E-ISSN:2456-3110

Review Article

Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences

2024 Volume 9 Number 12 DECEMBER
Publisherwww.maharshicharaka.in

Therapeutic potential of Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya: A Critical Review of Ayurvedic Literature and Pharmacological Insights

Sandwal S1*, Pandey YK2
DOI:10.21760/jaims.9.12.15

1* Swati Sandwal, Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Kayachikitsa, Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, New Delhi, India.

2 Yogesh Kumar Pandey, Associate Professor, Dept of Kayachikitsa, Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, New Delhi, India.

In the modern era of science and development, traditional medicines, especially those rooted in Ayurveda, hold significant therapeutic potential. Among Ayurveda's foundational texts, the Charaka Samhita emphasizes the importance of Bheshaja Chatushka, which includes chapters on therapeutic applications of various medicinal plants. In its Shadvirechanshtashreeya chapter, Acharya Charak introduces the concept of Maha Kashaya, encompassing 50 categories of 500 herbs classified based on their effects on biological systems. This study focuses on Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya, a group of ten medicinal plants renowned for their healing and tissue-binding properties. These plants aid in repairing fractures, stopping bleeding, and promoting the regeneration of muscles and bones. Their actions are attributed to their Kashaya Rasa (astringent taste) and their ability to induce tissue constriction (Sankuchana). A critical review of Ayurvedic literature, combined with the scientific classification and analysis of these plants, reveals their pharmacological potential. Key findings include detailed Ras Panchak profiles (taste, properties, potency, and post-digestive effects) of the ten plants, demonstrating their predominant Kashaya Rasa and Sheeta Virya (cooling potency), which facilitate wound healing. The discussion elaborates on the pharmacological mechanisms of prominent herbs like Madhuka, Guduchi, and Lodhra, highlighting their roles in collagen synthesis, anti-inflammatory effects, and antimicrobial properties. This exploration underscores the therapeutic relevance of Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya in promoting tissue healing, validated by its traditional applications and modern scientific insights. Such integrative studies bridge traditional knowledge and contemporary medicine, offering holistic approaches to health care.

Keywords: Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya, Tissue Healing, Wound Repair.

Corresponding Author How to Cite this Article To Browse
Swati Sandwal, Post Graduate Scholar, Dept of Kayachikitsa, Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, New Delhi, , India.
Email: 		Sandwal S, Pandey YK, Therapeutic potential of Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya: A Critical Review of Ayurvedic Literature and Pharmacological Insights. J Ayu Int Med Sci. 2024;9(12):123-131.
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Manuscript Received Review Round 1 Review Round 2 Review Round 3 Accepted
2024-11-12 2024-11-22 2024-12-02 2024-12-13 2024-12-27
Conflict of Interest Funding Ethical Approval Plagiarism X-checker Note
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© 2024by Sandwal S, Pandey YKand Published by Maharshi Charaka Ayurveda Organization. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ unported [CC BY 4.0].

J Ayu Int Med Sci 2024;9(12)123
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Swati S et al. Therapeutic potential of Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya

Introduction

In this era of science and development, a holistic approach to treatment is the basic need of the hour. The study of traditionally used medications in diverse indigenous medical systems is growing nowadays.

Among all literary works, the Charka Samhita is regarded as one of the oldest ancient medical texts. Charka explained Bheshaja Chatushka, a collection of therapeutic chapters, regarding  the medicinal indications of different plants. In fourth chapter of Bheshaja Chatushka, i.e., Shadvirechanshtashreeya is the fourth chapter of the Sutrasthana, Acharya Charak has expounded upon fifty Maha Kashaya. This chapter's primary focus is on fifty classes of five hundred herbs, chosen for their specific effects on different biological systems and ailments. These groups, which consist of ten plants apiece, are referred to as Maha Kashaya (classes of medications with comparable action characteristics).

