Assessing the effects of Mucuna Pruriens in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease: A Review
Abstract
Mucuna pruriens (Mp) is one of the most widely used medicinal plants in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine. Recognized for its high nutritional value, Mp has long been an important food source in Asia, the Americas, and various African countries. Additionally, it serves as a cover crop and animal fodder. Traditionally, Mp has been employed as an antivenom for snake bites. Research suggests that it possesses numerous beneficial properties, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-epileptic, and anti-microbial activities. It is also commonly used as a potent aphrodisiac.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurological disorder characterized by the gradual degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, leading to movement impairments such as resting tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. The anti-Parkinsonian potential of Mp has been investigated since the 19thcentury, with various studies highlighting its neuroprotective effects. Levodopa (L-DOPA), a key phytoconstituent of Mp, is primarily responsible for its anti-PD properties. Besides L-DOPA, other bioactive compounds present in Mp exhibit antioxidant and neuroprotective effects.This review explores the ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, and anti-PD potential of Mp based on available literature, including preclinical studies and select clinical trials involving PD patients. Furthermore, it underscores the significance of Mp in PD management through a comprehensive analysis of existing research. These insights may contribute to the development of future therapeutic strategies for more effective PD treatment.
Downloads
References
Zahra W, Birla H, Singh SS, Rathore AS, Dilnashin H, Singh R, Keshri PK, Gautam P, Singh SP. Neuroprotection by Mucuna pruriens in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurochem Res. 2022 Jul;47(7):1816-1829. doi: 10.1007/s11064-022-03591-3. Epub 2022 Apr 5. PMID: 35380400.
Caronni S, Del Sorbo F, Barichella M, Fothergill-Misbah N, Denne T, Laguna J, Urasa S, Dekker MCJ, Akpalu A, Sarfo FS, Cham M, Pezzoli G, Cilia R. Mucuna pruriens to treat Parkinson's disease in low-income countries: Recommendations and practical guidelines from the farmer to clinical trials. Paving the way for future use in clinical practice. Parkinsonism RelatDisord. 2024 Jul;124:106983. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106983. Epub 2024 May 8. PMID: 38797572.
Srivastav S, Fatima M, Mondal AC. Important medicinal herbs in Parkinson's disease pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Aug;92:856-863. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.137. Epub 2017 Jun 6. PMID: 28599249.
Rai SN, Chaturvedi VK, Singh P, Singh BK, Singh MP. Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson's and in some other diseases: recent advancement and future prospective. 3 Biotech. 2020 Dec;10(12):522. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02532-7. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PMID: 33194526; PMCID: PMC7655893.
Mohapatra S, Ganguly P, Singh R, Katiyar CK (2019) Estimation of levodopa in the unani drug Mucuna pruriens Bak and its marketed formulation by high-performance thin-layer chromatographic technique. J AOAC Int. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.19-0288
R.P. Rastogi and B.N. Mehrotra. Compendium of Indian medicinal plants, Vol.5, (CDRI, Lucknow, 1994) pp.554
A.A. Farooqi, B.S. Sree Ramu. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops, (Universities Press, New Delhi, 2001) pp.74.
Sathiyanarayanan L, Arulmozhi S. Mucuna pruriens Linn.-A Comprehensive Review. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 2007;1(1).
Mucuna Pruriens | Factsheet, www.tropicalforages.info, accessed on April 22, 2025.
Lampariello LR, Cortelazzo A, Guerranti R, Sticozzi C, Valacchi G. The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens. J Tradit Complement Med. 2012 Oct;2(4):331-9. doi: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30119-5. PMID: 24716148; PMCID: PMC3942911.
Thyaga Raju et al. The Traditional uses and Pharmacological Activities of Mucuna Pruriens(L) Dc: A Comprehensive Review. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.2017:7(01) 9.
Lucia Raffaella Lampariello, Alessio Cortelazzo, Roberto Guerranti, Claudia Sticozzi, Giuseppe Valacchi, The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Volume 2, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 331-339, ISSN 2225-4110, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2225-4110(16)30119-5.
