E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Trichological Principles

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 10 OCTOBER
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

An Insightful Analysis of Trichological Principles in Ayurveda: A Systematic Review

Godbole DG1*, Sharanya CB2, Gururaj J3
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.10.21

1* Dipti G Godbole, Associate Professor, Department of Rachana Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute of Ayurveda and Hospital Kumbalagodu Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

2 Sharanya CB, BAMS Scholar, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute of Ayurveda and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

3 Gururaj J, Professor and HOD, Department of Rachana Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute of Ayurveda and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

In Ayurveda, Kesha, meaning that which grows on the head, is a crucial indicator of overall health, encompassing aesthetic, functional, and health-related aspects. Ayurveda emphasizes the connection between hair, Prakriti (body constitution), Dinacharya (daily routines), and Sadvritta (ethical conduct), offering various treatments for Kesha Vikaras (hair disorders). These range from external applications (Bahya Lepa) to head oil therapies (Murdhni Taila). The study aims to compile references on Kesha Sharira, focusing on development, nourishment, Prakriti-based characteristics, and hair disorders, as well as to identify Arishta Lakshana (fatal signs) and Duta Lakshana (messenger signs) related to hair. The research draws information from classical texts like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha and Sharangadhara Samhita along with scientific databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed. The compilation highlights the structural aspects along with the physiological development and nourishment of hair. Prakriti-based characteristics influence hair types, with Vata, Pitta, and Kapha dominance determining hair texture and growth patterns. Significant data includes the identification of Arishta Lakshana seen on Kesha and how it determines the prognosis in a patient as well as a healthy person. The study also highlights the major disorders like Kesha Vriddhi (excessive hair growth) and Kesha Kshaya (hair loss), which result from Dosha imbalances or other underlying conditions. Treatments like Snehika Nasya and Pracchana provide effective management for these conditions. In conclusion, addressing Kesha Vikaras requires a holistic approach, integrating lifestyle changes, ethical practices, and treatment modalities to restore both physical and mental well-being, enhancing overall quality of life.

Keywords: Keshasharira, Kesharoga, Aristalakshana, Dutalakshana

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Dipti G Godbole, Associate Professor, Department of Rachana Shareera, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara Institute of Ayurveda and Hospital Kumbalagodu Post, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Email:
Godbole DG, Sharanya CB, Gururaj J, An Insightful Analysis of Trichological Principles in Ayurveda: A Systematic Review. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(10):127-132.
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https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/3685

Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-09-13 2024-09-23 2024-10-02 2024-10-12 2024-10-22
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
None Nil Yes 13.27

© 2024by Godbole DG, Sharanya CB, Gururaj Jand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

Introduction

In Ayurveda, the concept of Kesha is derived from the phrase Ke Mastake Shete, meaning that which grows on the head[1], emphasizing the holistic importance of hair. Hair is not merely a physical attribute but a multifaceted entity encompassing aesthetic, functional and health-related dimensions.

According to Amarakosha, Kesha is referred to by various synonyms, such as Chikura, Kuntala, Bala, Kacha, and Shiroruha, each highlighting different characteristics. Collectively, these synonyms illustrate the significance of hair as both a marker of physical health and a representation of aesthetic and cultural identity in Ayurveda.

Hair in Ayurveda is closely associated with Prakriti (body constitutions), Dinacharya (daily routines), and Sadvrutta (ethical conduct), and is seen as a key indicator of overall health and well-being. Ayurveda mentions a variety of treatments for Kesha Vikaras (hair disorders), ranging from Bahya Lepa (external applications) to Murdhni Taila (head oil therapies).

Treatments for conditions like Kesha Vruddhi (excessive hair growth) include Haratala (Arsenic trisulfide) and Shami Phala (Prosopis cineraria), while Kesha Kshaya (hair loss), especially in Alopecia, is managed with Hastidanti Masi, Bhringaraja (Eclipta alba), and Amalaki (Phyllanthus emblica). These modalities aim to restore the physical appearance and vitality of the hair.

Objectives

1. To compile references on Kesha Sharira, focusing on development, nourishment, Prakriti-based characteristics, and hair disorders.
2. To highlight Arishta Lakshana (fatal signs) and Duta Lakshana (messenger signs) related to hair as described in classical texts.

Materials and Methods

The study draws from classics such as Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha, Bhavaprakasha Samhita and Sharangadhara Samhita supplemented by contemporary research accessed from databases like Google Scholar, PubMed, and ResearchGate.

