sleep because of frequently waking up in between (sleep maintenance insomnia) or waking up too early in the morning (sleep offset insomnia). Here an attempt is carried out to explore the action of Chandra Avaleha for insomnia.

Keywords: Avaleha, Chandra Avaleha, Anidra, Insomnia, Shatavari, Shankhapushpi, Kushmand, Vidarikand

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Rahul Jaiswal, Post Graduate Scholar, Department of Agadtantra Evum Vidhi Vaidyaka, Pt Khushilal Sharma Govt Ayurvedic College Institute, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Email: 		Rahul Jaiswal, Sharad Rathi, Urmila Shukla, Anshu Malviya, A Review on Chandra Avaleha an Ayurvedic Formulation in Anidra (Insomnia). J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;09(06):201-208.
Available From
https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3301

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-04-14 2024-04-25 2024-05-06 2024-05-13 2024-05-25
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
Authors state no conflict of interest. Non Funded. The conducted research is not related to either human or animals use. 11.15 All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

© 2024by Rahul Jaiswal, Sharad Rathi, Urmila Shukla, Anshu Malviyaand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

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Introduction

The concept of Traya Upastambha in Ayurveda emphasizes three fundamental pillars essential for maintaining physical and mental well-being. These three components are Aahar (food), Nidra (sleep) and Brahmacharya (cilibacy).[1[,[2] Sleep (Nidra) is one of the essential factors for a healthy life. It is crucial to understand importance of sleep. Acharya Charak has mentioned importance of sleep in terms of happiness-misery, nourishment-emaciation, strength-weakness, potency-impotency, intellect-ignorance, life, and death of an individual depends on sleep whether it is proper or improper.[3]

Anidra (insomnia) is disorder characterised by insufficient or poor quality sleep, as well as a lack of quantity, either because of trouble falling asleep (sleep onset insomnia), trouble staying asleep because of frequent waking during night (sleep maintenance insomnia), or excessive early morning wakefulness (sleep offset insomnia). Chronic insomnia leads to severe fatigue, anxiety, depression and lack of concentration.[4]

Several lifestyle factors such as consumption of caffeine, excessive consumption of alcohol and intoxicating drugs, smoking, overwork, excessive exercise, and poor sleeping habits also play a significant role in development of insomnia. In Ayurveda, insomnia is classified under category of Nanatmaja Vat Vyadhi.[5] And its described as a symptom of various disorders,[6] and as a psychological disorder.[7] Insomnia can sap not only energy level and mood but also health, work performance and quality of life.

The Samhita lists several medicines for insomnia, Chandra Avaleha being one of them. Avaleha Kalpana is types of Kashaya Kalpana. It is made by boiling and evaporating moister content of herbal medicines or other liquids with sweeteners until Kashaya reaches appropriate confirmatory indicators mentioned in Samhita. Various Avaleha Kalpana have been cited by Acharyas as recommended for various diseases and disorders. Avleha are semisolid dosage forms that are predominantly taken orally.

Materials and Methods

A comprehensive evaluation of Ayurvedic text book and its corresponding commentaries has been conducted.

The topic has also been reviewed in the modern medicine text book, several clinical studies published in index journals that are gathered from the Ayush research portal, journals online, and numerous journal websites.

Drug Review

Chandra Avaleha is a poly herbal formulation used for the management of various diseases like burning sensation in the hands and feet, dizziness, mania, and insomnia. It has been descriped by Acharya Yadavji Trikamji in Sidhha Yoga Sangraha. Its primary constituents include Vidarikand, Shankhapushpi, Kushmand, and Shatavari in equal quantity. Prakshep Dravya (Finely ground medication powder) is also added.

Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus)
Numerous Ayurvedic literature, including Bhavparakash, Charak Samhita, Susruta Samhita, and multiple Nighnatus, made reference to A. racemosus.

Properties and Action
Rasa: Madhura, Tikta
Guna: Snigdha, Guru
Virya: Sita
Vipaka: Madhura
Karma: Vrsya, Balya, Medhya, Rasayana, Kaphavataghna, Pittahara, Vatahara, Stanyakara, Hradya, Netrya, Sukrala, Agnipushtikara[8]

Important Formulations: Satavari Guda, Brahma Rasayana, Puga Khanda, Saubhagya Shunthi, Maha Narayana Taila, Brahat Chagaladya Ghrita, Satavari Ghrita, Satavari Kalpa, Asvagandharitha, Narasimha Churna.[9]

Therapeutic Uses: Sotha, Kshaya, Parinama Sula, Gulma, Atisara, Raktatisara, Raktavikara, Mutrarakta, Amlapitta, Arsa, Svarabheda, Naktandhya, Vatarakta, Raktapitta, Visarpa, Sutika Roga, Stanya Dosa, Stanya Kshaya.[10]

Constituents: Sugar, Glycosides, Saponin, Sitosterol.

