Ayurvedic perspective and clinical significance of millets

P. Neelayathatchi; Tanuja Manoj Neasri; Chandra Shekhar Sanwal

doi:10.21760/jaims.8.12.25

P. Neelayathatchi Assistant Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India.
Tanuja Manoj Neasri Director, Professor & HOD, Dept. of Dravyaguna, All India Institute of Ayurveda, New Delhi, India.
Chandra Shekhar Sanwal Deputy Chief Executive Officer, National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.21760/jaims.8.12.25

Keywords: Millets, Kshudra Dhanya, Phyto-chemicals, biological activity

Abstract

The study aims to elicit the the therapeutic potential of Kudhanya/Kshudra Dhanya (millets) in Ayurvedic perspective substantiated with conventional scientific findings. In this review methodology followed includes review of various literature beginning from ancient Ayurvedic classics, conventional scientific and research-oriented publications comprising research papers, journals, periodicals etc. Ayurvedic classical literature replicate that since long time Kshudra Dhanya (millets) have been widely utilised in day today practice as a supplementary dietary product as well as therapeutic potential to overcome sedentary lifestyle induced epidemic of Non-communicable diseases (Santarpana Janya Vyadhi). In Ayurveda explanation of millets in terms of its properties, therapeutic potential, indications, contra-indications, processing are explained well. Millets are endowed with rich source of minerals, micronutrients, phenolic -componds, anti-oxidants. This analysis was tending to put forth the proper usage of millets to better enhancement of health in mankind.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Sireesha Y, Kasetti RB, Swapna SAS, Apparao C. Anti hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Setaria italica seeds in STZ diabetic rats. Pathophysiology.2011; 18: 159-164.

Saleh ASM, Zhang Q, Chen J,Shen Q. Millet grains: Nutritional Quality, Processing, and Potential Health Benefits. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2013;12: 281-295.

ScalbertA, Manach C, Morand C, Remesy C, Jimenez L. Dietary polyphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2005 ;45: 287-306.

Manach C, Mazur A, Scalbert A. Polyphenols and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 2005;16: 77-84.

Chandrasekara A, Shahidi F. Bioaccessibility and antioxidant potential of millet grain phenolics as affected by simulated in vitro digestion and microbial fermentation. J. Funct. Foods.2012;4: 226-237.

Edge MS, Jones JM, Marquart L. A new life for whole grains. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2005;105: 1856-1860.

Miller G. Whole grain, fiber and antioxidants. In: Spiller, G.A. (ed). Handbook of dietary fiber in Human Nutrition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.2001; 453-460.

World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018.

Khetan A, Zullo M, Rani A, et al. Effect of a community health worker-based approach to integrated cardiovascular risk factor control in India. A cluster randomized controlled trial. Glob. Heart. 2019;14:355–365.

Amadou I, Gounga ME, Le GW. Millets: Nutritional composition, some health benefits and processing-A review. Emir. J. Food Agric.2013; 1:501-8.

Acharya kaiyadeva. Dhanyavarga. In: Prof priyavratsharma, Dr guru prasadasharma (eds.) Kaiyadeva Nighantu (Pathyaapthyavibhodika). Varanasi: Choukambha Orientalia; 1979: 301.

Dixit AA, Azar KM, Gardner CD, Palaniappan LP. Incorporation of whole, ancient grains into a modern Asian Indian diet to reduce the burden of chronic disease. Nutr. Rev. 2011 ;69:479-88.

Tadele Z. Drought adaptation in millets. In.Tech; 2016;639-632.

Das IK, Padmaja PG. Biotic Stress Resistance in Millets. 1st ed. Elsevier; 2017

Baker RD. Millet Production Guide. Cooperative Extension Service. College of Agriculture and Home Economics, New Mexico State University. A. 2003;414.

Amadou I, Gounga ME, Le GW. Millets: Nutritional composition, some health benefits and processing-A review. Emir. J. Food Agric.2013;501-8.

Sarita ES, Singh E. Potential of millets: nutrients composition and health benefits. J. Sci. Innov. Res.2016;5:46-50.

Taylor JR, Emmambux MN. Gluten-free foods and beverages from millets. InGluten-free cereal products and beverages. Academic Press. 2008;119-V.

Bora P, Ragaee S, Marcone M. Characterisation of several types of millets as functional food ingredients. Int. J. Food. Sci. Nutr. 2019 ;70:714-24.

Saleh AS, Zhang Q, Chen J, Shen Q. Millet grains: nutritional quality, processing, and potential health benefits. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2013;12:281-95.