Various medicinal plants have been the subject of scientific study and have numerous documented uses in traditional Ayurvedic scriptures. Here, we attempt to methodically examine and gather beneficial information on Maha Kashaya. Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya can be defined as union promoters. This Maha Kashaya works to promote or help unite or bind the Bhagna (fractured bone), Vichinna Rakta (disrupted blood), Mansa (muscle), and Asthiadi Dhatus (bone and other tissues). The Sandhaniya Guna (quality) of drugs especially works by its Kshaya Rasa (astringent taste), which causes Sankuchana (constriction) of Dhatu Avayava (body tissues) and hence promotes its binding action.

Methodology

Critical review of the literature
↓
Identify the Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya and mention its drug
↓
Scientific naming and classification of drugs were done
↓
Tabular presentation of Ras Panchak of drug of Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya
↓
Critical analysis of data was done

Observations

Table 1: Information of Drugs in Sandhaniya MahaKashaya

SNNameEnglish NameBotanical NameFamily
1.MadhukaLiquoriceGlycyrrhiza glabraFabaceae
2.GuduchiGiloeTinospora cordifoliaMenispermaceae
3.PrishnaparniPrsniparniUraria pictaFabaceae
4.PathaVelvetleafCissampelos pareiraMenispermaceae
5.SamangaTouch Me NotMimosa pudicaMimosaceae
6.DhatakiFire Flame BushWoodfordia fruticosaLytheraceae
7.LodhraLodhtreeSymplocos racemosaSymplocaceae
8.MochrasaSilk-Cotton TreeSalmalia malabaricaBombacaceae
9.PriyanguPerfumed CherryCallicarpa macrophyllaVerbenaceae
10.KatphalaBox MyrtleMyrica esculentaMyricaceae

Table 2: Description of drugs in Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya with their Ras Panchak.

SNNameRasaGunaViryaVipaka
1.MadhukaMadhura (Sweet)Guru (Heavy), Snigdha (Unctuous)Sheeta (Cooling)Madhura (Sweet)
2.GuduchiTikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)Guru (Heavy), Laghu (Light)Ushna (Heating)Madhura (Sweet)
3.PrishnaparniMadhura (Sweet), Katu (Pungent)Laghu (Light), Sara (Fluid)Ushna (Heating)Madhura (Sweet)
4.Ambastaki (Patha)Tikta (Bitter)Laghu (Light), Tikshna (Sharp)Ushna (Heating)Katu (Pungent)
5.SamangaTikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry)Sheeta (Cooling)Madhura (Sweet)
6.DhatakiKashaya (Astringent), Katu (Pungent)Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry)Sheeta (Cooling)Katu (Pungent)
7.LodhraKashaya (Astringent), Madhura (Sweet), Tikta (Bitter)Guru (Heavy), Ruksha (Dry)Sheeta (Cooling)Katu (Pungent)
8.MochrasaKashaya (Astringent)Laghu (Light), Snigdha (Unctuous)Sheeta (Cooling)Madhura (Sweet)
9.PriyanguTikta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent), Madhura (Sweet)Guru (Heavy), Ruksha (Dry)Sheeta (Cooling)Katu (Pungent)
10.KatphalaKashaya (Astringent), Tikta (Bitter), Katu (Pungent)Laghu (Light), Ruksha (Dry)Ushna (Heating)Katu (Pungent)

Discussion

1. From the above table, it can be analysed that out of 10 Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya drugs, most (7 drugs) are of Kashaya Rasa (astringent taste), which has properties as Ropan (healing),


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Kleda Shoshan (absorbing moisture), Sangrahi (binding), and hence works in Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya.
2. The second most predominant Rasa is Tikta (bitter), present in 6/10 drugs, which has properties as Kleda Medha Upshoshan (absorbing moisture and fat) and Sheeta (cooling), hence does its karma in Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya.
3. Other insignificant Rasas, Madhura (sweet) and Katu (pungent), are present in 3/10 drugs in Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya.

