To develop and validate an Integrated Yoga Module for Tennis Players
Abstract
Tennis athletes need a combination of low-intensity and high-intensity aerobic and anaerobic capabilities. Sports related fatigue, injury, stress and anxiety reduce the sports performance of a player. The main objective of any sports training should be to refrain from the onset of fatigue, stress and anxiety during competition and training. Integrated Yoga has been researched extensively. It shows that yoga helps improve psychophysiological components such as aerobic and anaerobic capacities, cardiovascular fitness, while reducing fatigue, competitive stress and anxiety. Yoga also improves relaxation and mindfulness, hence, improving performance. However, a valid yoga module is unavailable for tennis sports athletes. IYM for tennis players is developed based on ancient yogic text and previous research evidence. The yoga module was presented to 30 SMEs to evaluate and validate a total number of 82 practices included in the proposed module based on a three-point scale. The content validity has been calculated by applying Lawshe’s formula of content validity ratio (CVR). According to Lawshe’s formula, 0.33 is the critical value of CVR required for validation with 30 SMEs. Data analysis shows that out of 82 yogic practices, 41 yogic practices showed significant content validity (p<0.05). Results show that, among the 82 practices, 41 were found to be essential (CVR ≥0.33) and 41 were found to be not essential (CVR <0.33). However, the feasibility and efficacy of the Integrated Yoga Module for tennis players need to be determined by future studies.
Downloads
References
Anbalagan, P., Mahasuran, A., & Atheeskumar, P. (2021). Effects of suryanamaskar practice and resistance training programme on selected physical health and mental health components among college level men handball players. Bharathiar National Journal of Physical Education and Exercise Science (ISSN: 0976-3678) e-ISSN Applied (International Peer-Reviewed Journal), 12(1), 50-55.
Bal, B. S. (2010). Effect of anulom vilom and bhastrika pranayama on the vital capacity and maximal ventilatory volume. Journal of Physical Education and Sport Management, 1(1), 11-15. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPESM.9000009
Bal, B. S., & Kaur, P. J. (2009). Effects of selected asanas in hatha yoga on agility and flexibility level. J Sport Health Res, 1(2), 75-87.
Bhattacharya, S., Pandey, U. S., & Verma, N. S. (2002). Improvement in oxidative status with yogic breathing in young healthy males. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 46(3), 349–354.
Biju Lona, K. (2020). A study on effect of yoga and cyclic meditation on selected psychological variables among major games and martial arts.
Bird, S. P., & Tarpenning, K. M. (2004). Influence of circadian time structure on acute hormonal responses to a single bout of heavy-resistance exercise in weight-trained men. Chronobiology international, 21(1), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1081/CBI-120027987
Boyle, C. A., Sayers, S. P., Jensen, B. E., Headley, S. A., & Manos, T. M. (2004). The effects of yoga training and a single bout of yoga on delayed onset muscle soreness in the lower extremity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(4), 723-729. https://doi.org/10.1519/14723.1
Bresciani, G., Cuevas, M. J., Garatachea, N., Molinero, O., Almar, M., De Paz, J. A., ... & González-Gallego, J. (2010). Monitoring biological and psychological measures throughout an entire season in male handball players. European Journal of Sport Science, 10(6), 377-384. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391003699070
Brisbon, N. M., & Lowery, G. A. (2011). Mindfulness and levels of stress: a comparison of beginner and advanced hatha yoga practitioners. Journal of religion and health, 50(4), 931-941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-009-9305-3
Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2009). Yoga breathing, meditation, and longevity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1172(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04394.x
Buśko, K., & Rychlik, R. (2006). Changes of the maximal muscle torque in women training Power Yoga (Astanga Vinyasa). HUMAN.
Chandler, T. J. (1995). Exercise training for tennis. Clinics in sports medicine, 14(1), 33-46.
Chandler, T. J. (1998). 11 Conditioning for tennis: preventing injury and enhancing performance. Science and racket sports II, 77.
