Yoga as a complementary therapy for HIV/AIDS
Abstract
HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an infection that targets the immune system. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the disease’s advanced stage. The first well-documented case of HIV in humans was found in Congo in 1959. During HIV infection, the worst effect is on our body’s immune system due to which the number of CD4+ cells, an important cell in our body, starts decreasing and ultimately this infection takes the form of AIDS. It is possible to avoid this because after this infection, it takes more than 10 years for it to take the form of AIDS. if Yoga therapy is adopted during this period, then the rate of this infection can definitely be reduced. Previous studies showed that Yoga therapy increased the number of vital cells like CD4+. Swami Kuvalayananda introduced Yoga therapy to India in the 1920s. Yoga therapy that involves physical movement or postures, breathing techniques, kriyas and meditation. These practices promote organ system harmony and balance, resulting in improved health and sense of well-being. Various studies have shown that Yoga improved mental health and quality of life of people living with HIV. The study concluded that Yoga therapy can be included as a complementary therapy in the treatment of HIV/AIDS.
Downloads
References
Cohen, M. S., Hellmann, N., Levy, J. A., DeCock, K., & Lange, J. (2008). The spread, treatment, and prevention of HIV-1: evolution of a global pandemic. The Journal of clinical investigation, 118(4), 1244-1254.
WHO, (2023). World Health Organization, HIV/AIDS key fact. https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/ detail/hivaids#:~:text=Overview,cells%2C%20weakening%20the%20immune%20system.
UNAIDS (2017). Fact sheet – Latest statistics on the status of the AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS, Geneva. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
UNAIDS, (2013). UNAIDS reports a 52% reduction in new HIV infections among children and a combined 33% reduction among adults and children since 2001. UNAIDS, Geneva. https://www.unaids.org/en/ resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/september/20130923prunga
UNAIDs, U., & World Health Organization, (2011). Global HIV/AIDS response: epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access: progress report 2011. Global HIV/AIDS response: epidemic update and health sector progress towards universal access: progress report 2011.
Kallings, L. O. (2008). The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS. Journal of internal medicine, 263(3), 218-243.
UNAIDS, (2013). New HIV infections among children have been reduced by 50% or more in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa. UNAIDS, Geneva. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2013/june/20130625prglobalplan
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC), (2011). HIV surveillance – United States, 1981–2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(21), 689–93.
Kirwan, P. D., Chau, C., Brown, A. E., Gill, O. N., & Delpech, V. C. (2016). HIV in the UK—2016 report. London: Public Health England, 201(6).
Haddad, N., Robert, A., Weeks, A., Popovic, N., Siu, W., & Archibald, C. (2019). HIV: HIV in Canada—Surveillance report, 2018. Canada communicable disease report, 45(12), 304.
Central Intelligence Agency, (2010). Country Comparison: HIV/AIDS-Adult Prevalence Rate.
Nayak, N. N., & Shankar, K. (2004). Yoga: a therapeutic approach. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 15(4), 783-798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2004. 04.004
Monro, R. (1997). Yoga therapy. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 1(4), 215-218.
Stephens, I. (2017). Medical Yoga therapy. Children, 4(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/children4020012
Gilbert, M. T. P., Rambaut, A., Wlasiuk, G., Spira, T. J., Pitchenik, A. E., & Worobey, M. (2007). The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(47), 18566-18570. doi:10.1073/pnas.0705329104
Sharp, P. M., & Hahn, B. H. (2011). Origins of HIV and the AIDS pandemic. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 1(1). doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
Keele, B. F., Van Heuverswyn, F., Li, Y., Bailes, E., Takehisa, J., Santiago, M. L. & Hahn, B. H. (2006). Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1. Science, 313(5786), 523-526. doi:10.1126/science.1126531
Reeves, J. D., & Doms, R. W. (2002). Human immunodeficiency virus type 2. Journal of general virology, 83(6), 1253-1265. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-83-6-1253
Goodier, J. L., & Kazazian, H. H. (2008). Retrotransposons revisited: the restraint and rehabilitation of parasites. Cell, 135(1), 23-35. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.022
Zhu, T., Korber, B. T., Nahmias, A. J., Hooper, E., Sharp, P. M., & Ho, D. D. (1998). An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic. Nature, 391(6667), 594-597. doi:10.1038/35400
Lederberg J, ed. (2000). Encyclopedia of Microbiology (2nd ed.). Burlington, MA: Elsevier. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-08-054848-7.
Mandell, G.L., Bennett, J.E. and Dolan, R. (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. Churchill Livingstone.
World Health Organization, (2007). WHO case definitions of HIV for surveillance and revised clinical staging and immunological classification of HIV-related disease in adults and children. Geneva:World Health Organization. pp. 6–16. ISBN 978-92-4-159562-9
Schneider, E., Whitmore, S., Glynn, M. K., Dominguez, K., Mitsch, A., & McKenna, M. T. (2008). Revised surveillance case definitions for HIV infection among adults, adolescents, and children aged< 18 months and for HIV infection and AIDS among children aged 18 months to< 13 years—United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports, 57(10), 1-12.