Kavitha C and Thangamani C. Amazing bean “Mucuna pruriens”: A comprehensive review Journal of Medicinal PlantsResearch 2014; 8(2):138-143
Okoli, B. , Ayo, R. , Habila, J. , Japhet, S. and Ndukwe, G. (2015) In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Mucuna pruriens (DC) and Canarium schweinfurthii (Engl) on Ascaris suum. Open Access Library Journal, 2, 1-8. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1101102.
YADAV, MUKESH & Upadhyay, Prabhat & Purohit, Priyanka & Pandey, Bina & Shah, Harish. (2017). Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Mucuna pruriens: A review. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 11. 69-73. 10.22377/ijgp.v11i02.916.
S.K. Chikagwa-Malunga, A.T. Adesogan, L.E. Sollenberger, S.C. Phatak, N.J. Szabo, S.C. Kim, C.M. Huisden, R.C. Littell, Nutritional characterization of Mucuna pruriens: 4. Does replacing soybean meal with Mucuna pruriens in lamb diets affect ruminal, blood and tissue l-dopa concentrations?, Animal Feed Science and Technology, Volume 148, Issues 2–4, 2009, Pages 124-137, ISSN 0377-8401, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.03.003.
Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Renaudeau D., Bastianelli D., 2015. Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens). Feedipedia, a programme by INRAE, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://feedipedia.org/node/270 Last updated on October 13, 2015, 13:42
Pugalenthi, M., Vadivel, V. &Siddhuraju, P. Alternative Food/Feed Perspectives of an Underutilized Legume Mucuna pruriens var. Utilis—A Review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 60, 201–218 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-005-8620-4
Nget Hong Tan, Shin Yee Fung, Si Mui Sim, Enrico Marinello, Roberto Guerranti, John C. Aguiyi, The protective effect of Mucuna pruriens seeds against snake venom poisoning, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 123, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 356-358, ISSN 0378-8741, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.025.
Buckles, D. (1995). Velvetbean: A “New” Plant with a History. Economic Botany, 49(1), 13–25. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4255685
Jeyaweera D.M.A. Sri Lanka: National Science Council of Sri Lanka; 1981. Madicinal plants used in Ceylon Colombo.
Jorge MA, Eilitta M, Proud FJ, Barbara Maasdorp V, Beksissa H, Ashok Sarial K, Hanson J. Mucuna species: recent advances in application of biotechnology. Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology, Global Science Books. 2007;1:80-94.
Diallo OK, Berhe T (2003). Processing the Mucuna for Human Food in the Republic of Guinea. Trop. Subtrop. Agroecosyst. 1(2/3):193–196.
Tahvilzadeh, M., Hajimahmoodi, M., Toliyat, T., Karimi, M. and Rahimi, R. (2016), An evidence-based approach to medicinal plants for the treatment of sperm abnormalities in traditional Persian medicine. Andrologia, 48: 860-879. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12676
Ravindran, Velmurugu& Ravindran, Gane. (1988). Nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics of mucuna (Mucuna utilis) bean seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 46. 71 - 79. 10.1002/jsfa.2740460108.
Tangsrisakda N, Kamollerd T, Taoto C, Bunsueb S, Chaimontri C, Choowong-In P, Lapyuneyong N, Wu AT, Thukhammee W, Wattanathorn J, Arun S. Seed extract of Thai Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. pruriens enhances sexual performance and improves male reproductive damages in ethanol-induced rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2022 Jun 28;292:115219
Cambodgemag: https://www.cambodgemag.com/en/post/cambodian-mucuna-the-history-and-benefits-of-this-traditional-medicinal-plant
DeFilipps RA, Krupnick GA. The medicinal plants of Myanmar. PhytoKeys. 2018 Jun 28;(102):1-341. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380. PMID: 30002597; PMCID: PMC6033956.
Shrestha, Kumar & Saud, Dammar & Pant, Shankar & Kunwar, Ripu & Jan, Hammand& Bussmann, Rainer & Zambrana, Narel. (2021). Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Fabaceae. 10.1007/978-3-030-45597-2_154-1.
Duke. Phytochemical database, Available at: http://www.raintree.com/db/Mucuna - pruriens -phytochem.htm. Accessed- January 10, 2007.