Chandler, T. J., Kibler, W. B., Uhl, T. L., Wooten, B., Kiser, A., & Stone, E. (1990). Flexibility comparisons of junior elite tennis players to other athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, 18(2), 134-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659001800204
Chuang, L. H., Soares, M. O., Tilbrook, H., Cox, H., Hewitt, C. E., Aplin, J., ... & Torgerson, D. J. (2012). A pragmatic multicentered randomized controlled trial of yoga for chronic low back pain: economic evaluation. Spine, 37(18), 1593-1601. https://doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3182545937
Cullen, T., Thomas, A., Webb, R., Phillips, T., & Hughes, M. G. (2017). sIL-6R is related to weekly training mileage and psychological wellbeing in athletes. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 49(6), 1176-1183. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001210
Davey, P. R., Thorpe, R. D., & Williams, C. (2003). Simulated tennis matchplay in a controlled environment. Journal of sports sciences, 21(6), 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000101926
Donohue, B., Miller, A., Beisecker, M., Houser, D., Valdez, R., Tiller, S., & Taymar, T. (2006). Effects of brief yoga exercises and motivational preparatory interventions in distance runners: results of a controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(1), 60-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.020024
Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., & Pluim, B. M. (2006). Intensity of tennis match play. British journal of sports medicine, 40(5), 387-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.023168
Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Sanz-Rivas, D., Fernandez-Garcia, B., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2008). Match activity and physiological load during a clay-court tennis tournament in elite female players. Journal of sports sciences, 26(14), 1589-1595. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802287089
Ferrauti, A., Pluim, B. M., & Weber, K. (2001). The effect of recovery duration on running speed and stroke quality during intermittent training drills in elite tennis players. Journal of sports sciences, 19(4), 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101750158277
Field, T., Diego, M., & Hernandez-Reif, M. (2010). Tai chi/yoga effects on anxiety, heartrate, EEG and math computations. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 16(4), 235-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2010.05.014
Filaire, E., Alix, D., Ferrand, C., & Verger, M. (2009). Psychophysiological stress in tennis players during the first single match of a tournament. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(1), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.022
Fox, E. L., & Mathews, D. K. (1974). Interval Training: Conditioning for Sports and General Fitness. Par Edward L. fox Et Donald K. Mathews. Illus. Par Nancy Allison Close. Saunders.
Gopinath Bhowmik Bhunia, D., & Ray, U. S. (2020). Improved Aerobic Capacity with Progressive Incorporation of Breathing Maneuvers in Yoga Training. https://doi.org/10.36348/jaspe.2020.v03i11.001
Grabara, M. (2016). Effects of hatha yoga exercises on spine flexibility in young adults. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 8(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1515/bhk-2016-0016
Granath, J., Ingvarsson, S., von Thiele, U., & Lundberg, U. (2006). Stress management: a randomized study of cognitive behavioural therapy and yoga. Cognitive behaviour therapy, 35(1), 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070500401292
Gruber, K. (2008). The physiological and psychological effects of Ashtanga yoga (Doctoral dissertation).
Gupta, R. K., Agnihotri, S., Telles, S., & Balkrishna, A. (2019). Performance in a Corsi block-tapping task following high-frequency yoga breathing or breath awareness. International journal of yoga, 12(3), 247. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2Fijoy.IJOY_55_18
Harinath, K., Malhotra, A. S., Pal, K., Prasad, R., Kumar, R., Kain, T. C., ... & Sawhney, R. C. (2004). Effects of Hatha yoga and Omkar meditation on cardiorespiratory performance, psychologic profile, and melatonin secretion. The Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 10(2), 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555304323062257
Hart, C. E., & Tracy, B. L. (2008). Yoga as steadiness training: effects on motor variability in young adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(5), 1659-1669. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818200dd
Hartfiel, N., Havenhand, J., Khalsa, S. B., Clarke, G., & Krayer, A. (2011). The effectiveness of yoga for the improvement of well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.2916
Hiraoka, S., & Gudapti, M. P. (2017). Effect of cyclic meditation on physical and mental stress in high school athletes-pre-post controlled study.