Kumari K S, Thayumanavan B. Characterization of starches ofproso, foxtail, barnyard, kodo, and little millets. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr.1998; 53:47.

Ugare R, Chimmad B, Naik R, Bharati P, Itagi S. Glycemic index and significance of barnyard millet Echinochloa frumentacae in type II diabetics. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2014;51: 392–395.

Renganathan VG, Vanniarajan C, Nirmalakumari A, Raveendran M, Thiyageshwari S. Cluster analyses for qualitative and quantitative traits in barnyard millet Echinochloa frumentacea Roxb. Link germplasm. Bioscan. 2017;12:1927-31.

Vanniarajan C, Anand G, Kanchana S, Veeranan V, Giridhari A, Renganathan VG. A short duration high yielding culture-Barnyard millet ACM 10145. A Research Journal.Agric. Sci. Dig. 2018;38:123-6.

Panwar P, Dubey A, Verma AK. Evaluation of nutraceutical and antinutritional properties in barnyard and finger millet varieties grown in Himalayan region. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2016 Jun;53:2779-87.

Nguyen H D, Bingtian Z, Le D A T, Yoon YH, Ko JY, Woo K S, et al. Isolation of lignan and fatty acid derivatives from the grains of Echinochloa utilis and Their Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem.2016; 64: 425–432.

Sayani R, Chatterjee A. Nutritional and biological importance of the weed Echinochloa colona: a review. Int. J. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2017;2: 31–37.

Chethan S, Sreerama YN, Malleshi NG. Mode of inhibition of finger millet malt amylases by the millet phenolics. Food Chem.2008; 111:187–91.

Rohn S, Rawel HM, Kroll J .Inhibitory effects of plant phenols on theactivity of selected enzymes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002;50:3566-3571

Sripriya G, Chandrasekharan K, MurtyVS, Chandra TS. ESR spectroscopic studies on free radical quenching action of finger miller Eleusine coracana. Food Chem.1996; 57:537–540.

Pradhan A, Nag SK, Patil SK. Dietary management of finger millet Eleusine coracana L. Gaerth controls diabetes. Curr. Sci. 2010;98:763-5.

Ramachandra G, Virupaksha TK, Shadaksharaswamy M. Relation between tannin levels and in vitro protein digestibility in finger millet Eleusine coracana Gaertn. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1977;25:1101-4.

Saito N, Sakai H, Suzuki S, Sekihara H, Yajima Y. Effect of an α-glucosidase inhibitor voglibose, in combination with sulphonylureas, on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients. J. Int. Med. Res.1998;26:219-32.

Toeller M. α-Glucosidase inhibitors in diabetes: efficacy in NIDDM subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Invest.1994; 24:31-5.

Bailey CJ. New approaches to the pharmacotherapy of diabetes. In:Pickup JC, William G Eds Textbook of Diabetes 3 rd Edn. Vol 2. Blackwell Science Ltd., UK, 2001; 73.1-73.2

Garí JA. Review of the African millet diversity. In:International workshop on fonio, food security and livelihood among the rural poor in West Africa Bamako, Mali: IPGRI/IFAD.2002;19-22.

VanderJagt DJ, Brock HS, Melah GS, El-Nafaty AU, Crossey MJ, Glew RH. Nutritional factors associated with anaemia in pregnant women in northern Nigeria. J. Health Popul. Nutr.2007 ;25:75.

Malleshi NG. Decorticated finger millet Eleusine coracana. US Patent 2003/0185951. 2003;86.

Chethan S, Malleshi NG. Finger millet polyphenols: Characterization and their nutraceutical potential. Am. J. Food Technol.2007;2:582-92.

Mizutani K, Ikeda K, Kawai Y, Yamori Y. Extract of wine phenolics improves aortic biomechanical properties in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats SHRSP. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 1999;45:95-106.

Antony U, George Moses L, Chandra TS. Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli by fermented flour of finger millet Eleusine coracana. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1998 ;14:883-6.

Leder I .Sorgum and millets. In: Fuelky G Eds. Cultivated Plants Pri-marily as Food Sources. Vol I. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems.2010;66-100

Das AK, Singh V. Antioxidative free and bound phenolic constituents in botanical fractions of Indian specialty maize Zea mays L. genotypes. Food chem. 2016;201:298-306.

Chandrasekara A, Shahidi F. Bioactivities and antiradical properties of millet grains and hulls. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011;59:9563-71.