Table 3: Brief Information on Rasa classification of Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya Drugs

SNConstituent RasaNo. of DrugsDrugs Included
1.Kashaya (Astringent)7Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia Miers.], Lajjalu [Mimosa pudica Linn.], Mocharasa [Bombax ceiba Burm.f.], Dhataki [woodfordia fruticosa], Lodhra [symplocos racemosa], Priyangu [callicarpa macrophylla], Katphala [myrica esculenta]
2.Tikta (Bitter)6Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia Miers.], Patha [Cissampelos pareria Linn.], Lajjalu [Mimosa pudica Linn.], Lodhra [symplocos racemosa], Priyangu [callicarpa macrophylla], Katphala [myrica esculenta]
3.Madhura (Sweet)4Madhuyashthi [Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.], Prishniparni [Uraria picta Desv.], Lodhra [symplocos racemosa], Priyangu [callicarpa macrophylla]
4.Katu (Pungent)3Prishniparni [Uraria picta Desv.], Dhataki [Woodfordia fruticosa], Katphala [Myrica esculenta]

Table 4: Vipaka Classification of Sandhaniya MahaKashaya Drugs

SNConstituent VipakaNo. of DrugsDrugs Included
1.Madhura (Sweet)5Madhuyashthi [Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.], Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia Miers.], Prishniparni [Uraria picta Desv.], Lajjalu [Mimosa pudica Linn.], Mocharasa [Bombax ceiba Burm.f.]
2.Katu (Pungent)5Patha [Cissampelos pareria Linn.], Lajjalu [Mimosa pudica Linn.], Dhataki [Woodfordia fruticosa], Lodhra [Symplocos racemosa], Priyangu [Callicarpa macrophylla], Katphala [Myrica esculenta]

1. From the above table, it can be analyzed that out of 10 Sandhaniya MahaKashaya drugs, 5 drugs are of Madhura Vipaka (sweet post-digestive effect) and 5 are Katu Vipaka (pungent post-digestive effect).

Table 5: Virya classification of Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya Drugs

SNConstituent ViryaNo. of DrugsDrugs Included
1.Sheeta (Cooling)6Madhuyashthi [Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.], Lajjalu [Mimosa pudica Linn.], Mocharasa [Bombax ceiba Burm.f.], Dhataki [Woodfordia fruticosa], Lodhra [Symplocos racemosa], Priyangu [Callicarpa macrophylla]
2.Ushna (Heating)4Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia Miers.], Prishniparni [Uraria picta Desv.], Patha [Cissampelos pareria Linn.], Katphala [Myrica esculenta]

1. From the above table, it can be analyzed that out of 10 Sandhaniya MahaKashaya drugs, most (6 drugs) are of Sheeta Virya (cooling potency), which does Stambhan Karma (hemostatic action) and is Dahajeetam (alleviating burning sensation), hence promoting wound healing (Sandhaniya Karma). Sheeta Virya enhances Kapha Guna (qualities of Kapha Dosha) which promotes the binding action of Sandhaniya
2. The other 4 drugs are of Ushna Virya (heating potency).

Mode of Action

Madhuka [1] (Liquorice)
Mode of Action as Sandhaniya Karma

1. Stimulation of Collagen Synthesis:[2] Herbs with Sandhaniya Karma often stimulate collagen production, crucial for strengthening tissues and facilitating wound closure.
2. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties:[3] They typically exhibit antioxidant effects, protecting cells from oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce swelling and aid in healing.
3. Promotion of Granulation Tissue:[4] These herbs support the formation of granulation tissue, which provides a base for new tissue growth and vascularization.
4. Antimicrobial Effects:[5] Many herbs with Sandhaniya Karma possess antimicrobial properties, helping to prevent infections that could impede healing.
5. An anti-ulcer agent:[6] Licorice has been utilized historically as an effective antiulcer agent. Glycyrrhizin extracted from licorice, specifically DGL (deglycyrrhizinated licorice), is commonly used for treating ulcers. Carbenoxolone derived from licorice roots demonstrates antiulcerogenic effects by inhibiting gastrin secretion.