K. Thyaga Raju et al. The Traditional uses and Pharmacological Activities of Mucuna Pruriens(L) Dc: A Comprehensive Review. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research.2017:7(01)
Kavitha C and Thangamani C. Amazing bean “Mucuna pruriens”: A comprehensive review Journal of Medicinal PlantsResearch 2014; 8(2):138-143
Khare CP. Encyclopedia of Indian Medicinal Plants.Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Verlag; 2004.
YADAV, MUKESH & Upadhyay, Prabhat & Purohit, Priyanka & Pandey, Bina & Shah, Harish. (2017). Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Mucuna pruriens: A review. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 11. 69-73. 10.22377/ijgp.v11i02.916.
L. Misra and H. Wagner. Lipid derivatives from Mucuna pruriens seeds. Indian Journal of Chemistry Section B 45(3): 801-804 (2006).
Huang Q, Chen C, Zhang Z, Xue Q. Anti-inflammatory effects of myristic acid mediated by the NF-κB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV-2 microglial cells. Molecular Omics. 2023;19(9):726-34.
Javid, S., Purohit, M. N., Yogish Kumar, H., Ramya, K., Mithuna, N. F. A., Salahuddin, M. D., & Prashantha Kumar, B. R. (2020). Semisynthesis of Myristic Acid Derivatives and their Biological Activities: A Critical Insight. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 10(6), 455–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2020.1865836
Contreras CM, Rodríguez-Landa JF, García-Ríos RI, Cueto-Escobedo J, Guillen-Ruiz G, Bernal-Morales B. Myristic acid produces anxiolytic-like effects in Wistar rats in the elevated plus maze. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:492141. doi: 10.1155/2014/492141. Epub 2014 Sep 18. PMID: 25328885; PMCID: PMC4189847.
McBride, M. C. (2000). Bufotenine: Toward an Understanding of Possible Psychoactive Mechanisms. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32(3), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2000.10400456
Jones RS. Tryptamine: a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in mammalian brain?. Progress in neurobiology. 1982 Jan 1;19(1-2):117-39.
Reckweg, JTUthaug, MVSzabo, A,Davis, A,Lancelotta, R,Mason, NL et al. (2022). The clinical pharmacology and potential therapeutic applications of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT). Journal of Neurochemistry, 162, 128–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jnc.15587
Saadati F, ModarresiChahardehi A, Jamshidi N, Jamshidi N, Ghasemi D. Coumarin: A natural solution for alleviating inflammatory disorders. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov. 2024 Sep 25;7:100202. doi: 10.1016/j.crphar.2024.100202. PMID: 39398983; PMCID: PMC11470182.
Flores-Morales, V., Villasana-Ruíz, A. P., Garza-Veloz, I., González-Delgado, S., & Martinez-Fierro, M. L. (2023). Therapeutic Effects of Coumarins with Different Substitution Patterns. Molecules, 28(5), 2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052413
Jain PK, Joshi H. Coumarin: chemical and pharmacological profile. Journal of applied pharmaceutical science. 2012 Jun 30(Issue):236-40.
Kumari S, Sharma A, Yadav S. Pharmacological Potential of Coumarin-Based Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review. Orient J Chem 2023;39(3).
Hussain MK, Khatoon S, Khan MF, Akhtar MS, Ahamad S, Saquib M. Coumarins as versatile therapeutic phytomolecules: A systematic review. Phytomedicine. 2024 Nov 1;134:155972.
Secades JJ, Frontera G. CDP-choline: pharmacological and clinical review. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1995 Oct;17 Suppl B:1-54. PMID: 8709678.
Wang ZJ, Li GM, Nie BM, Lu Y, Yin M. Neuroprotective effect of the stearic acid against oxidative stress via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Chem Biol Interact. 2006 Mar 10;160(1):80-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.008. Epub 2006 Jan 31. PMID: 16448636.
Jubie S, Ramesh PN, Dhanabal P, Kalirajan R, Muruganantham N, Antony AS. Synthesis, antidepressant and antimicrobial activities of some novel stearic acid analogues. Eur J Med Chem. 2012 Aug;54:931-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.025. Epub 2012 Jun 23. PMID: 22770606.