Selik, R. M., Mokotoff, E. D., Branson, B., Owen, S. M., Whitmore, S., & Hall, H. I. (2014). Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection—United States, 2014. Morbidity and mortality weekly report: Recommendations and reports, 63(3), 1-10.
Rom, W. N., & Markowitz, S. B. (Eds.). (2007). Environmental and occupational medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 745. ISBN 978-0-7817-6299-1
Kripke, C. (2007). Antiretroviral prophylaxis for occupational exposure to HIV. American Family Physician, 76(3), 375–76.
Van der Kuyl, A. C., & Cornelissen, M. (2007). Identifying HIV-1 dual infections. Retrovirology, 4, 1-12. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-4-67
Baggaley, R. F., Boily, M. C., White, R. G., & Alary, M. (2006). Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aids, 20(6), 805-812. doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000218543.46963.6d
Cavendish, M. (2008). Diseases and disorders. Tarrytown, New York. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-7614-7771-6.
Vogel, M., Schwarze-Zander, C., Wasmuth, J. C., Spengler, U., Sauerbruch, T., & Rockstroh, J. K. (2010). The treatment of patients with HIV. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 107(28-29), 507. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2010.0507
Evian, C. (2006). Primary HIV/AIDS care: A practical guide for primary health care personnel in a clinical and supportive setting. Jacana Media. ISBN 978-1-77009-198-6.
Elliott, T. (2012). Lecture Notes: Medical Microbiology and Infection. John Wiley & Sons. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-118-37226-5.
Sestak, K. (2005). Chronic diarrhea and AIDS: insights into studies with non-human primates. Current HIV Research, 3(3), 199-205. doi:10.2174/1570162054 368084
Murray, E. D., Buttner, N., & Price, B. H. (2012). Depression and psychosis in neurological practice. Bradley, WG; Daroff, RB; Fenichel, GM; et al. Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice: Expert Consult, 1(6), 101-102. ISBN 978-1-4377-0434-1.
Brenchley, J. M., Price, D. A., Schacker, T. W., Asher, T. E., Silvestri, G., Rao, S., ... & Douek, D. C. (2006). Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nature medicine, 12(12), 1365-1371. doi:10.1038/nm1511
Crosby, R., & Bounse, S. (2011). Condom effectiveness: where are we now?. Sexual health, 9(1), 10-17. doi:10.1071/SH11036
World Health Organization (2003). Condom Facts and Figures. https://web.archive.org/web/201210181455 13/http://www.wpro.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs_200308_Condoms/en/index.html
Gallo, M. F., Kilbourne-Brook, M., & Coffey, P. S. (2012). A review of the effectiveness and acceptability of the female condom for dual protection. Sexual health, 9(1), 18-26. doi:10.1071/SH11037
Celum, C., & Baeten, J. M. (2012). Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence. Current opinion in infectious diseases, 25(1), 51-57. doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e32834ef5ef
Anglemyer, A., Rutherford, G. W., Horvath, T., Baggaley, R. C., Egger, M., & Siegfried, N. (2013). Antiretroviral therapy for prevention of HIV transmission in HIV‐discordant couples. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (4). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009153.pub3
Chou, R., Selph, S., Dana, T., Bougatsos, C., Zakher, B., Blazina, I., & Korthuis, P. T. (2012). Screening for HIV: systematic review to update the 2005 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Annals of internal medicine, 157(10), 706-718. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-10-201211200-00007
Owens, D. K., Davidson, K. W., Krist, A. H., Barry, M. J., Cabana, M., Caughey, A. B., ... & US Preventive Services Task Force. (2019). Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Jama, 321(22), 2203-2213. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.6390
Choopanya, K., Martin, M., Suntharasamai, P., Sangkum, U., Mock, P. A., Leethochawalit, M., ... & Vanichseni, S. (2013). Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. The Lancet, 381(9883), 2083-2090. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61127-7
Kuhar, D. T., Henderson, D. K., Struble, K. A., Heneine, W., Thomas, V., Cheever, L. W., ... & Panlilio, A. L. (2013). Updated US Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 34(9), 875–92. doi:10.1086/672271
Linden, J. A. (2011). Care of the adult patient after sexual assault. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(9), 834-841.
Young, T., Arens, F. J., Kennedy, G. E., Laurie, J. W., & Rutherford, G. W. (2007). Antiretroviral post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002835.pub3
Kurth, A. E., Celum, C., Baeten, J. M., Vermund, S. H., & Wasserheit, J. N. (2011). Combination HIV prevention: significance, challenges, and opportunities. Current Hiv/aids Reports, 8, 62-72. doi:10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3
Coutsoudis, A., Kwaan, L., & Thomson, M. (2010). Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings. Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 8(10), 1163-1175. doi:10.1586/eri.10.94
Siegfried, N., van der Merwe, L., Brocklehurst, P., & Sint, T. T. (2011). Antiretrovirals for reducing the risk of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV infection. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (7). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003510.pub3
Horvath, T., Madi, B. C., Iuppa, I. M., Kennedy, G. E., Rutherford, G. W., & Read, J. S. (2009). Interventions for preventing late postnatal mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (1). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006734.pub2
World Health Organization, (2015). WHO validates elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis in Cuba. https://web.archive.org/web/2015 0904154356/http://who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/mtct-hiv-cuba/en/
May, M. T., & Ingle, S. M. (2011). Life expectancy of HIV-positive adults: a review. Sexual health, 8(4), 526-533.
