Exploring Koshtha and Koshthanga according to Sushruta and their Clinical Correlation

Abstract

The concepts of Kostha (digestive tract) and Kosthanga (viscera and associated organs) are fundamental in Ayurveda, particularly in the teachings of Acharya Sushruta. Kostha refers to the gastrointestinal system responsible for digestion, absorption, and excretion, while Kosthanga includes vital organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and spleen, which contribute to metabolic and physiological processes. Sushruta classifies Kostha into three types - Mridu (soft), Madhya (moderate), and Krura (hard) - based on the dominance of Doshas and individual Prakriti, influencing digestion, bowel habits, and disease susceptibility.^[1] Modern medical science correlates Kostha with the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including its structure and function. Disorders related to gut motility, digestive enzyme secretion, and microbiota balance, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), dyspepsia, and constipation, can be understood through Ayurvedic Kostha assessment. Similarly, Kosthanga can be compared with the anatomical and functional significance of visceral organs, including the liver’s detoxification role, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and intestinal absorption functions. Sushruta’s emphasis on maintaining Agni (digestive fire) aligns with modern concepts of metabolism, gut-brain interaction, and the role of diet in overall health. By integrating Ayurvedic principles such as Ahara-Vihara (dietary and lifestyle modifications), Agni Deepana (digestive fire stimulation), and Panchakarma (detoxification therapies) with modern gastroenterology, a holistic approach to digestive health and disease prevention can be developed. This review explores the clinical relevance of Kostha and Kosthanga, highlighting their significance in both Ayurvedic and modern medical perspectives.