Bamalan OA, Moore MJ, Al Khalili Y. Physiology, Serotonin. [Updated 2023 Jul 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/
“Serotonin | C10H12N2O - PubChem.” https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ compound/Myricetin(accessed April.23,(2025)
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Assess the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction; Stratton K, Shetty P, Wallace R, et al., editors. Clearing the Smoke: Assessing the Science Base for Tobacco Harm Reduction. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 9, Nicotine Pharmacology. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222359/
Agostoni C, Moreno L, Shamir R. Palmitic acid and health: Introduction. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2016 Sep 9;56(12):1941-2.
“Arachidic acid | Metabolon- Metabolon.com” https://www.metabolon.com/metabolites/arachidic-acid/
Jose Sanchez-Prieto, David C. Budd, Inmaculada Herrero, Elena Vázquez, David G. Nicholls, Presynaptic receptors and the control of glutamate exocytosis, Trends in Neurosciences, Volume 19, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 235-239, ISSN 0166-2236, https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(96)10031-X.
Lili Yu, Na Shen, Jiani Ren, Huawei Xin, Yulei Cui, Resource distribution, pharmacological activity, toxicology and clinical drugs of β-Carboline alkaloids: An updated and systematic review, Fitoterapia, Volume 180, 2025, 106326, ISSN 0367-326X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106326.
9H-Pyrido[3,4-B]indole, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-chloro-3-methyl- | ontosight.ai https://ontosight.ai/glossary/term/9h-pyrido-indole-compound-overview--67a26c20c445bf945af08655
Arshad, Omji Porwal, Niraj Kumar Jha, M.V.N.L. Chaitanya, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Gaurav Gupta, Piyush Kumar Gupta, Kamal Dua, Rubiya Khursheed, Ankit Awasthi, Leander Corrie, Discovering multifaceted role of vanillic acid beyond flavours: Nutraceutical and therapeutic potential, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Volume 122, 2022, Pages 187-200, ISSN 0924-2244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.023.
Jaskiran Kaur, Monica Gulati, Sachin Kumar Singh, Gowthamarajan Kuppusamy, Bhupinder Kapoor, Vijay Mishra, Saurabh Gupta, Mohammed F. Arshad, Omji Porwal, Niraj Kumar Jha, M.V.N.L. Chaitanya, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Gaurav Gupta, Piyush Kumar Gupta, Kamal Dua, Rubiya Khursheed, Ankit Awasthi, Leander Corrie, Discovering multifaceted role of vanillic acid beyond flavours: Nutraceutical and therapeutic potential, Trends in Food Science & Technology, Volume 122, 2022, Pages 187-200, ISSN 0924-2244, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.023.
Review on: Role of Oleic Acid in Various Disease: An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research article, https://globalresearchonline.net/journalcontents/v67-2/31.pdf
Pegoraro NS, Camponogara C, Cruz L, Oliveira SM. Oleic acid exhibits an expressive anti-inflammatory effect in croton oil-induced irritant contact dermatitis without the occurrence of toxicological effects in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021 Mar 1;267:113486.
Hadidi M, Liñán-Atero R, Tarahi M, Christodoulou MC, Aghababaei F. The Potential Health Benefits of Gallic Acid: Therapeutic and Food Applications. Antioxidants (Basel). 2024 Aug 18;13(8):1001. doi: 10.3390/antiox13081001. PMID: 39199245; PMCID: PMC11352096.
Bhuia, M.S., Rahaman, M.M., Islam, T. et al. Neurobiological effects of gallic acid: current perspectives. Chin Med 18, 27 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-023-00735-7
Yalcinkaya A, Öztaş YE, Sabuncuoğlu S. Sterols in Inflammatory Diseases: Implications and Clinical Utility. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2024;1440:261-275. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_13. PMID: 38036884.
Schepers, M., Martens, N., Tiane, A., Vanbrabant, K., Liu, H. B., Lütjohann, D., et al. (2020). Edible seaweed-derived constituents: an undisclosed source of neuroprotective compounds. Neural Regen Res 15, 790–795. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.268894
Guoyao Wu, Joanne R. Lupton, Nancy D. Turner, Yun-Zhong Fang, Sheng Yang, Glutathione Metabolism and Its Implications for Health, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 134, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 489-492, ISSN 0022-3166, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.3.489.
Chava B. Pocernich, D. Allan Butterfield, Elevation of glutathione as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer disease, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease, Volume 1822, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 625-630, ISSN 0925-4439, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.10.003.