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Licorice also elevates prostaglandin levels in the digestive system, promoting stomach mucus secretion. Additionally, it prolongs the lifespan of stomach surface cells and exhibits an ant pepsin effect.[7]

Guduchi (Giloe)

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) is a well-known herb in Ayurveda that is often attributed with Sandhaniya Karma due to its rejuvenate and tissue-healing properties.

Mode of Action of Guduchi

1. Immunomodulation:[8] Guduchi is renowned for its immunomodulatory effects, enhancing the body's defence mechanisms. It helps in boosting immunity which aids in faster recovery from various ailments, including wounds.
2. Anti-inflammatory Properties:[9] The herb has potent anti-inflammatory actions that reduce inflammation and swelling, promoting faster healing of tissues.
3. Antioxidant Effects:[10] Guduchi is rich in antioxidants, which protect cells from oxidative stress and damage. This property is crucial in maintaining cellular integrity and aiding in tissue repair.
4. Rejuvenative and Tissue-Healing:[11] Guduchi is classified as Rasayana in Ayurveda, which means it has rejuvenated propertie. It helps in regeneration & healing of tissue, making it effective in wound healing & recovery after injuries.
5. Wound Healing:[12] Guduchi is known for its wound healing properties. The plant contains various chemical constituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolics, and polysaccharides. Its extracts promote collagen synthesis and are rich in protein, calcium, and phosphorus.

Prishnaparni

"Prishnaparni," scientifically known as Uraria picta, is recognized in Ayurveda for its therapeutic actions, including its role as a "Sandhaniya Karma," which involves tissue healing and rejuvenation. Here’s an overview of its mode of action in this context:

Mode of Action of Prishnaparni as Sandhaniya Karma

1. Anti-inflammatory Properties:[13] Prishnaparni exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects,

which help in reducing inflammation and swelling in various conditions. This property helps to promote tissue repair and regeneration.
2. Antioxidant Activity:[14] The herb is rich in antioxidants, which protect cells from oxidative stress and damage. Antioxidants play a vital role in maintaining cellular integrity and supporting tissue healing processes.
3. Wound Healing Abilities:[15,16] Prishnaparni is known for its wound healing properties. It helps in the formation of new tissue and accelerates the closure of wounds, thereby facilitating faster recovery.
4. Immunomodulatory Actions:[17] Similar to Guduchi, Prishnaparni also exhibits immunomodulatory effects, enhancing the immune response of the body. This property supports overall healing and recovery from various ailments.

Patha

Patha," known scientifically as Cissampelos pareira, is another Ayurvedic herb that is valued for its therapeutic properties, including its role as a "Sandhaniya Karma," which involves tissue healing and rejuvenation.

Mode of action of Patha[18] as Sandhaniya Karma

1. Anti-inflammatory Properties: Patha exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects, which help in reducing inflammation and swelling. This property is crucial for promoting tissue repair and regeneration, making it useful in conditions involving inflammation.
2. Antioxidant Activity: The herb possesses antioxidant properties that protect cells from oxidative stress and damage. Antioxidants play a vital role in maintaining cellular health and supporting tissue healing processes.
3. Wound Healing Abilities: Patha is known for its wound healing properties. It promotes the formation of new tissue and accelerates the closure of wounds, facilitating faster recovery and regeneration of damaged tissues.
4. Anti-ulcer Activity[19]: Patha exhibits anti-ulcer properties, attributed to flavonoid quercetin. It has shown effectiveness against various ulcer-inducing agents like ethanol, aspirin, cold-resistant stress, and pylorus ligation in rat models at doses of 25-100 mg/kg.


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5. Immunomodulatory Actions: Similar to other Sandhaniya herbs, Patha also exhibits immunomodulatory effects, enhancing the body's immune response. This property aids in overall healing and recovery from various ailments.