Zhang L, Liu R, Niu W. Phytochemical and antiproliferative activity of proso millet. PloS one. 2014; 9:e104058.

Chandrasekara A, Shahidi F. Antioxidant phenolics of millet control lipid peroxidation in human LDL cholesterol and food systems. J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc.2012;89:275-85.

Sharma S, Saxena DC, Riar CS. Antioxidant activity, total phenolics, flavonoids and antinutritional characteristics of germinated foxtail millet Setaria italica. Cogent food agric.2015;1:1081728.

Kuruburu MG, Bovilla VR, Leihang Z, Madhunapantula SV. Phytochemical-rich Fractions from Foxtail Millet Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv seeds exhibited antioxidant activity and reduced the viability of breast cancer cells in vitro by inducing DNA fragmentation and promoting cell cycle arrest. Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem.2022;22:2477-93.

Hegde PS, Chandra TS. ESR spectroscopic study reveals higher free radical quenching potential in kodo millet Paspalum scrobiculatum compared to other millets. Food Chem. 2005;92:177-82.

Kumar P, Prasad R, Kumar R. Underutilised Millets: a way to nutritional security. Int. j. environ. agric. res.2016;4:726-34.

Hegde PS, Chandra TS. ESR spectroscopic study reveals higher free radical quenching potential in kodo millet Paspalum scrobiculatum compared to other millets. Food Chem. 2005 ;92:177-82.

Srinivasan A, Aruldhas J, Perumal SS, Ekambaram SP. Phenolic acid bound arabinoxylans extracted from Little and Kodo millets modulate immune system mediators and pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. J. Food Biochem.2021;45:e13563.

Pradeep PM, Sreerama YN. Phenolic antioxidants of foxtail and little millet cultivars and their inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Food Chem. 2018;247:46-55.

GuhaM, SreeramaYN, MalleshiNG. Influence of processing on nutraceuticals of little millet Panicum sumatrense in Processing and Impact on Active Components in Food Academic Press, Cambridge,MA, USA. 2015; 353–360.

Kushwaha A, Singh A, Sirohi R, Tarafdar A. Effect of hydrothermal treatment and milling parameters on milling and nutritional qualities of finger millet Eleusine coracana. J. Agric. Eng. 2019;55:34-46.

Kumar P, Prasad R, Kumar R. Underutilised Millets: a way to nutritional security. Int. j. environ. agric. res. 2016;4:726-34.

Obafaye RO, Omoba OS. Orange peel flour: A potential source of antioxidant and dietary fiber in pearl‐millet biscuit. J. Food Biochem. 2018 ;42:e12523.

Kaur P, Purewal SS, Sandhu KS, Kaur M, Salar RK. Millets: A cereal grain with potent antioxidants and health benefits. J. Food Meas. Charact. 2019;13:793-806.

Srilekha K, Kamalaja TK, Uma Maheswari, Neela Rani R. Nutritional Composition of Little Millet Flour. Int. Res. J. Pure Appl. Chem.2019;20:1-4.

Chauhan M, Sonawane SK, Arya SS. Nutritional and nutraceutical properties of millets: a review. Clin. J. Nut. Diet. 2018;1:1-0.

Acharya charaka. Sutrasthana, AnnapanavidhiAdhyaya. In: Vaidya JadavajiTrikamji Acharya ed. CharakaSamhitha. Delhi: ChaukhambaPrakashan; 2011;154-155.

Acharya Bhavamishra. Dhanyavarga. In:Sri. Brahmasankaramisra and Sri Rupalalji Vaisya eds. Bhavaprakasa.VaranasiChoukambhasanskrit bhavan; 2015. p. 656-661.

Acharya kaiyadeva. Dhanyavarga. In: Prof priyavratsharma, Dr guru prasadasharma (eds.) Kaiyadeva Nighantu (Pathyaapthyavibhodika). Varanasi: Choukambha Orientalia. 1979;301.

Acharya Madana vinoda. Shalyadi Dhanya varga .In: prof Dr.gyanendra pandey, eds.Madhanaphalanighantun, varanasi: chaukambha orientalia 2009;923-924

Acharya Sodhala. Trina Dhanyavarga.In: dr.gyanendra pandey, prof. R.R.dwiwedi,Prof. M.SBahel eds. Sodhalanighantu, varanasi, Chaukambha krishnadas academy, publications. 2009;400-401

Khan N, Afaq F, Saleem M, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Targeting multiple signaling pathways by green tea polyphenol (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Cancer Res. 2006;66:2500-5.