Phytochemicals of A. racemosus
Shatavari known to have a wider range of phytochemical constituents which are mentioned as below.

Kaepfrol - Kaepfrol with Sarsopgenin can be isolated from tuberculous root of A. racemosus[11]


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Furan compound: Racemofuran[12]
Flavenoids: Glycosides of quercetin, rutin, and hyperoside and present in flower and fruits.[13]
Sterols: Root contains sitosterols, 4-6-dihydryxy-2-0 benzaldehyde and undecanylcetanoate[14]
Polycyclic alkaloid: Asparagimne A.[15]
Cyclic hydrocarbon: racemosol, dihydrophenan - threne.[16]
Trace minerals such as Zinc, Copper, Cobalt, with calcium, potassium and selenium.[17]
Essential fatty acids: Gamma linoleinic acids, Vitamin A and quercetin.[18]

Asparagus racemosus Scientific Studies

Antitussive effect: Roots of A. racemosus methanolic extract at the dose of 200 and 400mg/kg showed very effective as an antitussive agent in mice.[19]

Antiprotozoal activity:A. racemosus crude alcoholic extract in vivo is working as an inhibitory agent in growth of Entamoeba histolytica.[20]

Antihepatotoxic activity: A. racemosus alcoholic extract of root has been shown to significantly reduce the enhanced levels of alanine transakinase, aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphate.[21]

Antineoplastic activity:Fresh root of A. racemosus in Choloroform/ methanol (1:1) extract of has been reported to reduce the tumour incidence in female rats. The report suggested it as a mammotropic or lactogenic.[22]

Immunomodulatory activity: Immunomodulating property of A. racemosus has proved to protect the rat and mice against experimental induced abdominal sepsis.[23,24]

Antidepressant activity: A. racemosus evaluated as an antidepressant effect in rats where methanolic extract of roots of A. racemosus in various doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg daily for 7 days and then subjected to tests like forced swim test (FST) and learned helplessness test (LH).

The results indicated that immobility in FST and increased avoidance response in LH indicating antidepressant agent in behavioral experiments.

So, Shatavari can work as significant antidepressant agent and its effect is mediated through serotonergic, noradrenergic systems.[25]

Anti-stress activity: A. racemosus can be useful as a anti stress agent. The effects of the methanol and aqueous extract of roots of these plants were examined in an experimental mouse stress model.[26]

Anti-inflammatory effects: A. racemosus root extract at the dose of 200mg/kg can reduce the tissue weight, inflammatory cytokine production, neutrophilmediated myeloperoxidase activity, so it can be worked as potential anti-inflammatory agent.[27]

Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis)
Shankhapushpi (C. pluricaulis) has been mentioned by various Ayurvedic texts like Bhavparakash, Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and several Nighnatus. It’s classified under four Medhya Rasayana by Acharya Charaka.

Properties and Action
Rasa : Tikta, Katu, Kasaya
Guna : Sara
Virya : Sita
Vipaka : Katu
Karma : Pittahara, Kaphahara, Rasayana, Medhya, Balya, Mohanasaka, Ayusya[28]
Important Formulations : Agastyaharitaki Rasayana, Brahma Rasayana, Brahmi Ghrita, Manasamitra Vataka, Gorocanadi Vati, Brarmi Vati

Phytochemicals of Convolvulus pluricaulis

It contains fructose, glucose, rhamnose, sucrose, starch, proteins, and amino acids. It also contains the alkaloids convolamine, convolvine, phyllabine, convolidine, confoline, convoline, subhirsine, convosine, and convolvidine, as well as fatty acid and wax constituents, hydrocarbons, aliphatic and sterol, and scopoline and Flavons Coumarin.[29]

Convolvulus pluricaulis Scientific Studies

Effect of CNS: The study examined the phytochemical profile of Convolvulus pluricaulis aerial portions and found that they contained carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Extracts from ethanol, aqueous, and chloroform demonstrated a notable anxiolytic effect.[30]

The dried powder of Shankhpushpi administered in anxiety induced animals, showed the significant anxiolytic behaviour.[31]