Samanga

Samanga, or Mimosa pudica, is a plant known for its unique reaction to touch, where its leaves fold inward when touched or disturbed, a phenomenon known as thigmonasty. In the context of Ayurveda, it has several medicinal properties, including those that can be associated with Sandhaniya Karma, which involves wound healing and tissue repair. Here’s an overview of Mimosa pudica's mode of action in Sandhaniya Karma:

Mode of Action (Sandhaniya Karma) of Samanga (Mimosa pudica):

1. Wound Healing:[20,21] Mimosa pudica has been traditionally used in Ayurveda for its wound healing properties. It helps in the regeneration of skin tissues and promotes faster healing of wounds and cuts.
2. Anti-inflammatory: The plant exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce inflammation in wounds and alleviate pain associated with injuries.
3. Antimicrobial: Mimosa pudica has antimicrobial properties that help in preventing infections in wounds. It acts against various pathogens, including bacteria and fungi, thereby promoting clean and sterile healing conditions.
4. Astringent: It contains tannins, which contribute to its astringent properties. This helps in stopping bleeding by contracting blood vessels, promoting hemostasis in wounds.

Dhataki

"Dhataki" is a Sanskrit term that refers to a medicinal plant known as Woodfordia fruticosa. In Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, "Sandhaniya Karma" refers to the therapeutic actions related to healing, joining, or uniting tissues or wounds.

Mode of Action (Sandhaniya Karma) of Dhataki:[22]

Dhataki is primarily known for its styptic and wound-healing properties in Ayurvedic medicine. Its mode of action (Karma) can be summarized as follows:

1. Styptic Action: Dhataki has astringent properties due to tannins present in its flowers. This helps in stopping bleeding by contracting blood vessels and promoting blood clotting.
2. Wound Healing:[23] Dhataki promotes wound healing by accelerating the formation of granulation tissue, which is essential for the repair of damaged tissue. This action is attributed to its ability to enhance tissue regeneration and provide a protective barrier against infections. It promotes tissue regeneration and aids in healing ulcers such as ulcerative colitis, peptic ulcers, and mouth sores.
3. Anti-inflammatory: It has mild anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce inflammation at the site of wounds or injuries.
4. Antimicrobial: Dhataki exhibits antimicrobial properties against a range of bacteria and fungi, which can help prevent infections in wounds.

Lodhra

"Lodhra," scientifically known as Symplocos racemosa, is another important medicinal plant in Ayurveda known for its therapeutic properties, including its Sandhaniya Karma, which refers to its ability to promote healing and joining of tissues. Here's an overview of Lodhra's Sandhaniya Karma:

Mode of Action (Sandhaniya Karma) of Lodhra

1. Wound Healing:[24] Lodhra is renowned for its wound healing properties. It promotes the regeneration of skin tissues and accelerates the closure of wounds. This action is crucial in traditional Ayurvedic formulations for treating cuts, burns, and other skin injuries.
2. Anti-inflammatory: It possesses anti-inflammatory effects, helping to reduce inflammation in wounds and promoting faster healing.
3. Astringent: Lodhra contains tannins that give it astringent properties. This helps in stopping bleeding and contracting tissues, which is beneficial in managing bleeding wounds and hemorrhages.
4. Antimicrobial: Lodhra has antimicrobial activity against fungi and bacteria. This property helps prevent infections in wounds and promotes sterile healing conditions.
5. Anti-ulcer Activity: Lodhra's aqueous and ethanolic extracts demonstrate anti-ulcer activity in animal models. They reduce ulcer index significantly and exhibit anti-secretory activity by decreasing gastric volume and acidity.[25]


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Mochrasa

"Mochras" typically refers to "Mochrus,[26] scientifically known as Salmalia malabarica, a plant used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Its Sandhaniya Karma pertains to its ability to aid in wound healing and tissue repair. Here’s an overview of Mochras (Salmalia malabarica) and its Sandhaniya Karma.