Discussion

Rachanatmaka understanding of Kesha

1. Kesha Abhivyakti (hair development) begins in the sixth month, according to Acharya Vagbhata[2], while Acharya Charaka mentions ‘Sarva Bhava Apyayate’ that is all bodily elements, including hair, develop by the seventh month.[3]
2. Kesha is classified as Pitraja Bhava (paternal qualities)[4] with Parthiva Guna[5] (earth element).
3. Acharya Charaka specifies the number of Kesha, Loma, and Smashru (beard/mustache) in the body as 29,956, derived from hair follicles.[6]

Kriyatmaka understanding of Kesha

The nourishment of Kesha is derived from the Kitta Bhaga (waste part) of Ahara Rasa (nutrient fluid)[7], specifically from the Kitta Bhaga of Asthi Dhatu (bone tissue). This connection underscores how Asthi Pradoshaja Vikaras (bone tissue disorders) affect Kesha, Loma (body hair), and Smashru (beard/mustache).[8]

The characteristics of Kesha are influenced by Dosha predominance in the body (Prakriti)[9]

  • Vatala Purusha: Dry, sparse hair.
  • Pittala Purusha: Prone to early graying and balding.
  • Shleshmala Purusha: Thick, curly, strong hair.

Kesha Vikaras (Rogatmaka understanding of Kesha)

Any Vyadhi (disease) in Ayurveda is understood to arise from an imbalance in Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala within the body. Similarly, Kesha Vikaras (hair disorders) primarily manifest through two Samprapti (pathogenic processes), namely Kesha Vriddhi (excessive hair growth) and Kesha Kshaya (hair loss).

Kesha Vriddhi (Excessive Hair Growth):

  • Atiloma[10] - A genetic condition characterized by excessive hair growth, primarily affecting physical appearance without any underlying health concern.
  • Prameha Purvarupa[11] - In the premonitory stage of Prameha (diabetes), increased hair growth is observed as a symptom.

  • Rajayakshma Purvarupa[12] - In the premonitory stage of Rajayakshma (tuberculosis), excessive hair growth (Kesha Abhivruddhi) is a notable sign.

Kesha Kshaya (Hair Loss):

  • Aloma[13] - A genetic condition where hair loss occurs, again affecting physical appearance rather than indicating deeper pathology.
  • Asthi Kshaya[14] - Degeneration or depletion of Asthi Dhatu (bone tissue) can lead to Kesha Prapatana (hair fall), linking bone health directly with hair vitality.

Primary Kesha Disorders:

  • Darunaka[15]: Vata and Kapha imbalances causing hair loss and itching.
  • Indralupta[16]: Pitta and Vata imbalance obstructing hair follicles, causing hair fall.
  • Khalitya[17]: Hair loss due to Teja and Anila burning the scalp.
  • Palitya[18]: Premature greying due to Pitta acting on the scalp.
  • Malaja Krimi[19]: Acharya Charaka describes two types of parasites, Yuka (lice) and Pipilika (nits), which infest the Kesha (scalp hair), Loma (body hair), and Shmashru (beard/mustache), leading to Kandu (itching) in these areas. The treatment involves manual removal of the parasites, combined with specific therapeutic measures to eradicate lice and prevent re-infestation.

Secondary Kesha Disorders:

  • Asthi Pradoshaja Vikara[20]: When the Asthi Dhatu (bone tissue) becomes vitiated, it’s by-product, Kesha (hair), is also adversely affected, leading to hair-related disorders as a manifestation of deeper tissue imbalance.
  • Prameha Purvarupa: In the initial stages of Prameha Samprapti, there is the appearance of Jatilibhava (Matting) of Kesha[21].
  • Asadhya Lakshana of Jwara[22]: In the advanced, incurable stages of Jwara (fever), one of the ominous signs is the appearance of Kesha Simanta (parting of hair), indicating a poor prognosis.
  • Pushpaghni Jataharini[23]: As described by Acharya Kashyapa, this condition is characterized by weight gain (Sthula) and excessive hair growth (Loma) on the chin (Ganda) in females. This condition bears resemblance to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), where hirsutism is a prominent clinical feature.

Arishta Lakshana (fatal signs) of Kesha

Assessing Arishta Lakshana is crucial for a physician in determining whether to pursue treatment or shift focus towards palliative care. The identification of these fatal signs serves as the key to diagnosing Asadhya Vyadhi (incurable diseases)[24].

According to Acharya Charaka, if a physician attempts to treat an incurable disease, they risk losing their Artha (wealth), Vidya (knowledge), and Yasha (reputation).[25]

Arishta Lakshana is categorized into two types[26]

1. Purusha Ashrita: These are patient-specific signs, evaluated based on the individual's Prakriti (physiological state) and Vikriti (pathological changes).
2. Purusha Anashrita: These are Duta Lakshanas (messenger signs), examined through Aptopadesha (trusted reports) and Yukti (logical reasoning).

This classification aids the physician in making informed decisions about the prognosis and treatment course.