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The aqueous extraction of roots also showed the neuroprotective properties by scavenging various reactive oxygen species.[32]

Antiaddictive Effect: Shankhpushpi Churan (powder) was studied on alcoholic addictive mice for its antiaddictive behaviour. It showed the effective result on Cortico-hippocampal GABA levels and reported the antiaddictive potential.[33]

Neuroprotective effect: The methanolic extract of four varieties of Shankhpushpi showed the antiamensic effect by inhibiting the 5-lipooxygenase which is responsible for the neurodegenerative disorders.[34]

The aqueous extract of plant also reported neuroprotective effect scopolamine induced stress.[35]

Antigastric & Antiulcer effect: The Convolvulus pluricaulis in the form of fresh juice was given for 5 days, reported the significant result in protecting gastric mucosa by the production of mucin.[36]

Hepatoprotective effect: The hepatoprotective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis was studied on aqueous, alcoholic, chloroform extract. It is reported that serum biochemical parameters are decreased by extract treated animals.[37]

Vidarikand (Pueraria tuberosa)
Indian kudzu is the common name for Vidarikand (Pueraria tuberosa). The Vidarikand in Madhur Skandh and Kanthya, Snehopaga Mahakashaya, is mentioned by Acharya Charak. Acharya Vagbhatta referenced Vidarikand in Shaka Varga and Madhur Gana. The Vidarikand is mentioned by Bhavaprakash in its Guduchyadi Varga. Vidarikand is mentioned in Vidarigandhadi Gana, Valli Panchamoola, and Madhura Varga in the Sushruta Samhita.

Properties and Action
Rasa: Madhura
Guna: Snigdha, Guru
Virya: Sita
Vipaka: Madhura
Karma: Vatahara, Pittahara, Stanyada, Sukrala, Mutrala, Jivaniya, Rasayana, Brahaniya, Svarya, Varnaya, Balya[38]

Important Formulations:Vidaryadi kwatha Curna, Vidaryadi Ghrita, Marma Gutika, Manmathabhra Rasa.[39]

Phytochemicals of Pueraria tuberosa

85.1% dry matter, 64.6% carbs, 10.9% protein, 28.4% crude fibres, and 0.5% ether extract are all present in tubers. The compounds fructose, glucose, sucrose, and B-sitosterol have been identified. pterocarpan-tuberosin, pterocarpanone-hydroxytuberosone, two pterocarpenesanhydrotuberosin and 3-O-methylanhydrotuberosin, a coumestan-puerarostan, an isoflavone-puerarone, and a coumestan-puerarostan 3. Rich in isoflavanoids such genistein, daidzein, puerarin, and gingistin are tubers.[40]

Scientific Studies

Antioxidant: The primary isoflavanoid in Vidarikand that has been shown to have antioxidant properties is puerarin.[41]

Immunomodulting: The effects of isoflavones puerarin, daidzein, and genistein are primarily responsible for the substance's potential therapeutic use as an immunomodulator.[42]

Cardiotonic: The compound purerarin, which is found in Indian kudzu, has cardioprotective properties and guards against stress-induced myocardial ischemia.[43]

Aphrodisiac effect: According to our Samhita s, it exhibits the aphrodisiac effect.[44]

Nootropic effect: The nootropic effect of Vidarikand, which includes its ability to improve memory, increase neurogenesis, improve cognitive function, and boost intellect, is also present.[45]

Anti-oxidant: The enhanced activity of red blood cell anti-oxidant enzymes contributes to the anti-inflammatory impact of Pueraria tuberosa extracts.[46]

Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida)
Kushmanda is a significant medicinal plant that is well-known for both its therapeutic and dietary uses. Its limited usage has been described by Brhat Trayi under the category of Phalavarga.

It is most helpful in Apasmara and Mutravikaras. It is widely quoted in every Nighantus. It is cited by Dhanwantari Nighantu as the greatest among the Valliphala.

The characteristics of mature fruits, unripe fruits, juice, pulp, and leaves were all described independently by Kaiyadeva Nighantu.


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Properties and Action
Rasa : Madhura, Amla
Guna : Laghu
Virya : Sita
Vipaka : Madhura
Karma : Dipana, Hridya, Bastisodhaka, Vrisya, Balya, Mehana, Tridosahara, Arocakahara, Vatapittajit

Important Formulations: Kusmandaka Rasayana, Dhatryadi Ghrita, Vasty¡mayanaka Ghrita.[47]

Therapeutic Uses: Mutraghata, Prameha, Mutrakaccha, Asmari, Trishna, Manasa Vikara.