Shankar S, Ganapathy S, Hingorani SR, Srivastava RK. EGCG inhibits growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Front Biosci. a journal and virtual library. 2008;13:440-52.

Singh BN, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Green tea catechin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate EGCG: mechanisms, perspectives and clinical applications. Biochem Pharmacol. 2011;82:1807-21.

Verma V, Patel S. Nutritional security and value added products from finger millets ragi. J. appl. chem.2012;1:485-9.

Mishra V, Yadav N, Pandey S, Puranik V. Bioactive components and nutritional evaluation of underutilized cereals. Ann Phytomed. 2014;3:46-9.

Manju S, Khurana SP. Alternative healthy food crops. Nutr. Food Sci. 2014;4.

Goron TL, Raizada MN. Genetic diversity and genomic resources available for the small millet crops to accelerate a New Green Revolution. Front. Plant Sci. 2015;6:157.

Wang DM, Yang YJ, Zhang L, Zhang X, Guan FF, Zhang LF. Naringin enhances CaMKII activity and improves long-term memory in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci.2013;14:5576-86.

Boz H. p‐Coumaric acid in cereals: presence, antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.Int. J. Food Sci. Technol.2015;50:2323-8.

Kannan RR, Arumugam R, Thangaradjou T, Anantharaman P. Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant properties and p-coumaric acid analysis in some seagrasses.Food Res. Int. 2013;54: 1229-36.

Ferguson LR, Zhu ST, Harris PJ. Antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of plant cell wall hydroxycinnamic acids in cultured HT‐29 cells. Mol. Nutr. Food. Res.2005;49:585-93.

Gupta MB, Bhalla TN, Gupta GP, Mitra CR, Bhargava KP. Anti-inflammatory activity of taxifolin. Jpn J Pharmacol.1971;21:377-82.

Graf E. Antioxidant potential of ferulic acid. Free. Radic. Biol. Med. 1992;13:435-48.

Akihisa T, Yasukawa K, Yamaura M, Ukiya M, Kimura Y, Shimizu N, Arai K. Triterpene alcohol and sterol ferulates from rice bran and their anti-inflammatory effects. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000;48:2313-9.

Oosterveld A, Pol IE, Beldman G, Voragen AG. Isolation of feruloylated arabinans and rhamnogalacturonans from sugar beet pulp and their gel forming ability by oxidative cross-linking. Carbohydr. Polym.2001;44:9-17.

Rukkumani R, Aruna K, Suresh Varma P, Padmanabhan Menon V. Hepatoprotective role of ferulic acid: a dose-dependent study. J. Med. Food.2004 ;7:456-61.

Connelly L, Barham W, Onishko HM, Chen L, Sherrill TP, Zabuawala T, Ostrowski MC, Blackwell TS, Yull FE. NF-kappaB activation within macrophages leads to an anti-tumor phenotype in a mammary tumor lung metastasis model. Breast Cancer Res.2011;13:1-4.

Hadi I, Hussein HM. Antimicrobial Activity and spectral chemical analysis of methanolic leaves extract of Adiantum Capillus-Veneris using GC-MS and FT-IR spectroscopy. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res. 2016;8:369-85.

Choi JM, Lee EO, Lee HJ, Kim KH, Ahn KS, Shim BS, Kim NI, Song MC, Baek NI, Kim SH. Identification of campesterol from Chrysanthemum coronarium L. and its antiangiogenic activities. Phytother. Res. 2007;21:954-9.

Kuruburu MG, Bovilla VR, Leihang Z, Madhunapantula SV. Phytochemical-rich Fractions from Foxtail Millet (Setariaitalica (L.) P. Beauv) seeds exhibited antioxidant activity and reduced the viability of breast cancer cells in vitro by inducing DNA fragmentation and promoting cell cycle arrest. Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 2022;22:2477-93.

Thathola A, Srivastava S, Singh G. Effect of foxtail millet (Setariaitalica) supplementation on serum glucose, serum lipids and glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetics. Diabetol. Croat. 2011;40:23-9.

Pradhan A, Nag SK, Patil SK. Dietary management of finger millet (Eleusinecoracana L. Gaerth) controls diabetes. Curr. Sci. 2010;98:763-5.

Chethan S, Sreerama YN, Malleshi NG. Mode of inhibition of finger millet malt amylases by the millet phenolics. Food Chem. 2008;111:187-91.