Levodopa, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6047
Gandhi KR, Saadabadi A. Levodopa (L-Dopa) [Updated 2023 Apr 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482140/
Ambavade SD, Misar AV, Ambavade PD. Pharmacological, nutritional, and analytical aspects of β-sitosterol: a review. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine. 2014 Sep;14:193-211.
Blondeau N, Lipsky RH, Bourourou M, Duncan MW, Gorelick PB, Marini AM. Alpha-linolenic acid: an omega-3 fatty acid with neuroprotective properties-ready for use in the stroke clinic? Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:519830. doi: 10.1155/2015/519830. Epub 2015 Feb 19. PMID: 25789320; PMCID: PMC4350958.
Srivastava D, Singh V, Kumar U, Venkatesh KR. Alpha-linolenic acid: a pharmacologically active ingredient from nature.
Srivastav S, Fatima M, Mondal AC. Important medicinal herbs in Parkinson's disease pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017 Aug;92:856-863. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.137. Epub 2017 Jun 6. PMID: 28599249.
Dong-mei Wu, Jun Lu, Yan-qiu Zhang, Yuan-lin Zheng, Bin Hu, Wei Cheng, Zi-feng Zhang, Meng-qiu Li, Ursolic acid improves domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits in mice, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Volume 271, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 127-136, ISSN 0041-008X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.038. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0041008X13002238)
George M. Kapalka, Chapter 7 - Mania and Agitation, Editor(s): George M. Kapalka, In Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional, Nutritional and Herbal Therapies for Children and Adolescents, Academic Press, 2010, Pages 189-218,ISSN 18730450,ISBN 9780123749277, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374927-7.00007-8.
Cárdeno A, Aparicio-Soto M, Montserrat-de la Paz S, Bermúdez B, Muriana FJ, Alarcón-de-la-Lastra C. Squalene targets pro-and anti-inflammatory mediators and pathways to modulate over-activation of neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. Journal of Functional Foods. 2015 Apr 1;14:779-90.
Huang ZR, Lin YK, Fang JY. Biological and pharmacological activities of squalene and related compounds: potential uses in cosmetic dermatology. Molecules. 2009 Jan;14(1):540-54.
Moretti M, Rodrigues ALS. Functional role of ascorbic acid in the central nervous system: a focus on neurogenic and synaptogenic processes. Nutr Neurosci. 2022 Nov;25(11):2431-2441. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2021.1956848. Epub 2021 Sep 8. PMID: 34493165.
Agnieszka Gęgotek, Elżbieta Skrzydlewska, Chapter Nine - Ascorbic acid as antioxidant, Editor(s): Gerald Litwack, Vitamins and Hormones, Academic Press, Volume 121, 2023, Pages 247-270, ISSN 0083-6729, ISBN 9780443157684, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.2022.10.008.
Michele M Larzelere, Pamela Wiseman, Anxiety, depression, and insomnia, Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, Volume 29, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 339-360, ISSN 0095-4543, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4543(01)00003-3.
Jaspers MW, Bashir AK, Zwaving JH, Malingre TM. Investigation of Grewia bicolor juss. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 1986 Sep 1;17(3):205-11.
Arif M, Rauf K, Rehman NU, Tokhi A, Ikram M, Sewell RD. 6-Methoxyflavone and Donepezil Behavioral Plus Neurochemical Correlates in Reversing Chronic Ethanol and Withdrawal Induced Cognitive Impairment. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2022 May 28;16:1573-1593. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S360677. PMID: 35665194; PMCID: PMC9160976.
Pranali Kurund, Swathi Gandla. Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Anti-Parkinson’s profile of Mucuna pruriens. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2021;13(4):125-0. doi: 10.52711/2321-5836.2021.00025 Available on: https://rjppd.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2021-13-4-4
Rai SN, Chaturvedi VK, Singh P, Singh BK, Singh MP. Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson's and in some other diseases: recent advancement and future prospective. 3 Biotech. 2020 Dec;10(12):522. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02532-7. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PMID: 33194526; PMCID: PMC7655893
Pathania R, Chawla P, Khan H, Kaushik R, Khan MA. An assessment of potential nutritive and medicinal properties of Mucuna pruriens: a natural food legume. 3 Biotech. 2020 Jun;10(6):261. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-02253-x. Epub 2020 May 20. PMID: 32477848; PMCID: PMC7239958 4.