Phytochemical
Benincasa hispida fruits' primary ingredients were volatile oils, proteins, carotenoids, glycosides, saccharides, vitamins, minerals, uronic acid, and ß-sitosterin

Scientific Studies

Anti-oxidant activity: The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) of Benincasa hispida seeds extract were investigated using conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE), and DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity tests. The ethanolic extract gave the highest total phenolic content 11.34±1.3 mg GAE/g and antioxidant activity followed by ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract.[48]

Anti-inflammatory: Early studies on Benincasa hispida's aqueous extract revealed that it had anti-inflammatory properties.[49]

Antibacterial activity: A variety of pathogens, including gramme positive bacteria like M. luteus, S. aureus, and B. subtilis and gramme negative bacteria like E. coli and P. pneumophila, were examined for the antibacterial activity of B. hispida seed oil.[50]

Prakshep Dravya (Finely ground medication powder)

SNDrug NameBotanical NamePart UsedKarma[51]
1.AmalkiEmblica officinalisFruitTridoshahara, Rasayan, Vrashya
2.JatamanshiNordostachys jatamansiRootTridoshahara, Medhya, Nindrajanaka
3.SarpgandhaRauwolfia serpentinaRootNidraprad, Vishaghna, Vatakaphahara
4.ElaElettaria cardamomumSeedAnulomak, Hradya, Rochana, Dipan
5.DalchiniCinnamomum zeylanicumTwakKaphavatahara, Vishaghna
6.TejpatraCinnamomum tamalaPatraKaphavatahara, Rochya
7.NagkesarMesua ferreaPunkesarUrdhva Jatrugat Rogahara,
Vranya
8.MunnakaVitis viniferaFruitVatapittahara, Brahniya
9.Swet ChandanSentalum albumKaandPittahara, Hadya, Vrashya
10.KamalNelumbo nuciferaKandPittahara, Santaphara,Vranya
11.SarivaHemidesmus indicusRootTridoshaghna, Raktashodhak
12.MustakCyperus rotundusKandPittakaphahara, Sothahara
13.PadamakPrunus cerasoidesKaand Pittahara,Rochya,
14.UshirVetiveriya zizanioidisRootVatapittahara, Dehklantihatra
15.LavangSyzygium aromaticumPushpakalika Kaphpittsamayaka Rochya
16.Sita

Discussion

Chandra Avaleha is an Ayurvedic formulation containing Shatavari, Shankhapushpi, Vidarikand, and Kushmanda among other medicinal substances. It is considered a potentially effective treatment for insomnia, characterized by insufficient or poor-quality sleep. Chandra Avaleha takes a holistic approach to address various aspects of insomnia, including difficulties in falling asleep, staying asleep, and waking up refreshed, through the combined action of its ingredients.

According to Ayurvedic texts, Anidra (insomnia) is primarily caused by imbalances in Vata and Pitta Doshas. Shatavari, Vidarikand, and Kushmanda help pacify these aggravated Doshas due to their Madhura Rasa (sweet taste), Sita Virya (cooling potency), and Madhura Vipaka (sweet post-digestive effect). Shankhapushpi, with its Tikta Rasa (bitter taste) and Sita Virya, contributes to reducing Pitta dosha. Almost all components of Chandra Avaleha possess Sita Virya and Madhura Vipaka properties, which help balance Vata and Pitta Doshas and promote restful sleep.


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Chandra Avaleha has Balya (strengthening) and Medhya (brain tonic) properties, which reduce anxiety and stress, thereby enhancing sleep quality. Vidarikand, renowned for its rejuvenating properties, helps calm the mind and promote relaxation, facilitating the onset of sleep. Shankhapushpi, a well-known brain tonic, contributes to reducing anxiety and stress levels, common underlying factors in sleep disturbances. Shatavari further enhances the effectiveness of Chandra Avaleha in managing insomnia by supporting the nervous system and promoting a sense of calmness and tranquillity conducive to better sleep quality.

Conclusion

Overall, the comprehensive formulation of Chandra Avaleha addresses the intricate interplay of factors contributing to insomnia, offering a holistic approach towards restoring healthy sleep patterns. Further clinical studies and research are to validate and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of Chandra Avaleha in the management of insomnia, paving the way for its wider acceptance and utilization in clinical practice.Top of Form

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