Holtzman, S., & Beggs, R. T. (2013). Yoga for chronic low back pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pain Research and Management, 18(5), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/105919
Iftekher, S. N. M., Bakhtiar, M., & Rahaman, K. S. (2017). Effects of yoga on flexibility and balance: a quasi-experimental study. Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 3(2), 276-281. https://doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i2.33580
Joshi, M., & Telles, S. (2009). A nonrandomized non-naive comparative study of the effects of kapalabhati and breath awareness on event-related potentials in trained yoga practitioners. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(3), 281-285. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0250
Kamei, T., Toriumi, Y., Kimura, H., Kumano, H., Ohno, S., & Kimura, K. (2000). Decrease in serum cortisol during yoga exercise is correlated with alpha wave activation. Perceptual and motor skills, 90(3), 1027-1032. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.2000.90.3.1027
Khalsa, S. B. S. (2004). Treatment of chronic insomnia with yoga: A preliminary study with sleep–wake diaries. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 29(4), 269-278. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1007/s10484-004-0387-0
Kibler, W. B., Chandler, T. J., Uhl, T., & Maddux, R. E. (1989). A musculoskeletal approach to the preparticipation physical examination: Preventing injury and improving performance. The American journal of sports medicine, 17(4), 525-531. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F036354658901700413
Kogler, A. (1995). Yoga for every athlete: Secrets of an Olympic coach. Fusion Books.
Kovacs, M. S. (2006). Applied physiology of tennis performance. British journal of sports medicine, 40(5), 381-386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.023309
Kovacs, M. S. (2007). Tennis physiology. Sports medicine, 37(3), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737030-00001
Kraemer, W. J., Loebel, C. C., Volek, J. S., Ratamess, N. A., Newton, R. U., Wickham, R. B., ... & HaÈkkinen, K. (2001). The effect of heavy resistance exercise on the circadian rhythm of salivary testosterone in men. European journal of applied physiology, 84(1), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000322
Kuipers, H., & Keizer, H. A. (1988). Overtraining in elite athletes. Sports Medicine, 6(2), 79-92.
Kulmatycki, L., & Bukowska, K. (2007). Differences in experiencing relaxation by sport coaches in relation to sport type and gender. HUMAN.
Kumar, V., & Kumar, M. (2017). A study of integrated approach of yoga. International Journal of Yogic, Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 2(2), 257-258.
Kusuma, D. W. Y., & Bin, W. (2017). Effect of yoga program on mental health: competitive anxiety in semarang badminton athletes. KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 13(1), 121-130. https://doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v13i1.9862
Lehmann, M., Dickhuth, H. H., Gendrisch, G., Lazar, W., Thum, M., Kaminski, R., ... & Keul, J. (1991). Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle-and long-distance runners. International journal of sports medicine, 12(05), 444-452.
Lehmann, M., Foster, C., & Keul, J. (1993). Overtraining in endurance athletes: a brief review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1249/00005768-199307000-00015
Lehmann, M., Foster, C., Dickhuth, H. H., & Gastmann, U. (1998). Autonomic Imbalance Hypothesis and Overtraining Syndrome. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 30(7), 1140-1145.
Mahadevan, S. K., Balakrishnan, S., Gopalakrishnan, M., & Prakash, E. S. (2008). Effect of six weeks yoga training on weight loss following step test, respiratory pressures, handgrip strength and handgrip endurance in young healthy subjects. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 52(2), 164-170.
Main, L. C., Dawson, B., Heel, K., Grove, J. R., Landers, G. J., & Goodman, C. (2010). Relationship between inflammatory cytokines and self-report measures of training overload. Research in Sports Medicine, 18(2), 127-139. Https://doi.org/10.1080/15438621003627133
Martarelli, D., Cocchioni, M., Scuri, S., & Pompei, P. (2011). Diaphragmatic breathing reduces exercise-induced oxidative stress. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep169
McCall, T. (2007). Yoga as medicine: The yogic prescription for health & healing: A yoga journal book. Bantam.