"A Comprehensive review on TukhmeKonch (Mucuna Pruriens) with Special Reference to Unani System of Medicine. A Review Article", International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (www.jetir.org), ISSN:2349-5162, Vol.8, Issue 12, page no.c573-c585, December-2021, Available :http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2112273.pdf
Aru Lakshmi, Gawali Sampada, Swapnil Kale, A Detailed Review on- Neuroprotection by Mucuna Pruriens in Neurodegenerative Disease, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2024, Vol 2, Issue 12, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14251700
Manyam BV, Dhanasekaran M, Hare TA. Neuroprotective effects of the antiparkinson drug Mucuna pruriens. Phytother Res. 2004 Sep;18(9):706-12. doi: 10.1002/ptr.1514. PMID: 15478206.
Johnson SL, Park HY, DaSilva NA, Vattem DA, Ma H, Seeram NP. Levodopa-Reduced Mucuna pruriens Seed Extract Shows Neuroprotective Effects against Parkinson's Disease in Murine Microglia and Human Neuroblastoma Cells, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster. Nutrients. 2018 Aug 22;10(9):1139. doi: 10.3390/nu10091139. PMID: 30131460; PMCID: PMC6164394
Lampariello, L. R., Cortelazzo, A., Guerranti, R., Sticozzi, C., & Valacchi, G. (2012). The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens. Journal of Traditional Complementary Medicine, 2(4), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30119-5
Tharakan B, Dhanasekaran M, Mize-Berge J, Manyam BV. Anti-Parkinson botanical Mucuna pruriens prevents levodopa induced plasmid and genomic DNA damage. Phytother Res. 2007 Dec;21(12):1124-6. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2219. PMID: 17622977
Dhanasekaran M, Tharakan B, Manyam BV. Antiparkinson drug--Mucuna pruriens shows antioxidant and metal chelating activity. Phytother Res. 2008 Jan;22(1):6-11. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2109. PMID: 18064727
Chi H, Tang W, Bai Y. Molecular evidence of impaired iron metabolism and its association with Parkinson's disease progression. 3 Biotech. 2020 Apr;10(4):173. doi: 10.1007/s13205-020-2162-1. Epub 2020 Mar 19. PMID: 32206507; PMCID: PMC7082446
Lieu CA, Kunselman AR, Manyam BV, Venkiteswaran K, Subramanian T. A water extract of Mucuna pruriens provides long-term amelioration of parkinsonism with reduced risk for dyskinesias. Parkinsonism RelatDisord. 2010 Aug;16(7):458-65. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.04.015. Epub 2010 May 31. PMID: 20570206; PMCID: PMC2909380
Yadav SK, Prakash J, Chouhan S, Singh SP. Mucuna pruriens seed extract reduces oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in paraquat-induced Parkinsonian mouse model. Neurochem Int. 2013 Jun;62(8):1039-47. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.015. Epub 2013 Apr 3. PMID: 23562769.
Lieu CA, Venkiteswaran K, Gilmour TP, Rao AN, Petticoffer AC, Gilbert EV, Deogaonkar M, Manyam BV, Subramanian T. The Antiparkinsonian and Antidyskinetic Mechanisms of Mucuna pruriens in the MPTP-Treated Nonhuman Primate. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:840247. doi: 10.1155/2012/840247. Epub 2012 Sep 10. PMID: 22997535; PMCID: PMC3445014
Yadav SK, Pandey S, Singh B. Role of estrogen and levodopa in 1-methyl-4-pheny-l-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (mptp)-induced cognitive deficit in Parkinsonian ovariectomized mice model: A comparative study. J Chem Neuroanat. 2017 Nov;85:50-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.07.002. Epub 2017 Jul 12. PMID: 28711564
Yadav SK, Prakash J, Chouhan S, Westfall S, Verma M, Singh TD, Singh SP. Comparison of the neuroprotective potential of Mucuna pruriens seed extract with estrogen in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice model. Neurochem Int. 2014 Jan;65:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.12.001. Epub 2013 Dec 11. PMID: 24333323
Yadav, Satyndra & Rai, Sachchida& Singh, Surya. (2016). MUCUNA PRURIENS SHOWS NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT BY INHIBITING APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS IN THE PARAQUAT MOUSE MODEL OF PARKINSONISM. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH. 3.