Rohn S, Rawel HM, Kroll J. Inhibitory effects of plant phenols on the activity of selected enzymes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002;50:3566-71.

Sripriya G, Chandrasekharan K, Murty VS, Chandra TS. ESR spectroscopic studies on free radical quenching action of finger millet Eleusine coracana. Food Chem. 1996 ;57:537-40.

Bailey CJ. New approaches to the pharmacotherapy of diabetes. Textbook of diabetes. 2003;2:73-1.

Antony U, George Moses L, Chandra TS. Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli by fermented flour of finger millet Eleusine coracana. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1998 ;14:883-6.

Ryan L, Thondre PS, Henry CJ. Oat-based breakfast cereals are a rich source of polyphenols and high in antioxidant potential. J Food Compost Anal. 2011;24:929-34.

Pragya S, Rita SR. Finger millet for food and nutritional security. Afr. J. Food Sci. 2012; 6:77-84.

SK M, Sudha K. Functional and phytochemical properties of finger millet Eleusine coracana L. for health. Int. J. pharmaceu.Chem. Bio. Sci. 2012;2:431-8.

Bachar K, Mansour E, Khaled AB, Abid M, Haddad M, Yahya LB, El Jarray N, Ferchichi A. Fiber content and mineral composition of the finger millet of the Oasis of Gabes Tunisia. J Agric Sci.2013;5:219.

Gull A, Jan R, Nayik GA, Prasad K, Kumar P. Significance of finger millet in nutrition, health and value added products: a review. Magnesium. 2014;130:120.

Ryan L, Thondre PS, Henry CJ. Oat-based breakfast cereals are a rich source of polyphenols and high in antioxidant potential. J Food Compost Anal.2011;24:929-34.

Abubakar A, Bala S, Audu EA, Mohammad S, Gero M, Lande L. Characterization and the anti-nutritional composition of unprocessed finger millet Eleusine coracana. Int. J. Food Nutr. Saf. 2015; 6:117-24.

Chethan S. Finger millet Eleusine coracana polyphenols and their nutraceutical potential Doctoral dissertation, University of Mysore.2008.

Birhanu WT, Chaueby AK, Teklemariam TT, Dewu BM, Oladipo MO, Ahmed YA, Abubakr N. Analysis of essential elements in Ethiopian finger millets Eleusine coracanda by instrumental neutron activation analysis INAA. Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci.2015;4:82.

Goron TL, Raizada MN. Genetic diversity and genomic resources available for the small millet crops to accelerate a New Green Revolution. Front. Plant Sci. 2015; 6:157.

Odusola KB, Ilesanmi FF, Akinloye OA. Assessment of nutritional composition and antioxidant ability of pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum. Am. J. Res. Commun. 2013;262-72.

AM NA, AM AI. Supplementation and cooking of pearl millet: changes in anti-nutrients, and total minerals content and extractability. Innov. Rom. Food Biotechnol. 2014;12:9-22.

Hellen MN, Mutuku CN. Comparative study on the antibacterial and chemical constituents of Pennisetumglaucum pearl millet and Zea mays maize. Int. J. Nutr. Metab. 2015 ;7:46-51.

Goron TL, Raizada MN. Genetic diversity and genomic resources available for the small millet crops to accelerate a New Green Revolution. Front. Plant Sci.2015; 6:157.

Zhang L, Liu R, Niu W. Phytochemical and antiproliferative activity of proso millet. PloS one. 2014; 9:e104058.

Kim JY, Jang KC, Park BR, Han SI, Choi KJ, Kim SY, Oh SH, Ra JE, Ha TJ, Lee JH, Hwang J. Physicochemical and antioxidative properties of selected barnyard millet Echinochloa utilis species in Korea. Food Sci. Biotechnol.2011;20: 461-9.

Sayani R, Chatterjee A. Nutritional and biological importance of the weed Echinochloacolona: a review. Int. J. Food, Sci. Biotechnol. 2017;2: 31-7.

Krishna Kumari S, Thayumanavan B. Characterization of starches of proso, foxtail, barnyard, kodo, and little millets. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr.1998;53: 47-56.

Surekha N, Naik RS, Mythri S, Devi R. Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea Link) cookies: development, value addition, consumer acceptability, nutritional and shelf life evaluation. IOSR J. Environ. Sci., Toxicol. Food. Technol.2013;7:1-0.

Ugare R, Chimmad B, Naik R, Bharati P, Itagi S. Glycemic index and significance of barnyard millet (Echinochloafrumentacae) in type II diabetics. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2014;51:392-5.