McDermott, K. A., Rao, M. R., Nagarathna, R., Murphy, E. J., Burke, A., Nagendra, R. H., & Hecht, F. M. (2014). A yoga intervention for type 2 diabetes risk reduction: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 14(1), 1-14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-212
McLean, J. B. (2009). Effects of yoga on physical characteristics on NCAA division I baseball athletes. Masters Theses and Doctoral Dissertations, 242
Meeusen, R., Duclos, M., Foster, C., Fry, A., Gleeson, M., Nieman, D., ... & Urhausen, A. (2013). Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: Joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science (ECSS) and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM). European Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.730061
Meeusen, R., Nederhof, E., Buyse, L., Roelands, B., De Schutter, G., & Piacentini, M. F. (2010). Diagnosing overtraining in athletes using the two-bout exercise protocol. British journal of sports medicine, 44(9), 642-648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.049981
Meeusen, R., Piacentini, M. F., Busschaert, B., Buyse, L., De Schutter, G., & Stray-Gundersen, J. (2004). Hormonal responses in athletes: the use of a two bout exercise protocol to detect subtle differences in (over) training status. European journal of applied physiology, 91(2), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0940-1
Mendez-Villanueva, A., Fernandez-Fernandez, J., Bishop, D., Fernandez-Garcia, B., & Terrados, N. (2007). Activity patterns, blood lactate concentrations and ratings of perceived exertion during a professional singles tennis tournament. British journal of sports medicine, 41(5), 296-300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.030536
Mody, B. S. (2011). Acute effects of Surya Namaskar on the cardiovascular & metabolic system. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 15(3), 343-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.05.001
Morgan, W. P., Brown, D. R., Raglin, J. S., O'connor, P. J., & Ellickson, K. A. (1987). Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. British journal of sports medicine, 21(3), 107-114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.21.3.107
Muralidhara, D. V., & Ranganathan, K. V. (1982). Effect of yoga practice on cardiac recovery index. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 26(4), 279-283.
Nambinarayanan, T., Thakur, S., Krishnamurthy, N., & Chandrabose, A. (1992). Effect of yoga training on reaction time, respiratory endurance and muscle strength. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 36(4), 229-233.
O'Connor, P. J., Morgan, W. P., Raglin, J. S., Barksdale, C. M., & Kalin, N. H. (1989). Mood state and salivary cortisol levels following overtraining in female swimmers. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 14(4), 303-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4530(89)90032-2
Parnabas, V. A., Mahamood, Y., Parnabas, J., & Abdullah, N. M. (2014). The relationship between relaxation techniques and sport performance. Universal Journal of Psychology, 2(3), 108-112.
Patra, S., & Telles, S. (2009). Positive impact of cyclic meditation on subsequent sleep. Medical Science Monitor, 15(7), CR375-CR381.
Pauline, M., & Rintaugu, E. G. (2011). Effects of yoga training on bilateral strength and shoulder and hip range of motion. International Journal of Current Research, 3(11), 467-470.
Polsgrove, M. J., Eggleston, B. M., & Lockyer, R. J. (2016). Impact of 10-weeks of yoga practice on flexibility and balance of college athletes. International journal of yoga, 9(1), 27. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.171710
Pradhan, B. (2013). Effect of kapalabhati on performance of six-letter cancellation and digit letter substitution task in adults. International journal of yoga, 6(2), 128. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.113415
Pramanik, T., Pudasaini, B., & Prajapati, R. (2010). Immediate effect of a slow pace breathing exercise Bhramari pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate. Nepal Med Coll J, 12(3), 154-157.
Pramanik, T., Sharma, H. O., Mishra, S., Mishra, A., Prajapati, R., & Singh, S. (2009). Immediate effect of slow pace bhastrika pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(3), 293-295. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0440
Raju, P. S., Prasad, K. V. V., Ramana, Y. V., Reddy, M. V., & Murthy, K. J. R. (1997b). Effect of yoga training on respiratory functions in athletic coaches. J Rehab Med Asia, 1, 51-55.
Raju, P. S., Prasad, K. V. V., Venkata, R. Y., Murthy, K. J. R., & Reddy, M. V. (1997a). Influence of intensive yoga training on physiological changes in 6 adult women: a case report. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 3(3), 291-295. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.1997.3.291
Ramos-Jimenez, A., Hernandez-Torres, R. P., Wall-Medrano, A., Munoz-Daw, M. D., Torres-Duran, P. V., & Juárez-Oropeza, M. A. (2009). Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of intensive Hatha Yoga training in middle-aged and older women from northern Mexico. International journal of yoga, 2(2), 49. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.60044
Ray, U. S. (1986). Improvement in muscular efficiency as related to a standard task after yogic exercises in middle aged men. Indian J Med Res, 83, 343-348.