Jenny, C. (2010). Child Abuse and Neglect E-Book: Diagnosis, Treatment and Evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 978-1-4377-3621-2
Juma, M. K., & Klot, J. (Eds.). (2011). HIV/AIDS, gender, human security, and violence in Southern Africa. African Books Collective. ISBN 978-0-7983-0253-1.
Ukockis, G. (2016). Women's issues for a new generation: A social work perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190239404.
Glazzard, J., & Stones, S. (2020). Relationships and Sex Education for Secondary Schools (2020): A Practical Toolkit for Teachers. Critical Publishing. ISBN 978-1913063689.
Mori, I. (2014). HIV Public Knowledge and Attitudes, 2014. Natl AIDS Trust.
Blechner, M. J. (2013). Hope and mortality: Psychodynamic approaches to AIDS and HIV. Routledge.
Kirby, D. B., Laris, B. A., & Rolleri, L. A. (2007). Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world. Journal of adolescent Health, 40(3), 206-217. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.143
Falkenberg, R. I., Eising, C., & Peters, M. L. (2018). Yoga and immune system functioning: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of behavioral medicine, 41, 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865 -018-9914-y
Swain, S. L., McKinstry, K. K., & Strutt, T. M. (2012). Expanding roles for CD4+ T cells in immunity to viruses. Nature Reviews Immunology, 12(2), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri3152
Chandra, B. H., Ramesh, M. N., & Nagendra, H. R. (2019). Effect of Yoga on immune parameters, cognitive functions, and quality of life among HIV-positive children/adolescents: a pilot study. International journal of Yoga, 12(2), 132-138. https://doi.org/10.4103 /ijoy.IJOY_51_18
Kaushik, D., Shah, P. K., Mukherjee, N., Ji, N., Dursun, F., Kumar, A. P., ... & Liss, M. A. (2022). Effects of Yoga in men with prostate cancer on quality of life and immune response: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases, 25(3), 531-538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-021-00470-w
Seyed Alinaghi, S., Jam, S., Foroughi, M., Imani, A., Mohraz, M., Djavid, G. E., & Black, D. S. (2012). Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction delivered to human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients in Iran: effects on CD4⁺ T lymphocyte count and medical and psychological symptoms. Psychosomatic medicine, 74(6), 620–627. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31825abfaa
Sakthivel, R. (2022). Impact of adherence counselling with hatha Yoga on HIV-infected adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. HIV & AIDS Review. International Journal of HIV-Related Problems, 21(3), 215-221. https://doi.org/10.5114/hivar.2022.117284
Gopalan, B. P., Dias, M., Arumugam, K., D’Souza, R. R., Perumpil, M., Kulkarni, P., ... & Shet, A. (2019). Effect of structured physical activity on inflammation and immune activation profile of antiretroviral therapy-experienced children living with HIV. Pediatric exercise science, 32(2), 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes. 2019-0126
Nair, P. M. (2019). Naturopathy and Yoga as an Adjuvant for People Living With HIV/AIDS–A Case Series Report. EXPLORE, 15(4), 291-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.explore.2019.02.001
Quigley, A., Brouillette, M. J., Gahagan, J., O’Brien, K. K., & MacKay-Lyons, M. (2020). Feasibility and impact of a Yoga intervention on cognition, physical function, physical activity, and affective outcomes among people living with HIV: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), 19, 2325958220935698. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958220935698
Naoroibam, R., Metri, K. G., Bhargav, H., Nagaratna, R., & Nagendra, H. R. (2016). Effect of Integrated Yoga (IY) on psychological states and CD4 counts of HIV-1 infected patients: a randomized controlled pilot study. International journal of Yoga, 9(1), 57-61. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.171723
Kuloor, A., Kumari, S., & Metri, K. (2019). Impact of Yoga on psychopathologies and quality of life in persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 23(2), 278-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.10.005
Wimberly, A. S., Engstrom, M., Layde, M., & McKay, J. R. (2018). A randomized trial of Yoga for stress and substance use among people living with HIV in reentry. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 94, 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.08.001
Cade, W. T., Reeds, D. N., Mondy, K. E., Overton, E. T., Grassino, J., Tucker, S. & Yarasheski, K. (2010). Yoga lifestyle intervention reduces blood pressure in HIV‐infected adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors. HIV medicine, 11(6), 379-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.14681293.2009.00801.x
Copyright (c) 2024 Pankaj Patidar, Pragati Bhutoria
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) retains the copyright of the contents of this journal but grant the readers the right to use the contents with terms and conditions under a creative common attribution licenses 4 of Attribution, Share Alike and Non-commercial type (CC BY-NC-SA) that allows copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for non-commercial purposes.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