Goron TL, Raizada MN. Genetic diversity and genomic resources available for the small millet crops to accelerate a New Green Revolution. Front. Plant. Sci. 2015; 6:157.

Pradeep PM, Sreerama YN. Phenolic antioxidants of foxtail and little millet cultivars and their inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Food Chem. 2018;247 :46-55.

Itagi S, Naik R, Yenagi N. Versatile little millet therapeutic mix for diabetic and non diabetics. Asian J. Sci. Technol. 2013;4 :33-5.

Thakur M, Tiwari P. Millets: the untapped and underutilized nutritious functional foods. Plant Arch.2019; 19:875-83.

Dykes L, Rooney LW. Phenolic compounds in cereal grains and their health benefits. Cereal foods world. 2007; 52:105-11.

Sarita ES, Singh E. Potential of millets: nutrients composition and health benefits. J. Sci. Innov. Res. 2016;5:46-50.

Polkampally S. HEALTH: Millet Use Against Modern Medications to Treat Obesity and Diabetes.

Obilana AB, Manyasa E. Millets. In Pseudocereals and less common cereals: grain properties and utilization potential PS Belton and JRN Taylor eds. Springerverlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York. 2002:177-217.

Geervani P, Eggum BO. Nutrient composition and protein quality of minor millets. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 1989;39:201-8.

Wahnschaffe U, Schulzke JD, Zeitz M, Ullrich R. Predictors of clinical response to gluten-free diet in patients diagnosed with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2007;5:844-50.

Vazquez–Roque MI, Camilleri M, Smyrk T, Murray JA, Marietta E, O'Neill J, Carlson P, Lamsam J, Janzow D, Eckert D, Burton D. A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:903-11.

Anitha S, Govindaraj M, Kane‐Potaka J. Balanced amino acid and higher micronutrients in millets complements legumes for improved human dietary nutrition. Cereal Chem. 2020;97:74-84.

Nayak S, Meti R. Development of multi-millet therapeutic food product for Type II diabetes.2021.

Joshi S, Srivastava S. Barnyard millet as a substitute of rice in preparation of khichdi for diabetics. Int. J. Sci. Res. 2016;5:1798-802.

Chauhan M, Sonawane SK, Arya SS. Nutritional and nutraceutical properties of millets: a review. Clin. J. Nut. Diet. 2018;1:1-0.

Jun DY, Lee JY, Han CR, Kim KP, Seo MC, Nam MH, Kim YH. Pro-apoptotic and anti-adipogenic effects of proso millet Panicum miliaceum grains on 3t3-l1 preadipocytes. J. Life Sci. 2014;24:505-14.

Shimanuki S, Nagasawa T, Nishizawa N. Plasma HDL subfraction levels increase in rats fed proso-millet protein concentrate. Med Sci Monit. 2006;12:221-6.

Murtaza N, Baboota RK, Jagtap S, Singh DP, Khare P, Sarma SM, Podili K, Alagesan S, Chandra TS, Bhutani KK, Boparai RK. Finger millet bran supplementation alleviates obesity-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and gut microbial derangements in high-fat diet-fed mice. Br. J. Nutr, 2014;112:1447-58.

Lakshmi Kumari P, Sumathi S. Effect of consumption of finger millet on hyperglycemia in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus NIDDM subjects. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 2002;57:205-13.

Srivastava K, Sharma AK. Nutraceutical importance of finger millet Eleusine coracana for improved human health. Eur. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol. 2012;6:91-5.

Corke H, Huang Y, Li JS. Coix: overview. Encyclopedia of food grains. 2016;1:184-9.

Lucy OF, Ifedayo OA. Guinea Corn (Sorghum vulgare) Leaf, a potential source of nutrients and phytochemicals. Food Public Health. 2012;6:228-30.

Shen RL, Zhang WL, Dong JL, Ren GX, Chen M. Sorghum resistant starch reduces adiposity in high-fat diet-induced overweight and obese rats via mechanisms involving adipokines and intestinal flora. Food.Agri. Immunol. 2015;26:120-30.

Saleh AS, Zhang Q, Chen J, Shen Q. Millet grains: nutritional quality, processing, and potential health benefits. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf.2013;12:281-95.

Gaitan E, Lindsay RH, Reichert RD, INGBAR SH, Cooksey RC, Legan J, MEYDRECH EF, HILL J, KUBOTA K. Antithyroid and goitrogenic effects of millet: role of C-glycosylflavones. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.1989;68:707-14.