Ray, U. S., Hegde, K. S., & Selvamurthy, W. (1983). Effects of yogic asanas and physical exercises on body Flexibility in middle aged men. Yoga Review, 3, 76.
Ray, U. S., Pathak, A., & Tomer, O. S. (2011). Hatha yoga practices: energy expenditure, respiratory changes and intensity of exercise. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neq046
Ray, U. S., Sinha, B., Tomer, O. S., & Pathak, A. (2001b). Aerobic capacity & perceived exertion after practice of Hatha yogic exercises. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 114, 215.
Reddy, T. P. (2010). Effect of yoga training on handgrip, respiratory pressures and pulmonary function. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(Suppl 1), i68-i68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.078725.225
Regmi, A., & Joshi, D. D. (2020). Effect of Surya Namaskar on Hip Adductor Flexibility among Young Physiotherapy Students: A Pilot Study.
Sarang, S. P., & Telles, S. (2006). Changes in P300 following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. International Journal of Neuroscience, 116(12), 1419-1430. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450500514193
Sarang, S. P., & Telles, S. (2007). Immediate effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on performance in a letter-cancellation task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(2), 379-385. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpms.105.2.379-385
Schober, P. D. (2018). The Introduction of Yoga Recovery on Physiological and Psychological Stress and Performance in NCAA Athletes.
Selvamurthy, W., Sridharan, K., Ray, U. S., Tiwary, R. S., Hegde, K. S., Radhakrishan, U., & Sinha, K. C. (1998). A new physiological approach to control essential hypertension. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 42(2), 205-213.
Shaikh, S. M., & Moharkar, A. C. (2020). Effect of core stability exercises versus Surya Namaskar on hamstring tightness in healthy adults using active knee extension test at the end of 6 weeks: A comparative study. IJAR, 6(3), 386-390.
Sharma, L. (2015). Benefits of yoga in sports–A study. Int J Phys Educ Sports Health, 1, 30-2.
Shelov, D. V., Suchday, S., & Friedberg, J. P. (2009). A pilot study measuring the impact of yoga on the trait of mindfulness. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 37(5), 595. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465809990361
Silva, M., & Paiva, T. (2013). Sleep, precompetitive stress and achievements in young performance athletes. Sleep Medicine, 14, e269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.11.656
Sinha, S., Singh, S. N., Monga, Y. P., & Ray, U. S. (2007). Improvement of glutathione and total antioxidant status with yoga. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13(10), 1085-1090. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2007.0567
Smekal, G., Von Duvillard, S. P., Rihacek, C., Pokan, R., Hofmann, P., Baron, R., & Bachl, N. (2001). A physiological profile of tennis match play. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 33(6), 999-1005. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200106000-00020
Smith, L. L. (2004). Tissue trauma: the underlying cause of overtraining syndrome?. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(1), 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2004)018%3C0185:tttuco%3E2.0.co;2
Streeter, C. C., Gerbarg, P. L., Saper, R. B., Ciraulo, D. A., & Brown, R. P. (2012). Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyric-acid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical hypotheses, 78(5), 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.021
Streeter, C. C., Whitfield, T. H., Owen, L., Rein, T., Karri, S. K., Yakhkind, A., ... & Jensen, J. E. (2010). Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: a randomized controlled MRS study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(11), 1145-1152. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0007
Subbalakshmi, N. K., & Saxena, S. K. (2005). Urmimala, and UJA D’Souza,“Immediate effect of ‘nadishodhana pranayama’on some selected parameters of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and higher functions of brain,”. Thai journal of physiological sciences, 18, 10-16.
Subramanya, P., & Telles, S. (2009). Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 3(1), 1-5.