1. Purusha Ashrita Arishta Lakshana:

  • Loss of sensation in the Keshabhumi (scalp) when pulling hair indicates impending death within 6 days.[27]
  • Jatta Baddha (matted hair) on Pakshma (eyelashes) suggests death within 3 days (chronically ill) or 6 days (healthy).[28]
  • Sudden appearance of Simanta (parting) or Avarta (whorls) on the scalp and eyebrows is fatal within 3-6 days.[29]
  • Shiny, greasy scalp without oil application is a fatal sign.[30]

2. Purusha Anashrita Arishta Lakshana (Duta Lakshana):


    • If the patient's attendant or Duta (messenger) approaches the physician while engaging in Asashta Cheshta (inauspicious actions) such as touching the scalp or body hair, it is considered an Ashubha Lakshana (inauspicious sign), and the physician should refrain from treating the patient.[31]
    • If the Duta arrives when the physician has their hair left unbound or disheveled, it is also regarded as an Ashubha Lakshana, indicating that treatment should not be pursued for the patient.[32]
    • When the physician first approaches the patient, and the attendant is seen cleaning scalp or body hair, or removing unclean items from the area, this is an ominous sign for the patient’s life. Such actions are not only inauspicious but may also reflect poor care, which can significantly affect the prognosis and the overall well-being of the patient.[33]

    Treatment in Kesha Vikaras (Hair Disorders)

    1. Snehika Nasya (nasal administration of medicated oils) helps in preventing Kesha Prapatana (hairfall) by nourishing the scalp and strengthening hair roots.[34]
    2. Dhuma Pana (medicated smoke inhalation) is effective in Kesha Dridhikarana (strengthening of hair), promoting overall hair health and preventing premature hair loss.[35]
    3. Pracchana (therapeutic bloodletting) is considered the prime treatment for Indralupta (alopecia), helping to stimulate hair re-growth by addressing localized Dosha imbalances at the hair follicles.[36]

    Unique Formulations for Kesha Vikaras

    1. For Kesha Vriddhi: Lomashatana Yoga (Harataladi Yoga) for hair reduction.[37]
    2. Shamiphala: Used in KeshaVriddhi conditions for hair loss.[38]
    3. For Indralupta: Hastidanti Masi stimulates hair regrowth.[39]
    4. Ekamulika Prayoga (Single-Herb Applications):

    • Bhringaraja (Eclipta alba)[40] and Nili (Indigofera tinctoria)[41] act as natural hair dyes, causing Krishnikarana (darkening).
    • Madayantika (Lawsonia inermis)[42] with coconut oil prevents premature greying since it is widely used as a colouring agent.
    • Kaidarya (Murraya koengii) Taila[43] used as Shiro Abhyanga (head massage) improves hair texture, shine, and strength.
    • Amalaki (Phyllanthus embelica), a proven Rasayana, is beneficial for hair loss and premature greying.

    Pathya and Apathya

    Pathya (Favorable Practices):

    1. Madhura Rasa (sweet taste) is regarded as Keshya (beneficial for hair) due to its Snigdha (unctuous) and Mrudu (soft) properties, which contribute to Kesha Dridhikarana (strengthening of hair).[44]
    2. Nitya Taila Prayoga (regular application of oil) nourishes and protects the hair, enhancing its vitality and thus preventing damage.

    Apathya (Unfavorable Practices):

    1. Excessive consumption of Kshara (alkaline substances) and Lavana Ahara (salty food) leads to hair loss and brittleness, as these are classified as Na Ati Upayoga Dravyas (substances not recommended for regular use).[45]
    2. Ati Shiro Abhyanga (excessive head massage) should be avoided. Oil application should focus on nourishing the hair follicles, not over-stimulating them.

    Sadvrutta (Ethical Conduct) related to Kesha:

    1. Avoid inappropriate foods that are harmful to Kesha health, such as those that aggravate Vata or Pitta Dosha, which can lead to hair damage or loss.
    2. Kshaura Karma (hair trimming) should be performed regularly, ideally every five days or following the Tri-Pakshika (15-days) cycle to maintain healthy hair growth and prevent excessive growth or entanglement.[46]
    3. Kesha Prasadhana (combing of hair) should be done regularly to remove tangles, improve circulation, and stimulate hair follicles, promoting healthy hair growth.[47]
    4. Regular head baths (Snana) are essential for maintaining scalp hygiene and keeping hair clean, strengthening it against damage and disorders.

    Conclusion

    Kesha Vikaras profoundly affects individuals beyond mere physical appearance, they significantly influence psychological well-being.


    The condition of one’s hair reflects overall health, and understanding whether these disorders are primary - arising from Dosha imbalances - or secondary - resulting from other underlying conditions - is essential for effective treatment. This differentiation allows practitioners to customize interventions that target root causes rather than simply alleviating symptoms. Ayurveda advocates a holistic approach, integrating dietary adjustments, and lifestyle changes along with treatment modalities to restore balance.

    For example, employing Snehika Nasya can help prevent hair loss, while regular hair care practices, such as consistent combing and head baths, not only promote hair health but also enhance psychological comfort. Ultimately, addressing Kesha Vikaras encompasses more than improving aesthetics; it involves fostering mental health and self-esteem. By recognizing the multifaceted nature of these disorders and implementing comprehensive treatment strategies, practitioners can support individuals in achieving healthy hair alongside emotional and psychological balance, thus enhancing their overall quality of life. This holistic perspective underscores the interconnection of physical and mental health in Ayurveda.

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