Yadav SK, Rai SN, Singh SP. Mucuna pruriens reduces inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in Parkinsonian mice model. J Chem Neuroanat. 2017 Mar;80:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.11.009. Epub 2016 Dec 2. PMID: 27919828
Rai SN, Birla H, Zahra W, Singh SS, Singh SP. Immunomodulation of Parkinson's disease using Mucuna pruriens (Mp). J Chem Neuroanat. 2017 Nov;85:27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.06.005. Epub 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28642128.
Rai SN, Birla H, Singh SS, Zahra W, Patil RR, Jadhav JP, Gedda MR, Singh SP. Mucuna pruriens Protects against MPTP Intoxicated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease through NF-κB/pAKT Signaling Pathways. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017 Dec 19;9:421. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00421. PMID: 29311905; PMCID: PMC5742110
V. Bala, A. Debnath, A. K. Shill and U. Bose, 2011. Anti-Inflammatory, Diuretic and Antibacterial Activities of Aerial Parts of Mucuna pruriens Linn. International Journal of Pharmacology, 7: 498-503
Uchegbu RI, Ahuchaogu AA, Mbadiugha CN, Amanze KO, Igara CE, Iwu IC, Ikechukwu-Nwankwo PC. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of the seeds of Mucuna pruriens (UTILIS). Am. Chem. Sci. J. 2016;13:1-8
Javed N, Alam SS, Subhani H, Akhtar MS, Khan AH. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of Mucuna pruriens Linn. seeds. Proc. SZPGMI. 2010;24:97-102
Rai SN, Yadav SK, Singh D, Singh SP. Ursolic acid attenuates oxidative stress in nigrostriatal tissue and improves neurobehavioral activity in MPTP-induced Parkinsonian mouse model. J Chem Neuroanat. 2016 Jan;71:41-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.002. Epub 2015 Dec 12. PMID: 26686287
Rai SN, Zahra W, Singh SS, Birla H, Keswani C, Dilnashin H, Rathore AS, Singh R, Singh RK, Singh SP. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ursolic Acid in MPTP-Induced Parkinsonian Mouse Model. Neurotox Res. 2019 Oct;36(3):452-462. doi: 10.1007/s12640-019-00038-6. Epub 2019 Apr 23. PMID: 31016688.
Zahra W, Rai SN, Birla H, Singh SS, Rathore AS, Dilnashin H, Singh R, Keswani C, Singh RK, Singh SP. Neuroprotection of Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonism by Ursolic Acid in PD Mouse Model. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2020;19(7):527-540. doi: 10.2174/1871527319666200812224457. PMID: 32787765
Ryu SY, Oak MH, Yoon SK, Cho DI, Yoo GS, Kim TS, Kim KM. Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory triterpenes from the herb of Prunella vulgaris. Planta Med. 2000 May;66(4):358-60. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8531. PMID: 10865455
Ryu SY, Oak MH, Yoon SK, Cho DI, Yoo GS, Kim TS, Kim KM. Anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory triterpenes from the herb of Prunella vulgaris. Planta Med. 2000 May;66(4):358-60. doi: 10.1055/s-2000-8531. PMID: 10865455
Shishodia S, Majumdar S, Banerjee S, Aggarwal BB. Ursolic acid inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation induced by carcinogenic agents through suppression of IkappaBalpha kinase and p65 phosphorylation: correlation with down-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and cyclin D1. Cancer Res. 2003 Aug 1;63(15):4375-83. PMID: 12907607
Wan, F., Lenardo, M. The nuclear signaling of NF-κB: current knowledge, new insights, and future perspectives. Cell Res 20, 24–33 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2009.137
Checker R, Sandur SK, Sharma D, Patwardhan RS, Jayakumar S, Kohli V, et al. (2012) Potent Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ursolic Acid, a Triterpenoid Antioxidant, Is Mediated through Suppression of NF-κB, AP-1 and NF-AT. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31318. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031318
Yin, M.C., Lin, M.C., Mong, M.C., Lin, C.Y., 2012. Bioavailability, distribution, and antioxidative effects of selected triterpenes in mice.J. Agri. Food Chem. 60(31),7697-7701