Swathi, P. S., Raghavendra, B. R., & Saoji, A. A. (2021). Health and therapeutic benefits of Shatkarma: A narrative review of scientific studies. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2020.11.008
Tanskanen, M., Atalay, M., & Uusitalo, A. (2010). Altered oxidative stress in overtrained athletes. Journal of sports sciences, 28(3), 309-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903473844
Telles, S., Gupta, R. K., Gandharva, K., Vishwakarma, B., Kala, N., & Balkrishna, A. (2019). Immediate effect of a yoga breathing practice on attention and anxiety in pre-teen children. Children, 6(7), 84. https://doi.org/10.3390/children6070084
Telles, S., Nagarathna, R., & Nagendra, H. R. (1994). Breathing through a particular nostril can alter metabolism and autonomic activities. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 38, 133-133.
Telles, S., Naveen, K. V., & Dash, M. (2007). Yoga reduces symptoms of distress in tsunami survivors in the Andaman Islands. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 4(4), 503-509. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem069
Telles, S., Sharma, S. K., Yadav, A., Singh, N., & Balkrishna, A. (2014). Immediate changes in muscle strength and motor speed following yoga breathing. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 58(1), 22-9.
Telles, S., Singh, N., & Balkrishna, A. (2011). Heart rate variability changes during high frequency yoga breathingand breath awareness. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, 5(1), 1-7.
Telles, S., Singh, N., & Balkrishna, A. (2012). Finger dexterity and visual discrimination following two yoga breathing practices. International Journal of Yoga, 5(1), 37. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.91710
Telles, S., Singh, N., & Balkrishna, A. (2015). Metabolic and ventilatory changes during and after high-frequency yoga breathing. Medical science monitor basic research, 21, 161. https://dx.doi.org/10.12659%2FMSMBR.894945
Thander, A. (2021). Comparative Effects of Suryanamaskar and Dynamic Stretching on Cricket Specific Motor Performance in Fast Bowling. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.JETIR2105028
Tracy, B. L., & Hart, C. E. (2013). Bikram yoga training and physical fitness in healthy young adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(3), 822-830. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31825c340f
Tran, M. D., Holly, R. G., Lashbrook, J., & Amsterdam, E. A. (2001). Effects of Hatha yoga practice on the health‐related aspects of physical fitness. Preventive cardiology, 4(4), 165-170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1520-037x.2001.00542.x
Twal, W. O., Wahlquist, A. E., & Balasubramanian, S. (2016). Yogic breathing when compared to attention control reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in saliva: a pilot randomized controlled trial. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16, 294. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1286-7
Vijayalakshmi, P., & Surendiran, A. (2005). Effect of slow and fast pranayams on reaction time and cardiorespiratory variables. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 49(3), 313-318.
Vijayaraghava, A., Doreswamy, V., Narasipur, O. S., Kunnavil, R., & Srinivasamurthy, N. (2015). Effect of yoga practice on levels of inflammatory markers after moderate and strenuous exercise. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 9(6), CC08. https://dx.doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2015%2F12851.6021
Villacres, M. D. C., Jagannathan, A., Nagarathna, R., & Ramakrsihna, J. (2014). Decoding the integrated approach to yoga therapy: Qualitative evidence based conceptual framework. International journal of yoga, 7(1), 22. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.123475
Vinchurkar, S. A., Deepeshwar, S., Visweswaraiah, N. K., & Nagendra, H. R. (2014). Immediate effects of cyclic meditation on state mindfulness in normal healthy volunteers: A controlled study. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 400-403.
Woodyard, C. (2011). Exploring the therapeutic effects of yoga and its ability to increase quality of life. International journal of yoga, 4(2), 49. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-6131.85485
Woolery, A., Myers, H., Stemliebm, B., & Zeltzer, L. (2004). A yoga intervention for young adults with elevated symptoms of depression. Alternative Therapies in Health & Medicine, 10(2).
Copyright (c) 2021 Tresha Rathod, Vijay Kumar PS, Sahana AU
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) retains the copyright of the contents of this journal but grant the readers the right to use the contents with terms and conditions under a creative common attribution licenses 4 of Attribution, Share Alike and Non-commercial type (CC BY-NC-SA) that allows copy, distribute, display, and perform the work and make derivative works based on it only for non-commercial purposes.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