Mode of Action (Sandhaniya Karma) of Mochras.

1. Wound Healing: Mochras is valued in Ayurveda for its wound healing properties. It helps in the regeneration of tissues and accelerates the closure of wounds, thereby facilitating faster recovery from injuries.
2. Anti-inflammatory: It exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, which contribute to reducing inflammation site of wounds. This property helps in alleviating pain & swelling associated with injuries.
3. Astringent: Mochras contains tannins that provide it with astringent properties. This aids in stopping bleeding by causing the contraction of blood vessels, thereby promoting hemostasis in wounds.
4. Antimicrobial: The plant possesses antimicrobial properties against a range of pathogens, including bacteria and fungi. This antimicrobial activity helps in preventing infections in wounds, ensuring a clean and sterile healing environment.
5. Anti-haemorrhagic Action:[27] Mochras, or Salmalia malabarica, acts as an anti-haemorrhagic agent and is used externally for wound healing in cattle.

Priyangu

In Ayurveda, Pyriyangu, known for its Sandhaniya Karma, accelerates wound healing through its regenerative properties.[28]

  • Promotion of Granulation Tissue Formation: Pyriyangu facilitates the formation of granulation tissue, which is crucial for wound healing. This tissue provides a scaffold for new blood vessels and collagen deposition, essential for repairing damaged tissue.

Mode of Action (Sandhaniya Karma) of Pyriyangu.

1. Anti-inflammatory Properties:[29] Pyriyangu exhibits anti-inflammatory effects,

helping to reduce inflammation at the wound site. This property is important as excessive inflammation can delay healing processes.
2. Antimicrobial Activity:[30] Many herbs with Sandhaniya Karma, including Pyriyangu, possess antimicrobial properties. This helps in preventing infections at the wound site, thereby promoting faster healing.
3. Collagen Synthesis:[31] Pyriyangu stimulates collagen synthesis, which is necessary for strengthening the newly formed tissue and enhancing wound closure.
4. Enhancement of Epithelialization:[32] Epithelialization is the process where new epithelial cells migrate and cover the wound. Pyriyangu accelerates this process, leading to faster closure of the wound.

Katphala

"Katphala" refers to the herb Myrica esculenta, which is known for its therapeutic properties, including its role as a "Sandhaniya Karma," or a substance that promotes wound healing and tissue regeneration[33] Kataphala's Sandhaniya Karma involves stimulating collagen synthesis, reducing inflammation, and promoting granulation tissue formation, thereby enhancing wound healing.

Mode of Action (Sandhaniya Karma) of Katphala:[34]

1. Stimulation of Collagen Synthesis: Kataphala enhances the synthesis of collagen, a key protein in connective tissues, which strengthens the wound site and facilitates faster healing.
2. Anti-inflammatory Properties: It possesses anti-inflammatory effects, helping to reduce inflammation at the wound site, which can otherwise hinder the healing process.
3. Antimicrobial Activity: Kataphala exhibits antimicrobial properties, which protect against infections that can delay wound healing.
4. Promotion of Granulation Tissue Formation: It promotes the formation of granulation tissue, providing a scaffold for new blood vessels and cells essential for tissue repair.

Conclusion

Sandhaniya Maha Kashaya, a unique group of ten medicinal plants, holds immense promise in promoting tissue healing and repair,


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as highlighted in Ayurvedic literature and supported by contemporary pharmacological insights. These plants, characterized primarily by their Kashaya Rasa (astringent taste) and Sheeta Virya (cooling potency), exhibit properties that aid in wound healing, bone repair, and tissue regeneration. The detailed analysis of individual plants like Madhuka, Guduchi, and Lodhra demonstrates their significant roles in stimulating collagen synthesis, reducing inflammation, and preventing microbial infections, which are crucial for effective healing. Furthermore, the integration of traditional Ayurvedic principles with modern scientific understanding bridges the gap between ancient knowledge and current medical practices.

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