Poddighe S, De Rose F, Marotta R, Ruffilli R, Fanti M, Secci PP, Mostallino MC, Setzu MD, Zuncheddu MA, Collu I, Solla P, Marrosu F, Kasture S, Acquas E, Liscia A. Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean) rescues motor, olfactory, mitochondrial and synaptic impairment in PINK1B9 Drosophila melanogaster genetic model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 23;9(10):e110802. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110802. PMID: 25340511; PMCID: PMC4207759
Solari P, Maccioni R, Marotta R, Catelani T, Debellis D, Baroli B, Peddio S, Muroni P, Kasture S, Solla P, Stoffolano JG Jr, Liscia A. The imbalance of serotonergic circuitry impairing the crop supercontractile muscle activity and the mitochondrial morphology of PD PINK1B9Drosophila melanogaster are rescued by Mucuna pruriens. J Insect Physiol. 2018 Nov-Dec;111:32-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.10.007. Epub 2018 Oct 26. PMID: 30393142
Singh SK, Yadav D, Lal RK, Gupta MM, Dhawan SS. Inducing mutations through γ-irradiation in seeds of Mucuna pruriens for developing high L-DOPA-yielding genotypes. Int J Radiat Biol. 2017 Apr;93(4):426-432. doi: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1254832. Epub 2016 Nov 29. PMID: 27897091
Baroli, B., Loi, E., Solari, P., Kasture, A., Moi, L., Muroni, P., Kasture, S., Setzu, M. D., Liscia, A., Zavattari, P. Evaluation of oxidative stress mechanisms and the effects of phytotherapic extracts on Parkinson's disease Drosophila PINK1B9 model. FASEB J. 33, 11028–11034 (2019). www.fasebj.org
Katzenschlager R, Evans A, Manson A, Patsalos PN, Ratnaraj N, Watt H, Timmermann L, Van der Giessen R, Lees AJ. Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson's disease: a double blind clinical and pharmacological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Dec;75(12):1672-7. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.028761. PMID: 15548480; PMCID: PMC1738871.
Cilia R, Laguna J, Cassani E, Cereda E, Pozzi NG, Isaias IU, Contin M, Barichella M, Pezzoli G. Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson disease: A double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover study. Neurology. 2017 Aug 1;89(5):432-438. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004175. Epub 2017 Jul 5. PMID: 28679598; PMCID: PMC5539737
Vaidya AB, Rajgopalan TG, Mankodi NA, Antarkar DS, Tathed PS, Purohit AV, Wadia NH. Treatment of Parkinson's disease with the cowhage plant-Mucuna pruriens Bak. Neurology India. 1978;26(4):171-6
HP-200 in Parkinson's Disease Study Group. An alternative medicine treatment for Parkinson's disease: results of a multicenter clinical trial. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 1995 Jun 1;1(3):249-55.
Nagashayana N, Sankarankutty P, Nampoothiri MR, Mohan PK, Mohanakumar KP (2000) Association of L-DOPA with recovery following Ayurveda medication in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 176(2):124–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(00) 00329-4
Radder DLM, Tiel Groenestege AT, Boers I, Muilwijk EW, Bloem BR. Mucuna Pruriens Combined with Carbidopa in Parkinson’s Disease: A Case Report. Journal of Parkinson’s Disease. 2019;9(2):437-439. doi:10.3233/JPD-181500
Contin M, Lopane G, Passini A, Poli F, Iannello C, Guarino M. Mucuna pruriens in Parkinson disease: a kinetic-dynamic comparison with levodopa standard formulations. Clinical neuropharmacology. 2015 Sep 1;38(5):201-3.
Pandey SK, Nanda A, Gautam AS, Singh RK. Betulinic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide and ferrous sulfate-induced oxidative stress, ferroptosis, apoptosis, and neuroinflammation signaling relevant to Parkinson's Disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2025 Jun;233:340-354. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2025.04.013. Epub 2025 Apr 7. PMID: 40203997.
Natarajan, K. & Narayanan, N. & Natesan, Ravichandran. (2012). Review on "Mucuna" - The wonder plant. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 17. 86-93.
